What kinds of horses are there?

There are many kinds of horses. There are more than 200 kinds of horses in the world, and there are more than 30 kinds in China. It can be roughly divided into oriental horses and western horses.

1, bloody BMW

The origin of blood horse is in Turkmenistan. According to historical records, Zhang Qian came back from the Western Regions and said, "There are so many horses in the Western Regions, and horses are sweating blood." So in China, this kind of horse has been mysteriously called "Blood BMW" for two thousand years.

It is said that the imported bloody BMW is hermaphrodite, so it can reproduce. However, due to the absolute advantages of local horse breeds in China, all of them have taken the road of "introduction-hybridization-improvement-backcrossing-disappearance" after the introduction of horse breeds. At the same time, due to the castration of war horses, some bloody BMWs have lost their reproductive ability. For various reasons, it is difficult to find traces of bloody BMW in China. There are only a few thousand bloody BMWs in Turkmenistan and Russia at present.

2. Mongolian horse

Mongolian horse is one of the oldest horse breeds in China and even in the world. Mainly produced in Inner Mongolia grassland, it is a typical grassland horse breed. Mongolian horses are not big, with an average height of 120 ~ 142 cm and a weight of 267.7 ~ 372 kg. Strong body, strong limbs, strong constitution, big head, wide chest, short legs, developed joints and tendons, thick coat and complex coat color. It bears hardships and stands hard work, is not afraid of cold, can adapt to extremely extensive feeding management, has strong vitality and can survive in harsh conditions. You can walk about 60 kilometers in 8 hours. The tamed Mongolian horse is fearless and brave on the battlefield. Has always been a good army horse.

3. Kazakh horse

Kazakh horse produced in Xinjiang is a prototype horse. Its morphological characteristics are: medium-sized head, delicate and pretty, short ears. The neck is slender, slightly raised, the nail is high, the brooch is narrow, and the hind limbs are often knife-shaped.

Today, the area around Kazak Prefecture in Yili is the Wusun Kingdom in the Western Regions of the Han Dynasty. Two thousand years ago, during the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi sent three envoys, including Zhang Qian, to the Western Regions in search of a good horse. The horse he got may be the predecessor of Kazakh horse. By the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the number of horses sold to the Tang Dynasty in Uighur reached 100,000 every year. Many of them are Kazakh horses. Therefore, some horse breeds in northwest China are mostly related to Kazakh horses.

4. Hequma

Hequ Horse is also an ancient and excellent local horse breed in China, which is often used as a tribute in history. Originated in the grassland at the junction of Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan provinces in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, it is named Hequma because it is located in the Yellow River. It is the largest excellent horse among the local breeds in China. Average height 132 ~ 139 cm, weight 350 ~ 450 kg. Hequ Horse has a slightly larger head, a slightly rabbit-headed nose, a wide neck, a straight trunk, a deep and wide chest and a strong figure, which has an absolute advantage in Lama. Carry100 ~150kg, and you can travel 50km a day. Hequ horse is docile, stable, strong in endurance and quick in fatigue recovery. Therefore, it is mostly used for service. A single cart can pull 500 kilograms of heavy objects, and it is a good agricultural horse.

5. Southwest Horse

Southwest horses are distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. It is characterized by its small size and easy access to mountain roads. Southwest horsehead is big, neck is high, mane, tail and mane are long. Good body structure, developed tendons and firm hooves. Good at climbing mountains and mountains, able to bear more than 100 kilograms, and travel 30 ~ 40 kilometers a day. It is a force that needs transportation very much in the southwest mountainous area. Among them, the famous ones are Jianchang Horse in Sichuan, Lijiang Horse in Yunnan and Guizhou Horse.

