Erhu art

Erhu has many folk names, such as Nanhu, Huqin and Puckilo. Focusing on the performance of high-pitched areas, the timbre is close to human voice, and the emotional expression is extremely high, which is widely accepted by the public. Erhu has a wide range, mellow timbre, skillful skills and rich expressive force. Because it is widely used in music accompaniment, instrumental ensemble and solo of traditional operas such as Beijing Opera and Pingju Opera, its playing range, popular area and people's love are incomparable with other Huqin instruments.

Next, I want to express my feelings about erhu music from its origin, representative figures, representative works and characteristics. First, the origin of Erhu There are different opinions about the origin of Erhu, but it is more acceptable that Huqin originated in the Tang Dynasty and evolved from Huqin in the Tang Dynasty. Zhao and Xiang Yang, through their understanding of the word "Huqin" in "A Brief Introduction to Huqin" and "Re-analysis of Huqin Bowstring Instruments" respectively, think that Huqin refers to the pipa and other musical instruments in the Tang Dynasty. On the basis of two forms in the Tang Dynasty, the Huqin in the Song and Yuan Dynasties formed a new bowstring instrument, which contributed to the appearance and wide application of the "ponytail bow". The formal establishment of the name of "erhu" in Qing Dynasty. From the appearance of Xiqin in the Tang Dynasty to the formal establishment of the name Erhu in the Qing Dynasty, there have been four major changes in the shape, playing method and name of the instrument: for the first time, a stick-brush bowstring instrument similar to Xiqin appeared in the Tang Dynasty, which laid an important foundation for the maturity of modern Erhu in nature and playing method; The second time was the widespread use of the "fire thinking" Huqin, which contributed to the appearance and wide application of the ponytail bow, thus marking the change of the Huqin bowstring instrument from "stick brush" to "bow brush"; The third time, the violin was produced in the Ming Dynasty. Playing with ponytail bow instead of "rolling bamboo pieces" has completely entered the stage of "rubbing bows", greatly improving the expressive force of bowstring instruments and laying a solid foundation for the establishment of the basic shape of modern erhu. For the fourth time, the name of the traditional Western Qin Huqin was unified with the name of the "Huobu" Huqin, and "Huqin" had a new meaning. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that the name Erhu officially appeared. 1In the first half of the 20th century, the artistic practice and musical ideas of Zhou Shaomei, Liu Tianhua, Hua, Yang, Chen Zhenze and others, based on the characteristics of diversified integration and openness of erhu culture, injected a variety of privacy such as elegant culture, Taoist culture, popular culture and new culture, which greatly enriched the treasure house of erhu culture and completely denied the traditional cultural ideas since the May 4th New Culture Movement.

Due to the efforts of musicians who are keen on erhu art in the 20th century, erhu art has been greatly developed. Today, erhu music, as a unique music form, exists in China and is protected. Second, the representative figures and works of erhu 1), A Bing and his erhu art 1, A Bing was born in the 19th year of Guangxu (1August 893 17), and A Bing was born in Yihe Mountain Residence next to Leizun Temple in Wuxi. His father, Huaqing River, is the head of Leizun Hall, a Taoist temple in Sanqing Hall, Wuxi, and is good at Taoist music. Hua lost his mother when he was 4 years old and was raised by the same family.

