Is there a model essay for the graduation project entitled "Power supply and distribution design of a power transformer manufacturing company in Beijing"?

● Centralized management of urban motor vehicles;

● Conduct unified dispatching and management of road sections during major traffic failures and rush hours.

1. System integration mode of traffic buildings

There is no unified conclusion on the integration of the whole intelligent building in China. At present, the BMS system integration of large public buildings mainly adopts the following four modes:

1. System integration through contact, 2. System integration is realized through serial communication. System integration of building automation system. System integration based on subsystem equality. The first integration method is the initial means of system integration, which is rarely used in BMS integration now. The second mode is too slow because of serial communication; The third integration method has great defects. BAS system is a relatively closed system, which lacks opening ability. The interface equipment and software with other subsystems are limited to specific products, so the system integration ability is limited and the maintenance and upgrade cost is too high. BAS and BMS are too tightly bound. Once BAS fails, BMS will be paralyzed, lose its normal working ability, and be unable to manage and monitor the subsystems that are still working normally.

According to the needs of users and following the five principles of system integration, our company adopted the integration method based on subsystem equality.

The whole traffic building can be integrated into a parallel two-story structure according to the functional requirements put forward by users. OA and CN of traffic building constitute an integrated communication platform, and traffic information communication and alarm system constitute an integrated business information management automation system. (MAS)； Building management system (BMS) based on property management is composed of building management related systems, such as BA, FA, SA, etc. The integrated system is shown in the following figure, in which 5 subsystems of OA and 6 subsystems of CN are managed by MAS, and 7 subsystems of BA and Property Management Network are managed by BMS, and their databases can be interconnected according to authority and requirements.

2. Traffic building wiring system

The MAS system of the whole building adopts the integrated wiring system as the transmission medium subsystem (super-class 5 and 6 mixed wiring structure).

1. According to the analysis of users' needs, the traffic building intelligent system mainly includes subsystems such as power distribution equipment monitoring, electromechanical equipment monitoring, fire alarm, cable TV, security automation, broadcast audio, information communication and computer network. Theoretically, integrated wiring can support the signal transmission of the above subsystems, covering almost all weak current systems. However, in practical application, the backbone network topology of equipment monitoring system is generally bus type, while the integrated wiring is star type. If integrated wiring is used in this system, the length of twisted pair will be longer. Cable TV system can use optical cable to transmit RF signals, but adding adapters reduces the reliability of the system, and its investment is more expensive than coaxial cable. If UTP is used to transmit video signals in CCTV monitoring system, its shielding performance is worse than coaxial cable, FTP is more expensive than coaxial cable, and the power cord should be laid separately; The fire alarm system is mainly bus type, which also has the above reasons. At present, the relevant codes stipulate that fire alarm lines cannot be laid together with other lines and pipelines, and it is even more unsuitable to use integrated wiring because of the management system. The output voltage of the broadcast sound system is 70 ~ 120V. If integrated wiring is adopted, there will be cable overvoltage, and this part of the system is not suitable for integrated wiring. Therefore, MAS (Communication and Computer Network System) is the most suitable system to adopt integrated wiring transmission medium.

2. Integrated wiring design level

Integrated wiring design is divided into basic type, enhanced type and integrated type. Considering the user's demand for voice and data equipment, and the future development of 10 to 15, the building adopts a comprehensive design level, and adopts a hybrid network of optical cables and UTP.

3. Design scheme of connecting equipment between horizontal workspace and equipment.

Scheme 1: Choose more than five products, which can support the requirements of 100Mbps Ethernet and 1Gbps Ethernet, support the requirement of 550MHz broadband video transmission to the desktop, and provide convenience for future upgrades. Because the bottleneck of data transmission mainly lies in data sharing equipment and network switching equipment, more than five products are used as the connecting equipment between the horizontal workspace and the management room. In addition, a small number of optical fiber to desktop information points are set on each floor, which are mainly distributed in the comprehensive conference room, command center, network center and key offices. This scheme is very suitable for those systems that want to invest the least, but at the same time ensure the user's performance, that is, the network cost is more important than the network bandwidth.

Scheme 2: Choose six products with better transmission quality, such as wider transmission frequency band and faster transmission speed, and set a small number of information points from optical fiber to desktop on each floor. The bandwidth and transmission rate of Category 6 cabling are much higher than Category 5 cabling (it can support the application of 1.2G/2.4Gbps ATM and 1.0Gbps Gigabit Ethernet, and the data transmission rate is 5-6 times faster than Category 5 cabling). Category VI cabling is used in conjunction with the vertical trunk based on optical fiber media to provide a complete end-to-end cabling solution for high-bandwidth applications. It is very advanced, especially suitable for future network expansion and upgrading, and reduces maintenance costs, but its disadvantage is high price. The investment of this scheme is 35% more than that of the first scheme, which is about 654.38+800,000 yuan.