6. Three hippos

Three hippos are extremely complicated horses. At the beginning of the 20th century, some Russian aristocrats came to the northeast of China, bringing with them fine breeds such as orlov Horse and Pitching Kama. During the Japanese occupation, thoroughbred horses and British-Arabian horses were introduced. These horses gradually formed today's three hippos by crossing with local horses. Three hippos are taller than Mongolian horses. They are solid and compact in shape, handsome in appearance, long in chest, muscular, strong in physique, straight in back, strong in limbs and obvious in joints. There are three main colors of coat: beard hair, millet hair and black hair. Average height 140 ~ 147 cm, weight 330 ~ 380 kg. These three hippos are fierce, but gentle. They can resist rough feeding and adapt to a wide range of grazing life. It belongs to the economic type of riding and pulling. It only takes 1 minute 1 0 second to run on horseback. A single horse can lift a rubber-tyred vehicle with a load of more than 500 kilograms and can walk 10 km in half an hour.

7. Ilima

Ili horse is based on Xinjiang Kazakh horse, which is a cross between orlov horse and Dun hippo in the former Soviet Union. Local herders call it "two horses". After 1960s, Ili horse was mainly bred by Dun Hippo, and its blood volume reached more than 50%.

The average height of Ili Ma is 144 ~ 148 cm, and its weight is 400 ~ 450 kg. It is tall and symmetrical, with a small and smart head, big eyes, high head and neck and strong limbs. When its neck is held high, it is fierce, its coat color is shiny and beautiful, and its appearance is more beautiful. Hair color is mainly mane, millet hair and black hair, and there are often white patches on limbs and forehead, which are called "white stripes". Ilima is gentle, sensitive and good at jumping. Suitable for mountain riding and plain service. 126 km long-distance running, with a load of 80 kg, can be reached in 7 hours 12 minutes. This is an excellent Qingqi.

8. Shandanma

Dual-purpose horse breed with mainly carrying. Produced in Shandan Racecourse, Gansu, China, it is a cross between a local horse and Dun hippo, and contains only 65,438+0/4 Dun hippo blood. 1984 was identified and named. Strong, powerful and adaptable to high mountains. The head is of medium size and the neck is slightly inclined. Armor is long, chest is wide and deep, back and waist are straight, waist is short, and hip breadth is slightly inclined. The limbs are strong, the joints are strong, the tendons are obvious, the hind limbs are slightly outward, and the hooves are firm. The coat color is mainly Zhu, followed by black. Average body size of mare (cm): height 138.5, body length 142.3, bust 169.3, tube circumference 17.6. In Qilian Mountain area with an altitude of 2800 ~ 4000m, the average load is100kg, and the journey lasts for 5 days, including running, wading and climbing. The riding test record of 1600 meters is 2 minutes 1 1 sec, and that of 5000 meters is 8 minutes 13 sec. For the contralateral step 1000m 2 1 1 s, the maximum pulling force reaches 455kg, which is equivalent to 9 1% of the body weight. A single horse drives a two-wheeled rubber truck, weighing 500 kilograms, and the speed is 15 kilometers per hour. Genetic stability.

9. Barry Ma Kun

Balikun horse is a local horse with both riding and pulling functions, which is produced in Balikun County, Hami region. There are about 1 50,000 horses, which are mainly distributed in the county and the Qianshan Ranch area in the county. The origin is located at the foot of Tianshan Mountain in eastern Xinjiang, with an annual average temperature of 1. 1℃, an absolute maximum temperature of 33.5℃, an absolute minimum temperature of -43.4℃, and an annual average precipitation of 204.5 mm ... The county has a large area of natural grassland resources, a suitable climate and abundant pasture, which has superior conditions for developing animal husbandry production. It is speculated that Barkam is a local breed formed by long-term hybridization and domestication of Barkam indigenous horses, Mongolian horses and Kazakh horses in history.

Barikun has a stout horse's head, big ears, big nostrils, bright eyes, wide and deep chest, strong joints of limbs and small and strong hooves. The main coat colors are brick and chestnut, but there are also some blue-gray and flower coat colors. Adult stallions are about 1.35 meters tall and weigh 370 kilograms. Speed test score,1600m 2 minutes 34.5 seconds; Nice pull, too. Sanma is used to drive rubber-tyred vehicles, with a load of 1500~2500 kg and a daily journey of 45~60 km (8 hours). The average daily milk production of mares can reach more than 7 kilograms. The slaughter rate can reach 54%. The stallion began to breed at the age of 3~4, and the mare began to breed at the age of 3. The average reproductive survival rate of horses is about 52.2%, and the highest can reach more than 70%.

