Reduce subway costs and increase economic benefits?

Beijing started construction of the first subway line in July, 1965, which has been opened for 75 kilometers. Before the 2008 Olympic Games, in addition to the urban railway 13 line (which has been completed and opened to traffic) and the subway Batong line (which will be completed and opened to traffic soon), Beijing will also build rail transit lines such as Line 5, 10 line, Line 4, Olympic branch line and airport passenger dedicated line. In order to achieve this goal, an average of about 20 kilometers of subway rapid rail transit will be built every year in the next few years.

However, the construction cost of subway is very expensive. According to the international estimation standard of subway construction cost, the comprehensive cost per kilometer of subway is about $654.38+0 billion. The Beijing 1999 "Fu" line, which was completed and opened to traffic, has a total investment of 7.57 billion yuan and a comprehensive cost of about 560 million yuan per kilometer. The comprehensive cost of Shanghai Metro 1 Line and Guangzhou Metro 1 Line is also very high. Guangzhou Metro 1 line has a total length of 18.497 km and a cost of122.61600 million yuan, with a cost of 660 million yuan per kilometer.

From a global perspective, subways are mostly public welfare enterprises because of their large construction investment and high operating costs. At present, except for Hong Kong, urban rapid rail transit in all countries in the world is generally at a loss. Not many countries can make a profit by operating the subway, even if it is profitable, it is not by the subway operation itself. Because subway construction needs to invest a lot of money, and the operation can not be too high, the loss is inevitable, and it is a policy loss. The government bears most of the losses of the subway company, and it also supplements the subway company with a lot of funds to maintain its operation every year. Since the Beijing subway began to operate, it has been using low fares, so it has formed such a situation: on the one hand, the passenger flow is increasing day by day, which leads to overload operation; On the other hand, the operating losses of enterprises have increased year by year, and the government's financial subsidies have increased. 200 1, and the subsidy amount is 305 million yuan.

Hong Kong adopts the way of simultaneous subway construction and development, that is, the integration of transportation and land development. If the developer wants to develop a subway, the government will allow him the right to develop the land around the subway station exit during the construction and operation of this subway. After the subway began to operate, the passenger flow increased and the commercial value-added of land increased. Developers have gained commercial benefits from this, but also assumed the obligation of infrastructure investment. Obviously, this practice is not profitable by operating the subway, but by the development zone franchise granted by the government. The practice of rail transit construction and operation in Hong Kong in recent years has proved this point.

In addition to railway transportation, the Hong Kong MTR Corporation also conducts related commercial activities, including advertising and shops in stations and carriages along the subway, investing in or reselling property development, planning and expanding new lines, so as to increase revenue.

Therefore, Beijing must learn from the successful experience at home and abroad, give full play to its own advantages, and actively explore a development path that reflects Beijing's characteristics in developing the subway industry and reducing the construction and operation costs.

1 Seize the opportunity to speed up the construction of new lines.

The successful bid for the 2008 Olympic Games has brought a golden opportunity for the rapid development of Beijing subway. By 2007, Beijing will have completed the construction of five new subway lines with a total length of 120 km, which is more than twice that of the subway lines built in the past 30 years. From the construction of 1.6 kilometers per year in the past to the construction of more than 20 kilometers per year in the next few years, such a development speed requires that Beijing Metro must open up a market-oriented development path.

2 reduce the cost of civil engineering

2. 1 Minimize demolition.

There are many units and residential areas along the subway, and there will definitely be a considerable number of demolition during construction. The demolition cost of the "Fuyiba" line of Beijing subway reached 65.438+0.2 billion yuan. Demolition is inevitable in subway construction, but measures should be taken to minimize demolition. The main methods are as follows: on the basis of the approved road network planning, the route direction, stations, entrances and exits, wind pavilions and depot locations are preliminarily planned and controlled in advance; Subway entrances and exits should be combined with underground streets and existing buildings as far as possible; In municipal land or urban green space, subway entrances and exits and wind pavilions should be reserved as much as possible; As far as possible, the depot should be located in a place with less demolition, and at the same time, the comprehensive development of the depot should be considered to minimize its land occupation.

2.2 appropriately increase the station spacing and reduce the station scale.

The distance between subway stations should not be too close, the subway line plays the role of trunk line, and the insufficient part is supplemented by other means of transportation. According to the situation in Beijing, reducing 1 station can reduce the investment by1~10.50 billion yuan. Reducing the scale of the station is achieved by appropriately shortening the length of the platform, which requires shortening the train formation, and the resulting contradiction with passenger transport can be solved by shortening the train interval. If the platform is shortened by 20 m (the length of a carriage), according to the calculation of double-decker station, the investment can be reduced by 600 thousand yuan per linear meter, and the investment of a station can be reduced by1.20 thousand yuan. Furthermore, subway stations should not be built on two or three floors. On the premise of ensuring the use function, the proper use of single-storey side platform structure will also play a role in reducing the construction cost of subway.

2.3 The decoration of the station building should be simple.

On the premise of ensuring the use function of the subway, other parts should be as simple as possible, and so should the decoration. The station decoration should not be aimed at pursuing luxury and high grade, but should be concise, practical, durable and safe.