After further discussion with Party A on the actual demand and project cost, this system adopts super-five and six types of mixed wiring structure.

4. Data vertical trunk scheme

Due to the use of high-speed network switches at each layer, these increasing network loads exceed the capacity of large twisted pair. In order to support the application of Gigabit Ethernet and higher data rate in the future, multimode fiber is used in the vertical trunk of data. Multi-mode fiber has high optical coupling rate and relatively loose requirements for fiber core alignment; When the bending radius is more than 10 times of its diameter, it will not affect the signal transmission, and it is a trunk transmission cable conforming to IEEE802.5 FDDI and EIA/TIA 568 standards; It can support computer networks with transmission distance exceeding 100m and high-speed network transmission applications requiring high bandwidth in buildings, and ensure the requirements of current and future network systems.

Voice system: Although the voice system is not only a traditional telephone service, but also a variety of services such as ISDN, it can fully meet the future communication technology requirements of 10 ~ 15 by using super-five types of large logarithmic copper cables. Therefore, the voice vertical trunk line adopts super-five types of large logarithmic copper cables.

5. Information point configuration

The information point configuration is mainly determined according to the design specification of integrated wiring, the owner's demand for voice and data terminal equipment, and considering a certain amount of information point reservation.

Referring to the usage of information points of integrated wiring in some traffic control buildings in China, the office space of the command center and service hall on 1-3 floor is 5-6 information points/10m2, the network center is 7-8 information points/10m2, and the general office space is 3-4 information points/10m2. There are about 5896 information points in this building. Among them, voice point 253 1, data point 3365, and fiber-to-desktop point 156.

6. Main equipment configuration

At present, there are many models of integrated wiring products at home and abroad, which are mainly divided into three groups: products from Europe, North America, China and Taiwan Province Province of China. Party A chose the products of Simon Company in the United States among the equipment recommended by our company.

The specific configuration is as follows: the voice system and data system in each workspace subsystem adopt six types of information modules, which can be used in the network environment with the transmission rate of 100MHz. The purpose of using six kinds of information modules simultaneously in voice system and data system is that the two systems can backup each other, which improves the flexibility and expansibility of the system. In the horizontal subsystem, 6 kinds of 4 pairs of twisted pairs are used in the data system and voice system, and 8-core multimode fiber is used as the optical fiber to the desktop information point (of which 2 cores are reserved); In the vertical subsystem, the voice backbone uses 50 pairs of super-five-class large logarithmic cables, and the data backbone uses 24-core multimode optical fiber; The management subsystem mainly adopts the cabinet installation method, that is, the voice distribution frame and the data distribution frame are placed in the standard cabinet of 19 inch (the voice system adopts the cabinet distribution frame, the data system adopts the optical fiber junction box for the termination of trunk wiring, and the 24-port six-class distribution frame is used for the termination of horizontal wiring).

7. Optical fiber monitoring: Optical fiber monitoring in this project adopts card OTDR instrument and optical power meter, and optical switch is used for monitoring. When the output optical power of the tested optical fiber is too strong to affect the test results, an optical attenuator (such as DB-2900) will be automatically connected to the optical fiber test link to obtain accurate test results.

The optical power meter of the monitoring station monitors and collects the optical power of the tested optical fiber, and reports the collected data to the optical power control unit, which compares and analyzes the monitored optical power data and transmits the optical power data exceeding the alarm threshold to the monitoring center. The monitoring center compares, analyzes and counts the data transmitted by various optical power meters, alarms and counts the changes of optical power exceeding the threshold, judges the faulty optical segment, automatically and quickly starts the optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) and program-controlled switch (OSW) of the monitoring station to test the faulty optical cable, and uploads the curve data after the test to the monitoring center. The monitoring center compares and analyzes the test curve with the reference curve to determine the location, type and alarm level of the fault point, and can adopt various alarm methods.

With the healthy development of people's income in China and the development of the western region, the urbanization process in China is gradually accelerating. With the acceleration of urbanization, the intelligentization of high-rise buildings has become another new bright spot in the field of automatic control. However, since China set foot in the building intelligence industry, nearly 80% of high-rise building intelligence projects in China have adopted foreign monitoring configuration software as the upper platform.