10, Baise horse

Baise horse is the largest local horse breed in Guangxi. There are two kinds of earth mountain horses and stone mountain horses. It is famous for being short, stout, small and flexible, gentle, adaptable, resistant to rough feeding, heavy load and long endurance. At present, there are more than 200,000 horses, accounting for about 50% of Guangxi horses.

Baise Horse, formerly known as Baise Shishan Pony, was called Guoma in ancient times, which belongs to a breed of southwest horses in China. Its main producing area is Baise City, Guangxi, so it is called Baise Horse. It is one of the excellent local horse breeds in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and has been listed in China Livestock and Poultry Breeds and Guangxi Livestock and Poultry Breeds. Baise horse is strong. The head is slightly heavier, straight, with wide jaw, small ears, vertical front, medium neck length, torticollis or slightly horizontal. The moustache is moderate, the ribs are round, the back and waist are straight, the abdomen is slightly larger, and the hips are slightly inclined. Shoulders stand short, tendons and joints are developed, bone mass is sufficient, hoof quality is solid, forelimb limb posture is normal, hind limbs bend and fly, and some are external arcs. There are more manes, manes and tail hairs. The coat color is mainly enamel, while others are green hair, chestnut hair and black hair. There are medium-sized horses and small horses, and the small horse is the only pony breed in China, with a body height of 1. 1 m. Adult body measurements: stallion height 1 14cm, body length1/4cm, chest circumference 134cm, tube circumference16cm; The mares are 1 13, 1 16, 132, 15cm respectively. The Baise mare began to estrus after birth 10 month, and the first mating age was 2 and a half years old. One child a year or two children every three years. The height of stallion 1 ~ 4 years old is 9 1.43%, 92.76%, 97.04% and 99.20% of that of adult horses, respectively. When mares 1 ~ 4 years old, they are 93.4 1%, 95.4 1%, 95.57% and 99.82% respectively.

1 1, forked horse

The post horse at the fork, commonly known as "walking horse" among the people, is famous for being good at walking "opposite". When riding, the pace is fast and steady, and there is no sense of bumps. There is a strong pulling force. The mountains in the production area are high and air-cooled, and horses graze all the year round, which has formed the characteristics of tolerance to extensive feeding management, adaptability to harsh environmental conditions, strong endurance, strong disease resistance and wide distribution. This kind of horse is not only a unique and precious germplasm resource in Gansu Province, but also a rare horse germplasm resource in China. In 2006, it was listed in the national list of livestock and poultry genetic resources protection.

The post horse at the fork is very strong and square. Head erect, medium size, big bright eyes, small pointed ears, big nostrils and dry face. The neck length is medium, mostly inclined by 30. The moustache is neither tall nor long. Chest is wide, chest is deep and long, back is medium, waist is short and wide, abdomen is plump and muscular. The joints and tendons of limbs are developed, talus is few, hoof is hard, forelimbs are upright, and hind limbs are slightly extroverted. A stallion has a long mane and tail hair. The coat color is mostly fur, followed by green, black and chestnut, and white stripes on the head are more common. The average height, body length, chest circumference, tube circumference and weight of an adult male horse are 132.9 cm, 135.3 cm, 159.8 cm, 18.5 cm and 3 10.5 kg, respectively, while that of an adult female horse is 0.5 kg.

12, Datong horse

Datong Horse is named after it was produced in Datong River Basin of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province. The central producing areas are in Menyuan and Qilian counties of Datong River Basin, and the products produced in Huangcheng, Suji, Xianmi, Alec and Duo Long townships have the best quality.

Datong horse is suitable for riding, especially good at long-distance riding on plateau and taking more opposite steps. Datong horse has a strong adaptability to the plateau and is well adapted to the ecological environment in the alpine mountain area at an altitude of 3500 meters. Datong horse has adapted to the plateau environment for a long time. It is a local breed, with a heavy body and suitable for riding. It also has the pedigree of Mongolian horse and Hequ horse, and has a long-standing reputation in the northwest. It has the characteristics of extensive endurance, easy love and high fertility, and is famous for being good at taking the opposite side. It is actually a representative horse breed in Qinghai Province.

