What is the world cultural heritage?

World cultural heritage includes Egyptian pyramids, statues of Zeus, Fallot Lighthouse, Hanging Gardens, Temple of themis, Colossus of Rhodes, Mausoleum of Mausoleum, Alexandria outside Fallot Lighthouse, Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, Great Wall of Wan Li, China, etc.

Top ten cultural heritages in the world:

1, pyramids of Egypt:?

The pyramids are tombs built by the kings of ancient Egypt for themselves. The pyramids of Giza in Egypt are considered as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Most of the pyramids in Egypt were built in the third to sixth dynasties. These pyramids with a history of more than 4,000 years are mainly distributed in the capital Cairo and Giza on the west bank of the upper Nile. The left side of the Giza Pyramid belongs to King Kabra and the right side belongs to King Kuff, and there is a sphinx nearby. The main building materials are limestone, and some are granite pyramids, which are distributed in ancient Egypt, America, Upper Egypt, Middle Egypt and Lower Egypt, and now Sudan and Egypt.

At present, there are about 80 pyramids scattered in the lower Nile. Different sizes, the highest of which is pyramid of khufu, with a height of146.5m and a bottom length of 230m. * * * is made of 2.3 million stones, with an average of 2.5 tons each, covering an area of 52,000 square meters. There is no adhesive between stones, which is formed by overlapping and biting stones. In front of the pyramid of King Ha Fula, stands a sphinx symbolizing the king's power and dignity. The pyramids of Egypt are the tombs of ancient Egyptian emperors (pharaohs). One of the seven wonders of the world. They are numerous and widely distributed. The pyramids of Memphis, the ancient city on the west bank of the Nile in the southwest of Cairo, are part of the concentration.

96 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt, the largest of which are three pyramids located in the suburb of Khufu. From about 3500 BC, dozens of small slave countries appeared on both sides of the Nile. About 3 100 BC, an ancient Egyptian country was established. The king of ancient Egypt, also known as Pharaoh, was the largest slave owner in ancient Egypt and had supreme power. They are regarded as the embodiment of God. They built a huge mausoleum pyramid for themselves, which became a symbol of Pharaoh's power. Because these huge tombs are shaped like the word "gold" in Chinese characters, we call them "pyramids". In front of the pyramid of Khufra, there is also a sphinx guarding the Pharaoh's tomb.

2. Statue of Zeus:

The statue of Zeus in Olympia was built around In 457 Bc.

The temple itself is a dome building. Limestone with plaster on the surface and marble on the roof of the temple. The temple is supported by 34 Corinthian stone pillars, with a height of about17m and an area of 4 1. 1 m x107.75m. The stone statues in front of and behind the temple are all carved with marble from Palos Island. Many statues on the herringbone eaves in the west of the temple are completely Athenian. Does Zeus like this kind of construction? It is said that when phidias built the statue, he went to Olympus to plead with Zeus, the god, who answered by throwing a thunderbolt and cracking the pavement of the temple. As for the protagonist "Zeus" in the temple, the so-called "Chryselephantine" technology is adopted, that is, muscles carved from ivory and gold clothes are added to the wooden bracket. The throne is also gilded, inlaid with ebony, precious stones and glass, which took eight years to complete.

Zeus is the god of gods in Greek mythology and the main god of Olympia. The statue of Zeus built for sacrifice is the largest indoor statue in the world, and the temple of Zeus where the statue of Zeus is located is the birthplace of the Olympic Games. Philo of Byzantium wrote down the seven wonders of the world. He said, "We are proud of the other six wonders, but we are afraid of the statue of Zeus."

3. Fallows Lighthouse:

The other six wonders of the Fallot Lighthouse are absolutely different, because it has no religious color, and it is built purely for people's real life. The light of the Fallot lighthouse shines all over Alexandria at night, protecting the ships at sea. In addition, it was the tallest building in the world at that time.

It was the tallest building at that time, with a height of 400 feet (about 1, 2 1 m), and the height of the tower body and tower foundation could reach 1.35 m. The tower consists of three layers: the first layer is square structure; The second layer is octagonal structure; The third layer is a circular structure. The first floor is mainly used as oil depot and dormitory for managers, and the second floor is used for storing and transporting oil. On the third floor, there is a circular staircase built by eight large stone pillars, on which stands an 8-meter-high bronze statue of Helius, the sun god. During the day, the lighthouse uses the principle of reflection to shine sunlight on the sea 60 kilometers away, and burns fuel at night, releasing guiding light. It is worth mentioning that the 400-foot-high huge lighthouse has no stairs, so how do people get to the top? It is speculated that there are stairs similar to modern elevators in the tower, and fuel and supplies are sent to the top of the tower in this way. At that time, it was amazing that people could build such a lighthouse with only sailing skills.