3. Communication Building

Building Intelligent Management System (BMS) realizes the overall management of the overall operation of building equipment. BAS system adopts two-level control network structure: control network and field bus.

The monitoring center and the lower nodes choose the common monitoring configuration software controx2000 developed by Beijing Hua Fu Huitong Technology Co., Ltd. as the monitoring platform.

TCP/IP protocol is used to control data transmission in the network. The lower fieldbus adopts Lonworks and MODBUS standard communication protocols. The control network is connected with computer systems such as system data server and monitoring operation station through TCP/IP protocol, which is used to monitor field equipment, collect, summarize, process and store data. Because Lonworks equipment is too expensive, considering the direction of saving engineering cost, the field control bus adopts Lonworks and modbus bus structure. Used in digital direct controller (DDC), intelligent instruments, actuators, etc. Participate in the control and adjustment of field equipment. The connection adopts Lonworks field control bus. MODBUS is used to connect the power parameters and operation parameters of each equipment displayed but not controlled by the monitoring center, and upload the collected data. Taiwan Province Juteng Company's network connector (OPEN PLC) is used to connect the control network and the field bus, so as to upload the field data and download the upper operating instructions.

For the security system, fire protection system, elevator management, lower computer and other subsystems, the connection is mainly through various software (OPC, ODBC) and hardware (serial port, hub) interfaces for communication connection. The subsystems of fire protection, security, power distribution, water supply and drainage, elevators, central air conditioning and energy consumption statistics are connected through communication interfaces, and unified and comprehensive management is carried out through data exchange and networking communication, so that the whole building can operate efficiently and reasonably.

Brief introduction of BA operation monitoring function of traffic building is as follows:

In the BA system of traffic building, it mainly includes: power supply (high and low voltage substation, AC low voltage distribution, DC power supply); Mechanical and electrical equipment (central air conditioning, water supply and drainage, elevators, lighting); Fire fighting system; Security and defense system; Air quality testing; Parking lot management; Energy consumption monitoring and statistics system. According to the monitoring nodes, it can be divided into the following 9 nodes.

1. Power supply and distribution monitoring:

1). High-voltage side inspection items: on-off state and fault state of high-voltage incoming main switch; Three-phase current detection of high voltage incoming line; Voltage detection of high voltage incoming line AB BC CA: Frequency detection; Power factor detection; Electric quantity detection; Transformer temperature detection; The above parameters are sent to the monitoring node of the power supply and distribution system, which is automatically monitored and recorded by the system, providing high-voltage operation data for power management personnel and facilitating management and analysis. Monitor the status of the main switch and give an alarm in case of failure. Monitor the electricity consumption of the building. The change of load is convenient for managers to analyze.

2) Low-voltage side detection items: on-off state and fault state of main switch on secondary side of transformer; Line voltages of AB, BC and CA on the secondary side of transformer; On-off state and fault state of bus coupler switch; Three-phase current of bus coupler; On-off state and fault state of each low-voltage distribution switch; Three-phase voltage, current, electric quantity, harmonic voltage, surge current and power parameters of each low-voltage distribution socket; The power supply and distribution system diagram and distribution topology diagram are graphically simulated on the display of building automation system in the central control room. If there is any problem in the power supply and distribution system, managers can immediately find and quickly determine the fault location, so as to deal with the problem in time. The software controx2000 can analyze and judge the collected electrical parameters, give early warning to the components and lines that are about to fail, the superior will respond and download them, and take effective protection measures for the components that are about to fail. It has the function of automatic screen locking for faulty components and prompts the number of voice components. The above monitoring contents are displayed on the monitoring main screen in the form of table, which can be stored, printed and the storage mode can be selected: timing (the storage period can be set manually); Filter storage (judge the electric quantity parameters stored periodically and continuously, and store them in the last record of periodic and continuous recording if there is no abnormal change). If there are abnormal deviation changes in the electricity parameters during this period, the whole record will be kept completely for analysis and judgment. This can reduce the database capacity of power parameters and optimize the running time of the monitoring system.

In general, in the upper level, the power equipment is only supervised and not controlled, but in an emergency, the upper level should provide an operation interface for the power equipment. When operating the power components in the upper layer, the power monitoring node should have high authority. When operating each part, a prompt screen will pop up, and the voice switch number of the operated part will prompt the operator to make further judgment. Each operation has a record of the operator number and operation content, and it is recorded as a read-only file.

When the load power consumption of the building changes, the upper monitoring node can adjust the number of transformers according to the collected power parameters, saving electricity and reducing the building management cost.

