Judgment and treatment methods of common faults of hard disk

There may be many netizens who are not clear about the common fault diagnosis and treatment methods of hard disk, so let me tell you about the common fault diagnosis and treatment methods of hard disk, hoping to help you!

The judgment and treatment methods of common faults of hard disk are as follows:

A, the classification of hard disk failure

Hard disk faults are divided into physical faults and soft faults, and their diagnosis is mainly based on the phenomenon after the system is powered on and the prompt information appearing on the screen. When the hard disk fails, it is necessary to carefully analyze the failure phenomenon and judge whether it is a soft failure or a physical device damage. Never remove the cover blindly, unplug the control card or format the hard disk easily, which will make the problem more complicated. Sometimes, due to improper maintenance operation, not only the fault is not repaired, but a new fault is caused.

1. Physical failure of hard disk

Common physical faults of hard disk are as follows:

① Hard disk circuit failure: the spindle motor stalls, causing howling, accompanied by the continuous flashing of the hard disk indicator light, and an error message is displayed during self-inspection:&; ldquo 17065438。 Rdquo or & Hard disk error & amprdquo This indicates that the hard disk control circuit is faulty. Hard disk circuit faults account for a small proportion in hard disk fault statistics, and are generally encountered during self-inspection, so the fault phenomenon is relatively simple. The failure of the read-write control circuit will occur at the same time, and there is almost no phenomenon of read-only (unable to write) or write-only (unable to read).

(2) Hard disk cavity failure After the machine is powered on, the hard disk cavity makes abnormal noise, which is obvious during self-inspection. Ldquo dadada rdquo long-time magnetic head &; Ldquo crashed. Sound indicates that there is a mechanical failure in the hard disk cavity. This is mostly because the stepping steel belt of the magnetic head is loose or broken, and the disk body is violently impacted or vibrated, resulting in failure.

③ When the hard disk adapter or connector fails, the self-test fails, the hard disk indicator goes out, and the following information is displayed on the screen:&; Ldquo hard disk error &; amp； Rdquo or & hard disk controller error sum. The failure phenomenon of rdquo is either the damage of the master boot record of the hard disk or the hardware failure of the hard disk subsystem. For example, the hard disk adapter card and the hard disk are damaged, or the connectors and cables connected between the hard disk adapter card and the motherboard I/O slot and the hard disk are damaged or have poor contact.

④ After a long period of self-check, the damaged hard disk with 0 cylinder will be displayed when the computer is turned on:&; Ldquo Disk Boot Failed Track 0 Bad & amprdquo If boot fails immediately after crash, the cylinder of disk 0 may be damaged. As a result, the main boot sector of the hard disk, or the DOS boot sector, is destroyed, making the hard disk unusable. Although the fault belongs to the category of physical fault, it can be repaired by software.

2. Hard disk soft fault

The meaning of soft fault refers to the bootstrapping failure or reading and writing failure caused by some important and special data lost, damaged or modified on the hard disk. This is the main content of hard disk soft fault, because most of them occur in the system information area of the disk, and a large number of files or data in the county disk are not lost, so it is particularly important to eliminate this soft fault. Most of the reasons why the hard disk can't be started are due to system area information damage, CMOS parameter loss or virus invasion. Generally speaking, the user can judge the cause of the fault according to the prompt information appearing on the screen. These reasons can be summarized into three types: the loss of CMOS data parameters, the damage of the main boot area of the hard disk, and the error of the DOS boot area of the hard disk (including the damage or loss of three system files of DOS). The phenomena, causes and treatment methods of these three faults are as follows:

① If the battery used to store CMOS information on the system board is damaged, the CMOS content will be lost. For this kind of fault, just replace the battery and reset the CMOS parameters (especially the hard disk type parameters and three basic logic formatting parameters) to start the hard disk normally.

② When the system starts, the following prompt message appears on the screen:&; Ldquo Invalid drive specification Invalid partition table & amprdquo prompt message "Device error &; Rdquo These prompt messages are generally errors recorded in the main boot area of the hard disk. This error may be caused by the following reasons: the main boot partition is not designated as the active partition (no boot flag), several partitions have no boot flag or multiple boot flags, the end flag (55AA) of the main boot record is lost, and the main boot record is destroyed due to user misoperation or virus invasion.

