1881——1936 great events in China (to be continued)

From 1886 to 1888, the Qing government was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties with France, such as Sino-French Vietnam Border Trade Charter, Sino-French Border Affairs Treaty, and Sino-French Continued Trade Treaty, which made France gain many rights and interests.

The gateway to the southwest of China was opened, and the French invading army based in zhina, India, marched into Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangzhou Bay (now Zhanjiang) and once again became the sphere of influence of France. After the war, the Qing government further realized the importance of coastal defense, so it stepped up the establishment of beiyang fleet, set up a province in Taiwan Province Province, and began to vigorously build it.

1On June 9th, 885, after Li Hongzhang and Badeno signed the Sino-French New Testament (that is, Article 10 of the Vietnam Treaty), the Qing Dynasty recognized Vietnam as a French colony, and the Sino-French War came to an end. Therefore, the world is about to lose power and humiliate the country, and the Qing army signed it when it won the battle. Therefore, the result of the Sino-French war is called "France wins and is invincible, and China loses and is unbeaten."

In the next century, this statement will be heard and generally accepted. The Sino-French War took place from 1883 to 65438+February to1April 885. At that time, capitalism was in transition to imperialism, and the powers set off the climax of plundering colonies, and China was in danger of being divided and dismembered.

In this situation, the French monopoly bourgeoisie actively pursued the colonial policy and stepped up its armed invasion of Vietnam in an attempt to invade China. French colonialists openly clamored that the occupation of Beiqi, Vietnam's ideal military base, was "related to the survival of our future hegemony in the Far East".

"Once the European powers carve up China, we will be the first people in the hinterland of China." They also advocated "helping those who opposed the Qing government to make the southern provinces of China independent."

The Sino-French War is an aggressive war launched by the French monopoly bourgeoisie with the aim of "colonies serving industrial exports", and it is a serious step for imperialist powers to carve up China.

2. The Reform Movement of 1898: 1898.

Guangxu's institutional reforms in education, economy, military and other fields, including the abolition of stereotyped writing examination, opening up the freedom of the press, and sending the royal family to travel abroad, were supported by Cixi, at least tacitly, but there were great differences between them in personnel arrangements.

Guangxu likes to use young and brave people, while Cixi relies more on old ministers. In fact, shortly after Guangxu began to reform, Cixi appointed Rong Lu, a confidant, as the governor of Zhili and the minister of Beiyang trade, to ensure that the army was under his control. What Guangxu obviously wants is to gradually break this control.

Before and after the Reform Movement of 1898, Kang Youwei always tried to establish a deliberative body controlled by him outside the existing political system of the Qing Dynasty, and thus entered the political core. He first set up a system bureau, and then set up a town office and a house for others. Later, his student Liang Qichao played on behalf of others and established the Mao Qin Concert Hall.

Kang Youwei is a person with great personality charm. It took him almost half a day to conquer Liang Qichao. His disciples even called him Kang Shengren. Obviously, Emperor Guangxu trusted him very much after contacting him once. These deliberative bodies mentioned by him and Liang Qichao were also recognized by Emperor Guangxu.

However, the North Korean minister strongly opposed it. At that time, the senior officials of the Qing court saw Kang Youwei's intention clearly and stopped completely. During the Reform Movement of 1898, many suggestions made by Kang Youwei and party member were accepted, but this one never gave in. Senior officials such as the military department and the Prime Minister's yamen seem to be of one mind, and will never let Kang Youwei master the actual political rights.

So is Cixi's attitude. The Prime Minister's yamen and the Ministry of War are mostly ministers recognized by her, and they are all under her control. If you agree to open the funeral hall, it means that Guangxu can bypass these two institutions and directly discuss political issues with party member, who is not under his control, such as Kang Youwei. This is a challenge to her own power and will even shake her power base. Emperor Guangxu is staging a coup.

3. Huanghuagang Uprising: 19 1 1 year.

After the Huanghuagang Uprising under the command of Huang Xing failed, Tan Renfeng wrote ten seven-character poems to mourn the dead martyrs, which were called "Ten Sorrow", and ten seven-character poems to praise the survivors, which were called "Ten Odes".

After the uprising, more than a dozen revolutionaries, headed by Li Deshan, who fought in Guangxi, set out from Little Dongying and invaded the headquarters. Soon, thousands of Qing soldiers surrounded the governor's office, and Li Deshan led the troops to break through and retreated into the Lailiyuan Misheng store. Under the cover of rice bags, they fought fiercely for a day and a night. After the Qing army set fire to Midian, the insurgents died one after another, but Tam miraculously escaped from the fire and fled back to Hong Kong.

After the failure of the uprising, Huang Xing and Hu reported the whole process of the uprising in Guangzhou to Sun Zhongshan, saying: "On the second day of the war, several comrades from Haiphong entered the Midian, set rice as the base, threw bombs, and dared not approach the camp. Zhang Mingxi ordered the burning, but Tam quit. " Tan Renfeng admired Tam's heroic resistance and ability to escape from the Qing army in Midian, Sheng Yuan.

Huanghuagang Uprising is an important uprising launched by the League. Tan Renfeng was not only the main planner and important participant of the Huanghuagang Uprising, but also the propagandist and practitioner of the revolutionary spirit of Huanghuagang, and made important contributions to the establishment and consolidation of the Republic of China.

The fundamental problem of revolution is political power. After the establishment of the League, the planning of armed anti-Qing uprisings was placed in a very important position and continued to instigate armed anti-Qing uprisings. For these armed uprisings, Tan Renfeng always took an active part, almost never served, and successively participated in Pingluyi Uprising, Zhennanguan Uprising and Hekou Uprising.