Because the high and low voltage power distribution room adopts unattended mode, 4-6 video signals are connected to the high and low voltage power distribution room, which can be monitored in real time when a fire occurs, which is helpful to put out the fire. This function can be realized by using open software with domestic advanced video picture display plug-ins (there can be one or more real-time video small pictures on the monitoring simulation main picture to monitor the monitored object in real time).

3) Emergency power generation: Under normal circumstances, in order to avoid the power failure of the building caused by problems in the normal external power grid, the diesel generator is selected as the backup power supply in the building. Power supply is provided by diesel generator in case of failure, so as to ensure the power consumption of fire fighting facilities, elevators, emergency lighting and other facilities. The power generation system and switch system are not controlled by the power distribution automatic control system of the traffic building, but in order to ensure the normal operation of the emergency power generation device, the building automatic control system monitors some related parameters, such as the oil level of the oil tank, the state of each switch, battery voltage, power generation current, voltage and frequency.

4). The function of DC battery pack in DC power supply part is to generate DC 220V, 1 10V and 24V DC. It is usually set in the high-voltage distribution room to provide DC power for the operation, protection, automatic device and emergency lighting of the high-voltage main switch. In order to ensure the normal operation of DC, the building automatic control system monitors the state of each switch, especially the voltage and current of DC battery pack, and records it, and handles it in time if any abnormality is found. Because the parameters of power supply and distribution system are only monitored and not controlled, it is most suitable to use KMD-52 10 network controller of KMC company with KMD-5220 input card. This configuration can have at most 128 input points, and its input A/D conversion can reach 16 bits, so data can be collected very accurately. It can also store 256 alarms and 96 curve records. Each input point of the input card can be changed at will through software and dip switch, and can be set to DI, 0-5V, 4-20mA, etc. KMC also provides various electric quantity converters or transmitters, such as voltage transmitters, current transducer, power transmitters, etc. , convert the electric signal into standard signal, such as 0-5V, 4-20mA, etc., which is convenient for DDC to accept.

2. Monitoring of central air conditioning and ventilation system:

Central air-conditioning is the largest user of electromechanical equipment in traffic buildings. The ultimate goal of monitoring central air-conditioning is to realize real energy-saving control on the premise of ensuring the stable operation of central air-conditioning. Considering energy saving and environmental protection, the working mode of central air conditioning adopts frequency conversion. Controx2000 is the only software that can realize the real upper soft logic function in domestic monitoring configuration software. For the very complex controlled object, expert algorithm is used in the upper configuration to improve the control accuracy and achieve satisfactory control effect.

The mixed application of DDC controller (auxiliary standby) and upper soft logic (fuzzy control) is adopted in the monitoring of electromechanical equipment in traffic buildings, which can realize its energy-saving control and reduce the energy consumption of central air conditioning in buildings without increasing any other hardware cost. After the central air conditioning system of the traffic building is put into operation, it can save electricity by 40%.

The monitoring of central air conditioning can be divided into two parts: central air conditioning water circulation system and central air conditioning system.

The water circulation regulation of central air conditioning system mainly includes frequency conversion monitoring, start-stop monitoring and fault monitoring of freezing (heating) water pump and cooling water pump; Monitor the start-stop and failure of cooling tower; Monitor the working status of import and export butterfly valves; Monitoring and adjustment of cooling and heating parameters. The air conditioning of central air conditioner mainly includes: monitoring and adjusting the opening state of fan, coil and air supply (return) door, monitoring the working state of filter screen and monitoring and adjusting the working state of humidifier.

The upper control of central air conditioning water circulation system and air conditioning system mainly depends on collecting the temperature and humidity at the scene and the equipment parameters of air conditioning operation. After the operation of soft logic unit module, the control data is transmitted to DDC controller or PLC for equipment adjustment, thus achieving the effect of energy saving.

Collect the running status and fault status of each fan in ventilation and smoke exhaust system (including roof exhaust system of toilet, underground machine room, air supply/exhaust system of civil air defense and underground garage, fresh air intake system, smoke exhaust system, smoke exhaust system and pressurized air supply system) for centralized monitoring.

3. Water supply and drainage system:

Considering energy saving, the water supply and drainage system adopts frequency conversion working mode.

The monitoring of water supply and drainage is mainly to collect the working parameters of water supply and drainage system, monitor the water level of water supply pool and sewage pool, and monitor the circulation of pipe network (blockage and leakage). Sewage filter status, pump working status and fault status, etc. To ensure the normal operation of the equipment. On the upper floor, sewage discharge and water supply can be controlled urgently, and the accident location can be determined in the case of pipe network leakage and sewage blockage. Ensure quick maintenance work.