(3) When the system is started, the following information appears on the screen:

& ampldquo Error Loading Operating System

Missing operating system

Non-system disk or disk error

Disk Book Failure & amprdquo This error message is generally caused by DOS boot sector error. During system startup, when the main boot partition of the hard disk is checked correctly, the boot sector of the DOS system is read according to the partition start address indicated in the bootable partition. If the reading operation fails, an & ldquo；; Error loading operating system. Error message of rdquo; If the DOS boot sector can be read correctly, the system will check whether the last two bytes of the boot sector are valid flags. Ldquo55AA & amprdquo, if not, give & ldquo an error message that the operating system & amprdquo is missing; If the hidden files and information in the DOS boot sector are destroyed, or the first two file names read by the boot program from the initial sector of the disk root directory are not the two system hidden files of the current DOS version, then & ldquo；; Non-system disk or disk error. Error message of rdquo; If the recording format of DOS boot sector or system file is destroyed for some reason, and a read operation error occurs when the boot program reads the memory, it is given that &; Ldquo disk book failure & amprdquo error message. For this troubleshooting, you can use the DOS command &; Ldquo system c:&; Rdquo, or PCTools, Norton and other tools and software to repair.

3. The general treatment method of physical failure of hard disk

If the hard disk itself is physically damaged, generally speaking, there is no better way than replacing the hard disk. Hard disk drive is not only complicated in circuit, but also has a large number of extremely precise mechanical parts. When the hard disk sealing head, disk components and other components fail, the machine cover can only be opened in the clean environment of 100 for inspection and handling. Therefore, it is difficult to repair the physical failure of the hard disk, and it is also difficult for ordinary non-professional maintenance personnel to detect and repair the equipment failure of the hard disk. The physical failure of the hard disk system is not only caused by the damage of the moving parts of the disk or the integrated circuit, but also by the poor contact of the external connector of the hard disk or other reasons.

2. Hard disk fault analysis and processing steps

1. The following only briefly introduces the analysis and general treatment steps of physical faults:

① First, check whether the CMOS settings have lost the hard disk configuration information. Measure whether the COMS RAM circuit on the motherboard is caused by battery failure or component failure (such as diode, triode, resistor, capacitor, etc.). ) and the configuration parameters of the hard disk in CMOS are wrong.

(2) After power-on self-test, if the screen displays an error message &; ldquo 17065438。 Rdquo or & hard disk error & rdquo, indicating that the hard disk is indeed faulty. However, it is also possible that the hard disk adapter card is not plugged in properly, or the connector between the hard disk and the hard disk adapter is not plugged in properly, or the hard disk adapter is faulty.

(3) Shut down, remove the cover, and test whether the +5V and+12V power supplies are normal and whether the fan in the power box rotates. So as to judge whether the external circuit is powered off.

(4) Check whether the signal wire, plug and hard disk adapter card are inserted correctly, and whether there is reverse insertion or poor contact. Try swapping some cable plugs.

⑤ Adoption &; Ldquo substitution method &; Rdquo to determine the faulty component. Find a good hard disk adapter card (or multi-function card) and compare it with the hard disk adapter card to determine whether there is a problem with the hard disk adapter card or the hard disk itself.

⑥ Observe whether the stop pin at the end of the stepping motor is stuck. If it is stuck, dial it back to the starting position by hand. In the above steps, users need to check, test and analyze carefully, find out the bad parts for maintenance, or replace the hard disk adapter card. After the above processing, as long as the hard disk itself is not damaged, it can be quickly eliminated only by poor contact of the general connector or external circuit failure.

2. Hard disk subsystem hardware fault handling method

If the problem cannot be solved after the above treatment, it is possible that the hard disk subsystem has equipment damage. At this point, the following methods can be used to continue the test:

① Replacement method Replacement method is a method to replace a faulty plug-in board or device with a spare good plug-in board or device, or exchange the same plug-in or uncle with each other, and then observe the change of the fault, so as to help users judge and find the cause of the fault. When an error message is displayed on the screen after POST &; ldquo 17065438。 Rdquo or & hard disk error & amprdquo, or using advanced diagnosis to determine that the fault is in the hard disk adapter card or a few integrated chips, you can gradually narrow the search scope of the fault by replacing it. For example, replace the suspected faulty card with a normal card, pull out the suspected integrated circuit chip from the socket and try to insert a new chip. If a device is normal after insertion, it means that the replaced card or chip has some faults.

(2) Resistance measurement This measurement method is generally to measure the internal resistance of a component or component with the resistance file of a multimeter, and analyze the cause of the fault in the circuit according to its resistance value or on-off situation. Generally, the input pin and output pin of an element or component have a certain internal resistance to the ground or the power supply. Measured by common multimeter, there are many cases where the forward resistance is small and the reverse resistance is large. Generally, the forward resistance is about tens of ohms to 100 ohms, and the reverse resistance is above several hundred ohms. But the forward resistance will never be equal to or close to 0, and the reverse resistance will never be infinite, otherwise it is doubtful whether the pin is short-circuited or open-circuited. When it is determined that the fault of the hard disk subsystem is in one card or several chips, the resistance method can be used to find it. Turn off the power supply, and then measure the on/off, open circuit, short circuit and resistance value of the device or board, so as to judge the fault point. If the measured DC resistance of the hard disk stepping motor winding is 24 ohms, it is normal to meet the nominal value; About10Ω is a local short circuit; 0 ohms or several ohms is the winding short circuit burning loss. The flat cable signal line of hard disk drive is usually measured by on-off method. Hard disk power cord can be unplugged for single measurement or online measurement of its resistance to ground; If it is infinite, it is an open circuit; If the resistance is less than10Ω, local short circuit should be suspected and further inspection is needed.