Datong horse is rugged and compact in constitution, gentle in temperament and moderate in power. Strong physique and full muscles. The middle body is longer and the structure is still symmetrical. The head is slightly heavier, mostly straight or half rabbit head, with medium ear length, large and round eyes, large nostrils, wide mandibular recess and unclear head outline. The neck is short and thin, the base of the neck is medium, and the combination of neck and shoulder is slightly poor. The moustache is short and short. The chest is broad, ribbed, arched, with straight back and waist, long waist and large abdomen, and obvious popliteal fossa. The nail limb is of medium length, thin tube, more talus, firm joints and tough hooves, and the hind limb is slightly knife-shaped and slightly arched. The mane tail is thick and long. Hair color is mainly mane, followed by black, chestnut and blue, with less variegated hair. The average height, length, chest circumference, tube circumference and weight of an adult stallion are 132.8cm, 139.9cm, 160. 1cm, 18.2cm and 32/kloc respectively.

13, Oroqen Horse

Oroqen horse is produced in Daxinganling mountain area. Good reproductive performance, in the case of small groups of free mating, some mares give birth to a pony a year. Growth is slow, and the growth and development period will not end until 6~7 years old. Generally, they begin to serve at the age of 3-4, first for carrying, and then for riding at the age of 6-7. The most effective economic utilization period is 7~ 15 years.

Oroqen horse is gentle in temperament, steady in pace, quick in action, good in carrying, and durable in mountainous areas. Strong mountaineering ability, can quickly climb steep slopes, wear forest and moon ditches and fall over trees, all of which are very sensitive. Especially when you go downhill on a steep slope in Zita Law in winter, you can ride a horse and slide down in a dog-sitting posture. When you meet a swamp in summer, you can skip the tower head (the grass pier growing in the swamp) and take the wooden bridge. They are often hungry and thirsty. Some people hunt for a day, and when they have no feed, they tie them to a tree at night and can hunt as usual the next day. In winter, you can graze in the depths of the snow-capped mountains to quench your thirst. It lives in groups, and both male and female horses have strong ability to protect foals and can fight wild animals.

Oroqen horse belongs to riding and carrying type. Rough constitution. Small body, medium head length, straight head, big eyes and open nose. The neck is of medium length, the bottom is low and the neck is horizontal. The moustache is not obvious. The chest is deep and wide, with long fake ribs, straight back and waist, and solid waist. Short limbs, mostly flying in an arc, and hard hooves. The coat color is mostly blue, followed by hair, and other coat colors are less. The average body height, body length, chest circumference and tube circumference of an adult stallion are 129.6 1.4 1 cm,133.0 3.8 cm, 159.8 10.9 cm and 60.9 cm respectively.

14, Sydney Hippo

The west hippopotamus is mainly distributed in Hulunbeier League. It's dual-purpose. Strong physique and well-proportioned structure. The head is handsome, the eyes are big and wide, the nostrils are big, and the mouth is aligned with the head. Straight neck. The beard is obvious. The chest is deep and wide, the back and waist are straight, the rib arch and abdomen are round, the tarsal bones are slightly inclined, and the muscles are full. The limbs are dry, the joints are obvious and the tendons are developed. Forelegs stand upright, hind legs are extroverted, and hooves are dense and firm. Mane, mane and tail hair are of medium length, short and sparse bristles, with mane, chestnut and black as the main colors, and less miscellaneous hairs. The average body height, body length, chest circumference and tube circumference of adult male horses are/kloc-0 146.7±4.0cm,/kloc-0 152.3±3.3cm,171.6 7.7cm,19.8 respectively.

The west hippopotamus is a dual-purpose local thoroughbred. Under the extensive condition of completely relying on nature, it shows good performance such as strong physical strength, equal emphasis on strength and speed, suitability for riding and pulling, rich endurance, rough feeding resistance and strong adaptability. However, due to the short breeding history, there are still some differences among individuals, and a few horses still have shortcomings in appearance.

15, Yanqima

As early as the Han Dynasty, Yanqi Horse enjoyed a high reputation in the Central Plains and the Western Regions. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yanqi had an annual output of 65,438+10,000 motors, which was known as "Dragon Pony" and "Hippocampus".