4. Elevator Cluster Management System

The elevator traffic system of the traffic building adopts six Mitsubishi elevators. Networking with elevator control system through communication interface realizes elevator cluster management. The cluster management of elevators is mainly to display the running state and fault state of elevators, display the floor number when elevators are running, control the start/stop of elevators, and automatically prompt the maintenance information of elevators that arrive at the specified time by accumulating the running time of elevators. In case of fire, the elevator is required to stop at the first floor to cooperate with fire fighting (fire elevator exits).

5. Monitoring of lighting system:

The electrical equipment of lighting system in buildings is the second largest user after central air conditioning. Centralized monitoring of lighting system should consider its energy saving on the premise of ensuring the stability and reliability of lighting.

Lighting of traffic buildings can be divided into three categories: office lighting, public area lighting and floodlighting. Office lighting refers to the lighting in the room, which consumes the most power in the lighting system. Public area lighting refers to the lighting of corridors, aisles, stairs, garages and other areas, including emergency lighting. Floodlighting refers to illuminating the appearance of a building at night for the sake of its beauty, so that the building presents colorful lights at night.

1). Office lighting energy-saving control: the lighting energy-saving mode of traffic building adopts lighting dimming control. According to the brightness of natural light in brightness level. The PSR- 1 photoresistor of KMC Company can sense the brightness of natural light, and then convert it into a signal of 4-20mA, which is transmitted to the DDC controller. After processing the signal, the DDC controller outputs a control signal to the dimmer, thus adjusting the brightness of the light. This can soften the light, create a good visual environment for indoor people, and save energy. At the same time, infrared electronic eyes are installed on each row of lights to detect the human body under the lights If no one enters its sensing range within one minute, the brightness will be lowered until 10 minutes later. If no one enters the sensing area, the light will be automatically turned off.

2) floodlighting control: 50 spotlights with different colors were installed downstairs in the traffic building. The lighting monitoring node uses the method of timing switch to control floodlighting. Make a timetable in the upper monitoring system, turn on the lights at 7 o'clock every night and turn off the lights at 3 o'clock in the morning; In the upper control table, you can manually set which lights are on and which lights are not on; How to turn on the lights on holidays and so on. These schemes are stored in the database of the upper monitoring node, and managers can adjust them at any time.

3) Lighting control of public areas: The lighting control of public areas including corridors, stairs, garages and other areas adopts timing control. After work, in addition to maintaining the necessary lighting on duty, other lighting should be turned off to save energy. The lighting control adopts KMD-580 1 controller of KMC company, which can run independently or be networked in a point-to-point way. It has eight general input channels and eight general output channels. One such controller can control up to 8 lighting switch points.

6. Environmental air quality monitoring of urban rail transit;

The third floor of Communication Building 1-3 is the business hall for centralized handling of certificates. For such a public place with a large flow of people, it is particularly important to detect its air quality. The monitoring objects of the business hall environment are the concentration of CO2 in the air and the temperature and humidity of the air. The four-in-one gas monitoring instrument for combustible gas, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and oxygen is added on the second floor with the largest flow of people to monitor toxic gases. The instrument is XP-302 1 1e of Japan New Universe. When the air environment is abnormal, it will make different reactions after being collected and confirmed by the upper computer: start the ventilator, blow in oxygen and so on.

7. Parking management system:

Parking management system is also a part of building safety automation SA system. The underground parking charge center is equipped with a parking management operation station, and the BAS parking monitoring system runs on it, which is a completely graphical software system. In the system integration design, the parking lot management nodes of the parking lot operation station and the BAS central operation station are interconnected on the same layer of network Ethernet TCP/IP.

Integrated functions include:

1). transmit the traffic and parking space information of vehicles in the parking lot to BAS.

2). Send the working status and control information of the equipment to BAS.

3). Send charging data to BAS;

8. For the two nodes of security and fire protection system, according to the relevant regulations of the state, these two systems are only supervision, not control. Fire fighting and safety system has its own independent software and hardware. These two independent systems are connected to the upper monitoring center through ODBC and transmit data upwards. The operation of these two systems is displayed in the monitoring center.

Conclusion:

The building automation system of traffic building has been put into full operation. Based on the supporting software of Contox 2000 (Universal Monitoring System) and the hardware of well-known domestic manufacturers, the intelligent project of traffic building has reached the expected standards in terms of function, safety and stability, met the needs of customers, and saved about 50% of the project cost compared with the selection of foreign complete sets of equipment.