3. Vehicles and equipment should be localized as much as possible.

The practice of Beijing subway operation for more than 30 years has proved that the technology of domestic vehicles and equipment has become increasingly mature and can meet the operational needs, while the price of domestic equipment is generally much lower than that of imported equipment. Excessive pursuit of international advanced level and blind purchase of foreign equipment are not in line with China's national conditions, and will be subject to people in future management.

The line setting and equipment matching of the depot should be considered as a whole.

Whether it is necessary to set up a test run line, a wheel rolling workshop and a rail welding factory in each depot, we should consider resource sharing and comprehensive utilization in combination with the rail network as far as possible, give full play to the comprehensive maintenance function of workshops and depots, reduce the repeated construction and setting of equipment and reduce costs.

5 reduce operating costs

In recent years, the aging of vehicle equipment has become increasingly prominent, and it is unlikely to significantly increase the ticket revenue due to policy reasons. To improve efficiency, we must rely on scientific and technological progress, technological transformation, streamlining personnel, increasing revenue and reducing expenditure, reducing costs, jumping out of the original management mode and carrying out market-oriented operation.

5. 1 Reasonable arrangement of personnel

Beijing subway employees10.4 million, with an average of nearly 200 people per kilometer. The annual salary, medical expenses and other expenses account for a large proportion of the total annual expenditure, while the Hong Kong subway has only 5,000 employees, which is close to the operating mileage of the Beijing subway. Therefore, reasonable arrangement of personnel, active and steady implementation of downsizing and diversion, efforts to reduce labor costs, and opening new lines without increasing personnel are the primary issues to reduce operating costs.

5.2 Strengthen ticketing management in 200 1 year, the ticket revenue of Beijing Metro is 480 million yuan, and the total annual budget expenditure is 865,438+0.6 billion yuan. In order to make the ticket revenue, the main income source of Beijing subway construction, grow steadily, it is necessary to strengthen the ticket management. The government should implement macro-control and appropriate relaxation policies, and take appropriate measures, such as raising fares, so that enterprises can make certain profits in the course of operation. In the course of operation, enterprises should minimize the loss of missing tickets and favored tickets, and further improve the incentive policy for increasing income.

5.3 Cancel the monthly ticket or reduce the monthly ticket circulation.

Take the Beijing subway as an example. Every time you open a subway monthly ticket, you will lose about 100 yuan every month. Beijing Metro issues 220,000 monthly tickets every month, and the monthly ticket alone reduces the income by about 260 million yuan every year.

5.4 Try out the method of dividing line and pricing by sections.

The current ticket system of Beijing Metro is "one vote for all Beijing", which increases the pressure on passengers and the flow of people, but affects the efficiency of enterprises. In view of this situation, we can combine automatic ticket sales with manual ticket sales, increase the automatic ticket sales and checking system of stored-value cards, and implement sub-line and sub-segment pricing to achieve the purpose of increasing benefits.

5.5 Strengthen station management

Strive to make rational use of hydropower resources and reduce the expenditure on water and electricity. Measures such as reducing the ever-burning lamps around the clock, effectively controlling the water consumption of public toilets and realizing the reuse of car wash water are all effective means to reduce operating costs.

The planning and design of subway construction and ground development should be considered simultaneously.

Construction and development should be organically combined. Development land should be reserved during subway construction to reduce the cost of demolition, reconstruction and expansion of secondary construction and development, and obtain the best economic effect.

7. Develop subway industrial resources and build a subway industrial system.

The development and construction of subway has the characteristics of "building new lines and prospering new areas", and the construction of subway can make the land and property along the line appreciate. Therefore, it is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of the subway to vigorously develop its unique industrial resources and build its industrial system.

7. 1 Unified planning and comprehensive development

Around the subway station, use subway lines to promote urban development. After the government determines the subway line construction plan, the property development plan and the feasibility study report of the new line are submitted to the government for approval at the same time, and the construction will start simultaneously after the government approves it. Subway properties are divided into four categories: hotels, office buildings, shopping malls and residences. The MTRC needs to consider how to achieve the best combination of properties in different lots in order to maximize the land price. The integration of subway and property can first gather people and increase passenger flow; Secondly, we can give full play to the role of subway station as a regional transportation hub; Third, it can improve the value of the surrounding land. Only by unified planning, construction and comprehensive development of urban underground space can we effectively solve various problems caused by the lack of urban development space, so that the city can maintain good ecological quality and urban environment in high-density development and achieve good economic and social benefits.

7.2 Comprehensive development of various resources and functions

Comprehensive development of real estate, property, advertising, communication and commerce. When the government supports the subway industry, it should adopt the way of "more policy support and less economic subsidies" to increase the hematopoietic function of enterprises. Subway enterprises should focus on one industry and diversify their operations, forming a situation of "above ground" supporting "underground", "sideline" supporting "operation" and "self-built support". One of the main experiences of Hong Kong subway's profitability is government policy support, enterprise diversification, sideline supplement and comprehensive development and utilization of subway resources. Hong Kong Metro is the largest landlord in Hong Kong. It means "one stop underground, a large area on the ground, comprehensive three-dimensional development and multi-layer utilization", so as to be careful and not waste an inch of land. Therefore, Hong Kong Metro can realize a virtuous circle of "self-development, self-investment, self-construction and self-development". One or two million subway passengers a day are a unique resource for subway shopping malls, communications and advertisements.

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