(3) Voltage measurement This measurement method is to measure the ground voltage between the pins of an element or element with a multimeter and compare it with the square voltage value of the logic diagram or other reference points. If the voltage value differs greatly from the normal reference value, the part or element is faulty; If the voltage is normal, it means that this part is in good condition and can be transferred to other parts or components for testing. Generally, hard disk power supply is the same as floppy disk plug-in. The four plugs are+12V, +5V, -5V and ground respectively. The rated voltage of hard disk stepping motor is+12V. When the hard disk is started, the current is large. When the power supply is unstable (the voltage drops from 12V to 10.5V), it will cause unstable speed or difficult starting. The power supply voltages on the expansion slot of the I/O channel system board are+12V,-12V, +5V and -5V. The high level of vehicle signal voltage should be greater than 2.5V, and the low level should be less than 0.5v. The plug and socket of hard disk drive are arranged with voltmeter according to pins, and the high level is between 2.5 and 3.0v. If the high level output is less than 3V and the low level output is greater than 0.6V, it is a fault level. The measurement of logic is throbbing, which can be measured by waveform tester or estimated by logic pen.

(4) If there is a local short circuit in the current measurement method, the short-circuit element will generate heat, which may lead to fuse blowing. Connect a multimeter in series on the faulty line to check whether the current exceeds the normal value. The short circuit of the chip on the hard disk drive adapter will lead to the increase of the system load current, and the short circuit of the drive motor or driver will lead to the power failure of the host. The working current of hard disk power supply+12V should be about1.1a. When the load current of the hard disk drive increases, it will make the hard disk start up good or bad. Short circuit of the motor or overload will blow the fuse, which will seriously damage the power block and switch regulating tube. In the loop of increasing current, it can be measured by series flow dummy load. If there is a safety wire, you can disconnect one end of the safety tube and connect the ammeter in series for measurement. The power cord of the chip on the printed board can be cut by chisel or hacksaw, and measured by series multimeter. Motor plug and power plug can pull the power cord out of the bayonet and connect it in series with the electric meter for measurement.

⑤ The signal tracing method can be sent to the test signal source to test the fault location if conditions permit. According to the logic diagram, use a logic pen or oscilloscope to detect. If there are phenomena such as excessive waveform delay, incorrect phase recovery, waveform distortion, etc. In the detected part, the fault point is in this part, which needs further careful inspection. When the test signal is sent to the input end, the trace of signal output can be found through the logic pen tracker or oscilloscope, and the level change can be viewed according to the logic diagram. For example, if there is a signal at the input end of the interface cable connected to the hard disk and there is no signal at the output end, it can be concluded that the fault is in the third stage. It is rough to trace with a logic pen, so it is necessary to accurately measure the pulse waveform and amplitude with an oscilloscope. The control signal, gating pulse and interface signal of main test points are analyzed and compared to determine the fault point.

3. Processing method of hard disk soft fault

With the progress of electronic technology and the improvement of manufacturing technology, the physical failure rate of hard disk is greatly reduced. However, with the complexity and large-scale of software systems and data information stored on hard disks, the soft failure rate of hard disks is on the rise. Although these soft faults will not damage the components of the hard disk, they will destroy the information system on the hard disk and cause huge losses to users. Therefore, it is more and more important to deal with hard disk soft faults and maintain daily data. Generally speaking, soft faults of hard disks are mostly caused by improper use or maintenance. Most of them can accurately judge the nature and category of faults according to the user's experience and the prompt information on the screen, and use software to repair them, so as to restore the system to normal and recover losses.

Even if the physical media such as track 0 of the hard disk is scratched and damaged &; The ldquo hard & rdquo fault can still be repaired by software to make the system return to normal. If the hard disk fails, the user must first judge the type of hard disk failure and distinguish whether it is&yes; Ldquo hard & rdquo fault or&; Ldquo software & the cause of the failure, and then we can design the maintenance plan. Moreover, generally speaking, the work of diagnosing hard disk failures is always accompanied by repair work. The repair work must not be carried out blindly, and the premise of the repair work is to protect the data in the user's disk as much as possible. The specific implementation can be carried out according to the following steps and methods:

1. If the hard disk subsystem is self-tested, it will be logged off immediately &; ldquo 17065438。 Rdquo or & hard disk controller error sum. Rdquo and when the indicator light of the hard disk flashes and the floppy disk adapter card has no contact problem, use DM(Disk Mananger) software to perform DM/M to see if it can indicate the number of tracks, heads and sectors of the hard disk. If so, handle low-level formatting, do fdisk and formatting. In the process of making fdisk, you can try to check the partition situation and see if there is any hope to save the data on the disk. If the system doesn't admit the existence of the hard disk at all, it is unlikely to save the data in the disk. Basically, it can be concluded that the hard disk adapter card is broken or the hard disk is damaged, which does not belong to the category of soft fault and there is no possibility of software repair.