4. Hanging Garden:

Hanging Garden is a garden built by King Nebuchadnezzar II of New Babylon for his concubine in the 6th century BC. It is located in the north of New Babylon, west of Istanbul Gate. According to the description of Diodoros, a Greek historian, the terraces in the garden are covered with arcade-like buildings, and all kinds of flowers and trees are planted on the terraces, which looks like hanging in the air from a distance, so it is called the hanging garden. The hanging garden has a total circumference of more than 500 meters and is built on a high platform by three-dimensional gardening. Rockery with stone pillars and slabs layered on top of each other reaches the sky. Seen from a distance, the garden looks like it is in the sky. Rockery * * * is divided into upper, middle and lower floors, each floor is supported by large stone pillars, and each floor has halls and pavilions. In order to prevent water seepage, each floor is paved with wicker mats soaked in asphalt, then two layers of bricks are paved on the mats, and a layer of lead is poured on them, and then fertile soil is cultivated on them, and many exotic flowers and grasses are planted, and irrigation water sources and water pipes are provided.

There are two kinds of city walls: mud brick or brick, with a tower in the middle, and the widest part of the outer wall is 7. 1 m. The main entrance to the city is the estelle Gate, which is12m high and double-sided and dedicated to the goddess estelle. The main entrance is a north-south parade street, paved with stones or bricks. The estelle Gate and the main street are decorated with colored glazed animal reliefs, and the animals are arranged horizontally.

West of Parade Street and southwest of Hista Temple is the main palace area, namely the Nangong of Nebuchadnezzar II, which consists of five courtyards. The third courtyard in the center is decorated with lion statues made of glazed tiles and flowers and trees with various geometric patterns. There is a hanging garden in the northeast corner of Nangong, one of the seven wonders of the world. There are many temples in the city, including Marduk Temple and Ta Temple in the city center. There are Ningma River Temple and Sivir Hista Temple in the east of the city. The cultural relics unearthed in this city include pottery, glassware, decorations, cylindrical seals, clay tablets and other documents.

5. The Temple of themis:

Themis is the Greek goddess of hunting. Arabs call her Rath, Egyptians call her Isis, and Romans call her Diana. As the goddess of hunting in ancient Greek mythology, themis was deeply loved by the Greek people. To show her piety, around 550 BC, the ancient Greeks built the world-famous Temple of themis.

The Temple of Al themis has been rebuilt seven times. In 356 BC, the temple was destroyed by fire. During reconstruction, the length of the marble column was increased to 21.7m, and 13 steps were added around it. At the beginning of the 5th century AD, the Eastern Roman Empire occupied Ephesus, and its emperor Odysseus II was a fanatical Christian who didn't believe in any hunting goddess at all. Under the command of Odysseus, the temple of themis was completely destroyed and disappeared from the world forever.

It is said that TempleofArtemis is located in the ancient city of Free Soul (about 50 kilometers south of Smyrna, Turkey) and Asia Minor, which is one of the cities in the ancient Ionian region.

In ancient Greece, the goddess themis was deeply worshipped, so she built the Temple of themis, one of the seven wonders.

6. The Colossus of Rhodes:

The colossus of Rhode Island, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, is located in the port of Rhode Island. The colossus of the sun god in Rhode Island was completed in 282 BC, and the cast image was Helius, the sun god. The bronze statue is about 33 meters high and majestic. It is a local landmark statue.

According to historical records, the construction of the colossus of the sun god took 12 years. The colossus was made of marble and iron, and covered with a large number of bronzes. The colossus of Helius, the sun god, is generally regarded as a bronze giant, with a torch in his right hand, a spear in his left hand and his feet on both sides. Ships coming and going not only refer to the immortal torch (lighthouse) in Helius's hand, but also drill through his crotch, which is extremely dignified and creative.

The colossus of Rhodes is the most mysterious of the ten wonders, because it collapsed in just 56 years. Archaeologists can even determine its exact location and appearance. The colossus of Rhodes is located in the port of Rhodes, Greece, which leads to the Mediterranean Sea. In 305 BC, a war broke out between the Federation of Rhodes and antigone Ned of Malta. The defeated Rhodes Federation won a lot of trophies. To commemorate this victory, they sold their trophies and built the colossus of Rhodes.

7, Mao Solas tomb temple:

Mausola's tomb temple is located in Nassau, Halka (present-day bodrum) in southwest Turkey. The ground floor building is rectangular, with an area of 40m (120) by 30m (100) and a height of 45m (140), in which the pier wall is 20m high and the column is 12m high. The statue at the top is four horses pulling an ancient two-wheeled chariot. This tomb temple is famous not only for its architecture, but also for these sculptures. The sculpture of Mao Solas's tomb temple was made by four famous sculptors, namely Briasis, Leo Chales, Scopas of Palos and Timothy, each of whom was responsible for one side of the tomb temple.

8. Alexandria outside Fallows Lighthouse:

In 332 BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonian Empire established an ancient city-Alexandria, west of the mouth of the Nile River in Egypt. After the death of Alexander the Great, the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt began to rise, and Alexandria became the capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty and prospered. But now, Alexandra has changed beyond recognition. Scientists believe that most of these buildings collapsed in a big earthquake in the 4th century. Scientists have carried out many excavations in Alexandria. Among them, in an excavation in 1996, French experts claimed that large-scale ancient relics were found at the bottom of Alexandria, as well as ancient roads and paving stones. The investigators found the binaural bottle that sank to the bottom of the sea in ancient times. This is an ancient Greek jar with two handles, which was used to transport wine and other trade goods. The investigation team also found the head of the statue of Pharaoh. The staff first fixed the Pharaoh's head with metal utensils, and then sent the statue into the water with balloons. The survey was conducted at the possible location of the Fallows lighthouse. Just compare the head of the statue with the staff next to it, and you can imagine the huge statue.

9. Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang:

Terracotta Warriors and Horses, namely the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, are the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units and the first batch of Chinese world heritage. They are located in the Terracotta Warriors Pit 1.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong District, Xi City, Shaanxi Province.

Terracotta warriors and horses are a category of ancient tomb sculptures. In ancient times, human sacrifice was practiced, and slaves were accessories of slave owners before their death. After the death of slaves, they should be buried with the slave owners as sacrifices. Terracotta warriors and horses were made into sacrifices in the shape of troops (chariots, horses and soldiers).

From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List, and were praised as "the eighth wonder of the world". More than 200 foreign heads of state and government have visited here successively, becoming the gold-lettered business card of China's splendid ancient civilization and being regarded as one of the top ten treasures of ancient tombs in the world.

According to historical records, the planning and design of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was started by Prime Minister Lisi as usual, and the construction time lasted for 39 years. The Terracotta Warriors were built at the same time as the Qin Mausoleum and buried in the burial pit.

In the first year of Zi Ying in the Qin Dynasty (206 BC), the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor suffered the first and possibly the biggest disaster. According to historical records such as Biography of Emperor Gaozu, Volume I of Hanshu, Volume VI of Hanshu and Biography of Chu Yuan, after Xiang Yu invaded Guanzhong, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was destroyed on a large scale, the ground buildings were destroyed once, and the mausoleum was excavated. Terracotta warriors and horses were also seriously damaged in this catastrophe.

1974- 1977 in the east of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum 1 km, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit was excavated as one of the tombs of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. Pit No.1 is in the south, with a length of 216m from east to west and a width of 62m, and an area of13260m2. Pit No.2 is124m long from east to west, 98m wide and covers an area of 6,000m2. No.3 pit covers an area of 520 square meters. * * * Unearthed 800 warrior figures, 8 wooden chariots 18, and more than 0/00 Taoma/kloc-0. According to the arrangement of the existing terracotta warriors and horses, there may be 7000 warrior figures in these three pits, 100 chariots and 100 horses. Tao is tall, about 1.8 meters.

Wan Li Great Wall 10, China:

China ancient military defense project, world cultural heritage and national key cultural relics protection units.

The Great Wall, also known as the Great Wall of Wan Li, is an ancient military defense project in China. It is a tall, solid and continuous long wall, which is used to limit the enemy's actions. The Great Wall is not a simple isolated wall, but a defense system with the wall as the main body and a large number of cities, obstacles, pavilions and landmarks.

The history of the construction of the Great Wall can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the famous allusion "bonfire drama princes" happened in Haojing, the capital (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) originated from this. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, countries competed for hegemony and defended each other, and the construction of the Great Wall entered its first climax, but the construction length at this time was relatively short. After Qin destroyed the six countries and unified the world, Qin Shihuang connected and repaired the Great Wall of the Warring States Period, which was called the Great Wall of Wan Li. The Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty to overhaul the Great Wall, and most of the Great Wall that people see today was built at this time.

The Great Wall is mainly distributed in Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Henan, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. Shaanxi Province is the province with the richest resources of the Great Wall in China, with a total length of 1838 km. According to the results of the national Great Wall resources survey conducted by cultural relics and surveying and mapping departments, the total length of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty was 885 1.8km, and it was more than 1 1,000 km in Qin and Han Dynasties and its early period, and the total length was more than 2 1 1,000 km.

196 1 On March 4th, the Great Wall was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. 1987 65438+February, the Great Wall was listed as a world cultural heritage. On1October 26th, 2020, 165438+ National Cultural Heritage Administration released the first batch of national important sections of the Great Wall. A major project in ancient China was built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770-476 BC) and in the Ming Dynasty. It starts from Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west and reaches Hushankou on the Yalu River in Dandong, Liaoning in the east, spanning Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Mongolia, Hebei and Liaoning. Along the way, there are Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan, Niangziguan and other checkpoints. The Great Wall for short. The Great Wall was originally built by Yan, Zhao and other countries in the Warring States Period to defend against the invasion of northern aliens.

The top ten cultural heritages in the world are the most representative. 1972 1 01October101October 21,and the17th General Conference of UNESCO was held in Paris and passed.

1, cultural relics:

Buildings, stone carvings and paintings, archaeological elements or structures, inscriptions, caves and complexes with outstanding universal value from the perspective of history, art or science;

2. Buildings:

From the historical, artistic or scientific point of view, single or conjoined buildings with outstanding universal value in the unified distribution of architectural styles or the combination with environmental scenery;

3. Website:

From the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, there are outstanding human projects or joint projects between nature and people and archaeological sites.