Although these successive anti-Qing uprisings failed, they dealt a heavy blow to the rulers of the Qing dynasty, shook the foundation of the feudal autocracy of the Qing government, educated the broad masses of the people, accumulated struggle experience and expanded the influence of the revolution.

4. The Republic of China was founded: 19 12.

After Wuchang Uprising, the revolutionary storm swept across the country. In less than two months, more than half of China's provinces and autonomous regions have declared independence. The uprising and independence of the provinces merged into a huge revolutionary torrent, and the rule of the Qing Dynasty collapsed. With the rapid development of the national revolution, it is urgent to establish a unified revolutionary regime, change the situation of the provinces doing things on their own, and consolidate and develop the victorious achievements that have been made.

In the process of establishing the central political power, various factions fought fiercely, forming local groups such as Wuhan in Shouyi area and Shanghai, where the central headquarters of the League is located. 19 1 1 year1month, Wuhan and Shanghai called the provinces respectively, asking for representatives to discuss and organize the interim central government.

After repeated consultations, it was decided to hold a provincial representative meeting in Wuhan. Just as Hubei and Jiangsu and Zhejiang were arguing over the venue of the meeting, the Qing government stepped up its attack on Wuhan, and the revolutionary army lost again and again.

At the end of February, Sun Yat-sen, who had been leading the anti-Qing revolution abroad for a long time, returned to Shanghai. Because of Sun Yat-sen's high reputation, the provincial revolutionary party congresses advocated recommending Sun Yat-sen as the interim president, and the constitutionalists and old bureaucrats also believed that Sun Yat-sen was the best candidate for the president. On February 29th, 65438, representatives from all provinces held a meeting in Nanjing and formally elected Sun Yat-sen as the provisional president of the Republic of China.

1 91265438+1October1,Sun Yat-sen took a special train from Shanghai to Nanjing. That night, Sun Yat-sen was sworn in; The provisional government of the Republic of China was established, with 19 12 as the first year of the Republic of China, and Li was elected as the vice president; The provisional Senate is a legislative village established through the proposal of Sun Yat-sen, and Nanjing is designated as the seat of the provisional government of the Republic of China.

The establishment of the provisional government of the Republic of China marked the birth of the first bourgeois republic in the history of China.

5. May 4th Movement: 19 19.

The fuse of the May 4th Movement was the failure of China's diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference. 1919 65438+1October 18 The 27 allied countries that won the First World War held a peace conference at the Palace of Versailles in Paris. As one of the victors, China sent five representatives, including Lu Zhengxiang and Gu Weijun.

Despite China's three propositions on safeguarding national territorial sovereignty, the Paris Peace Conference treacherously transferred all German privileges in Qingdao and Shandong to Japan.

At the beginning of May, the news of China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference reached China, arousing strong indignation from all walks of life. At 2 pm on May 4th, more than 3,000 students from Peking University, Beijing Normal University and a dozen universities of industry, agriculture, medicine, politics and law shouted "Give me back Qingdao" and "Cancel 2 1 article".

Slogans such as "Fighting for sovereignty outside, excluding traitors inside" broke through the obstruction of reactionary military police, gathered in front of Tiananmen Square from all directions, held a protest rally, and set fire to Zhao Jialou, the home of Foreign Minister Cao Rulin when Article 2 1 was signed. An anti-imperialist patriotic movement that shocked China and foreign countries broke out in Beijing.

The reactionary military police arrested 32 patriotic students on the spot. The perverse actions of the reactionary government aroused indignation from all walks of life and supported students' patriotic actions in succession. On the 5th, universities in Beijing began a general strike. On the 6th, more than 20 universities including Tianjin and Shanghai took action to support Beijing students. Celebrities and people from all walks of life have also condemned the reactionary authorities.

/kloc-in June, 2000, the reactionary government issued two orders in succession: one was to defend the traitors Cao Rulin and He Lu; It is illegal to slander students' patriotic struggle. Treason is actually meritorious, patriotism is guilty, and the criminal acts of the reactionary authorities have stung the hearts of patriotic students and people, and a larger anti-imperialist patriotic movement has emerged.

On June 3, more than 2,000 students from various schools in Beijing took to the streets to give anti-imperialist and patriotic speeches. On that day, 65,438+070 students were arrested. On the 4th, more than 4,000 students took to the streets to give speeches, and more than 700 people were arrested. When the news reached Shanghai, the working class with glorious revolutionary tradition stepped forward and joined the patriotic struggle against imperialism.

Launch a far-reaching "Sixth Five-Year Plan" political strike. The May 4th Movement entered the second stage. On the morning of June 5th, more than 5,000 workers from the third, fourth and fifth cotton mills of Japanese merchants in Shanghai, with the slogan "Don't work for the enemy", first announced a strike. In the afternoon, more than 20,000 workers from several factories in Lujiazui and Yangshupu went on an anti-imperialist patriotic strike.

In the following days, workers from all walks of life in Shanghai responded positively. 10, a general strike was formed in the whole city, and an oath was issued: "If Cao, Zhang and Lu are not punished, they will never start work." Around this time, students and businessmen went on strike, and there was a huge climax of "three strikes".

China people's patriotic enthusiasm and tenacious fighting spirit have greatly shocked the reactionary ruling clique and imperialism. Under pressure, the Beiyang government had to announce the recall of Cao, Zhang and Lu, and the May 4th Movement achieved initial victory.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Sino-French War

Baidu Encyclopedia-Reform Movement of 1898

Baidu encyclopedia-Huanghuagang uprising

Baidu Encyclopedia-Republic of China

Baidu Encyclopedia-May 4th Movement