2. For machines with grade 286 or above, if prompted &; Ldquoc: Driver error & amprdquo or explicitly point out&; LdquoCMOS configuration check error and. rdquo。 At this time, the fault is mostly caused by the wrong setting of hard disk parameters of SETUP in CMOS. At this point, CMOS related parameters can be reset according to the correct parameters of the hard disk. Many types of hard disks with a capacity of more than 40MB used by compatible computers are Type 47 (user type). Users must ensure that there are no errors in the number of tracks, heads, write pre-compensation, start and stop areas and the number of observable sectors per track, and they should be recorded in advance so as to restore the original parameters in case of failure.

3.BASIC(ROM BASIC) or&; Ldquo collapse &; rdquo。 If you start DOS with a floppy disk, and then go to disk C, if a prompt appears at this time &; Ldquo invalid driver specification & amp；rdquo, execute FDISK, if & Error reading ldquo disk & amprdquo means that there is an error in the boot module of hard disk INT 19H, and the data in the disk cannot be saved. Only low-level formatting, partitioning, and advanced format can be performed.

4. When booting the system after the system self-check, if prompted &; Ldquo invalid partition table & amprdquo or & lack of operating system & amprdquo After the floppy disk is started, use FDISK to view the partition table. At this time, there are two possibilities:

(1) Description &; Ldquo has no partition table exit & amprdquo.

② The partition table listed is confusing, and the main partition attribute is&; Ldquo doesn't do it & amprdquo. This shows that the DOS partition table and the main boot program are bad, but there is no need to blindly format the hard disk at a low level. If the user has backed up the data of the system information area such as the hard disk boot area, partition table and FAT table on the floppy disk by using tools such as PCTools and Norton, the system information on the hard disk can be easily recovered, the fault can be quickly queued, and the original data on the hard disk can be protected. If there is no backup, you can find a normal microcomputer with the same hard disk (preferably the same disk and card) and the same DOS version, and use DEBUG to restore the partition III and DOS boot programs.

5. After partition recovery, if the hard disk still can't boot and read and write, you can check it according to the following steps:

① First, use FDISK to check whether the first partition is an active partition. If not, it can be activated by changing the active partition function of FDISK.

② If you still can't boot, you can still use the tool software NDD 6.0-8.0 or DiskFi x in PCTools6.0-9.0 to repair it. ND D or DiskFix can test the user's hard disk, and then determine the integrity of file structures such as partition table, boot record, file allocation table and directory area, and make error correction. Describe the error situation and ask for confirmation before error correction, which can ensure the integrity of disk data to the greatest extent.

6. If the screen shows &; Ldquo disk failed to boot & amprdquo or&non-system disk & amprdquo after the accident. It should be normal to check the partition with FDSIK at this time. You can use PCTools and other tools to check whether the three main boot files of DOS: IBMBIO.COM, IBMDOS.COM and COMMAND.COM exist and are normal. Whether the versions of these three files are inconsistent. After processing the hard disk partition and three DOS system files, the system should be restored to the political party. If the fault is still not eliminated (unable to bootstrap), you can only restart from the low-level format. Of course, users should back up the files on the disk first (the hard disk can read and write at this time).

7. If the above method still fails to boot the system from the hard disk, it means that the hard disk is damaged by magnetic media. For the physical operation of the master boot sector (MBR) of 0-track hard disk, it is suggested to change the master boot information of sector 0 1 to sector 1 or sector 2 1 to avoid damaging 0-track, but the result of this method is still to boot from floppy disk, and it is necessary to modify FDISK and IBMBIO files or rewrite ROM (. Moreover, this method is more troublesome. If amateur maintenance personnel are limited to horizontal or equipment environment, it is difficult to rewrite the EPROM on the hard disk card. If the main boot sector (MBR) of the hard disk is not damaged, but the DOS boot sector (DBR) is damaged, then it is relatively simple to do so: when FDISK establishes DOS partition, the total number of columns of the hard disk is reduced by 1, and the corresponding initial number of columns is set to 1 (or 5), and the active partition is activated before formatting. This method is simple and effective, at the expense of a cylindrical disk space.

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