Yanqi horse is produced in Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, and is closely related to Mongolian horses. The head is long, the nail is tall and long, the back is long and straight, and the coat color is mainly Zhu, chestnut and black. Adult body measurements: stallion height 142.4cm, body length 144.9cm, chest circumference 168.7cm, tube circumference19.5cm; The mares are 135.2, 14 1.5, 16 1.4 and 17.7 cm respectively. 1 km riding speed 1 min 23 seconds, 5 km 8 min 23 seconds, maximum pulling force 400 kg, single horse load 600 kg. The daily milk production is 4.36 kg, and the milk production in 90 days is 392.4 kg. The slaughter rate was 45.7%. In the first mating period, the male horse is 3 years old and the female horse is 4 years old. The conception rate of mares is 53.5%.

16, Jianchangma

Jianchangma is named after it is mainly produced in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. Strong adaptability, especially to the ecological environment in mountainous areas. Short, lean, smart and flexible, good at climbing mountains and wading, able to bear hardships and stand hard work, and can be checked from a distance. Horse racing festival is held every year in Yi area of Liangshan Prefecture, which adds more cultural and historical features to Jianchang horse and plays a certain role in improving the quality of Jianchang horse.

Jianchang Ma Zhuang and dry. Small size. The head is slightly heavier and straighter, with bright eyes and small and flexible ears. The neck is slightly horizontal or inclined. Moustaches are slightly lower than moustaches, and some are as tall or slightly taller than moustaches. The chest is slightly narrow, the back is straight, the waist is short and strong, the back and waist are well combined, and the hips are slightly short and slightly inclined. The limbs are thin, the shoulders are short and straight, the tendons are obvious, the hooves are small and firm, the limb potential is generally normal, the forelimbs are extroverted, and the hind limbs are mostly knife-shaped. The whole body is short and dense, and the mane, mane and tail hair are getting longer and longer. Coat color is more than coat color, followed by black hair color. The average height, length, chest circumference, tube circumference and weight of an adult stallion are116.0 5.6cm,118.2 7.2cm,1310.5 7 respectively. Adult mares are114.14.6cm,115.56.5cm,129.56.9cm,14.60.9cm.

17, Yunnan Ma

Yunnan horse, also known as "Yunnan horse", is produced in Wumeng Mountain in western Yunnan and eastern Yunnan. Strong physique, short stature and well-proportioned structure. The head is slightly heavier, the forehead is wide or slightly convex, and the nose is straight. Short neck. The moustache is low, flat-chested, wide and deep, and the abdomen is round and slightly contracted. The mane and tail hair are very developed. The coat color is complex, more like flint, chestnut, black and blue, and white marks are rare. The stallion weighs 60 kg ~ 100 kg, and the mare weighs 40 ~ 60 kg, with a daily journey of 30 km, which can be used continuously for more than half a month. Yunnan horses 1.5 ~ 2 years old reach sexual maturity, and mares start breeding at 3 years old, and the breeding age can reach 15 years old. Adult body measurements: stallion height 1 19 cm, body length 120 cm, chest circumference 140 cm and tube circumference16 cm; The mare is 1 18, 122, 14 1, 15cm.

18, Guizhou Ma

Guizhou horses belong to Chordata phylum, mammals, Equus, small, strong, nearly rectangular, and their coat color is mainly chestnut and chestnut. Mainly distributed in Bijie area of Guizhou Province. Adult body measurements: stallion height 1 16. 1cm, body length1/4.3cm, chest circumference 132.7cm, tube circumference15.2cm; Mare 1 13.2, 1 13.9, 129.4, 14.6 cm. The bearing capacity of the stallion is 108.36kg, and that of the mare is 91.83kg; For a journey of 30 kilometers per day, a single horse can carry 55 1.7 kg, and the speed is 1000 m 1 min for 20 seconds, which can last for more than half a month. Sexually mature mare 1.3 ~ 2 years old, first mating age 3 years old, reproductive rate 7 1%, survival rate 9 1.6%, and reproductive age 3 ~ 16 years old.