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Mother support. At the age of 8, he joined his father as a Taoist in Leizuntang. I began to study in a private school for three years, and then I learned drums, flutes, erhu, pipa and other musical instruments from my father. 12 years old has been able to play a variety of musical instruments, often participating in confession, chanting, playing music and other activities. 18 years old, known as Wuxi Daole expert. When his father died at the age of 25, he became a Taoist in Lei Zuntang. Later, because of careless friends and bad habits, he became blind at the age of 34. In order to make a living, he carried the erhu on his back, took to the streets, wrote songs, rapped news and became a street performer. At the age of 40, she moved in with her widow. Singing in the paddock in front of Sanwanchang Teahouse in Chong'an Temple every afternoon. After the 28th Incident, he wrote and sang the news of "19th Route Army Heroically Resisting the Enemy in Shanghai" and played March of the Volunteers with erhu. Many of his news sang the hearts of the masses and won the love of ordinary citizens. Every night I walk up and down the street, playing the erhu by hand and playing it while walking. The timbre is moving. It was during this period that Er Quan Ying Yue, which is well-known in the international music scene, was created. After the Japanese invaded Wuxi, A Bing and Cui Di took refuge together in their hometown. Soon I went to Shanghai, worked as a pianist in Kunqu Opera Banxianni Club, played the three strings and played the blind man in the movie seventh heaven. At this time, his "Listening to Songs" is a heroic and emotional erhu solo, which poured into the patriotic enthusiasm of his unwilling conquered nation. In 28 years, he returned to Xicheng and returned to his old job. He goes to the teahouse every morning to collect all kinds of news, comes back to conceive and create, and sings in front of Chong'an Temple teahouse in the afternoon; At night, I played the erhu and his "Cold Spring Breeze" in the street. His piano skills are superb. He can play the pipa on his head. He can also imitate the voices of men, women and children talking, sighing, laughing and hitting dogs with erhu. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, he was forbidden to rap news in a fixed place in Chong'an Temple. In 36 years of the Republic of China, he suffered from lung disease and vomited blood in bed. From then on, he stopped performing in the street and made a living by repairing the huqin at home. 2. A Bing's Works During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the puppet regime, you can often see him carrying a lute and an erhu on his shoulder, singing along the street and begging for a living, and he was reduced to the bottom of society. The deep feeling of peddling students along the street sent a message. He wrote more than 70 folk songs. It's a pity that everyone is dead now, leaving endless regrets in the end. The knowledge left to us is that Yang and Cao Anhe rescued and recorded six Erhu songs, including Two Springs Reflecting the Moon, Listening to Pine, Chilling Wind, Pipa Music, Zhao Jun's Embarkation, Big Waves for Sand and Dragon Boat. One of the most famous is Two Springs Reflecting the Moon. On the origin of "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon": Zhu once published the article "The Course of Music Naming" in Wuxi Daily, in which he wrote: "After recording, when Mr. Yang asked the title of this song, he said,' This song is nameless, and it has been like this for a long time'." Mr. Yang asked again, "Where do you often play?" A Bing replied:' I often play in the street, and I also play in Huishan Chunyuan. Mr. Yang blurted out. Then call it Er Quan! "I said,' Er Quan exclusive' is not like a complete title. There is a poem in Cantonese opera, "Three Tans on the Moon". Can it be called "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon"? Mr. Yang said,' Printing plagiarism is not good enough. We have a mountain and river with a reflection in Wuxi. Let's call it "two springs reflecting the moon". A Bing immediately nodded in agreement. The topic of "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon" was thus decided. Composition and characteristics of "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon": After the long and short intro, the melody starts from the upper sound to the horn sound, then ends with the sign and horn sound, and ends with the gong sound, which is a microwave-like melody line, just like the author sitting by the spring meditating on the past. The second paragraph: The second phrase has only two bars, and * * * appears six times in the whole song. It starts with the high octave at the end of the first phrase. Swinging up and down around the public voice broke the silence in front and began to be high, revealing the author's infinite feelings. The third paragraph: when entering the third sentence, the melody flows in the high-pitched area, and new rhythm factors appear. The melody is soft and firm, and the mood is more exciting. The theme gradually changed from calm and deep at the beginning to high spirits, which profoundly revealed the author's inner life feelings and tenacious and proud will to survive. The frequent use of his notes in performance makes the music feel a little sad, which is the emotional expression of a blind artist who has suffered from human bitterness and pain.

The theme of the whole song has been changed five times. With the presentation, extension and development of the music, the feelings expressed are more fully expressed. Its variation technique mainly expresses the development and circuitous progress of music through the expansion and contraction of sentence width and the rise and fall of melody activity range. Many of its variations are not to express different musical feelings, but to deepen the theme, so the musical image created by music is relatively simple and concentrated. The speed of the whole song has not changed much, but the strength has changed greatly, from pp to ff. Whenever music longer than quarter notes is played, the intensity of the bow changes and the music fluctuates, which is exciting. Liu Tianhua and Erhu Art 1, Liu Tianhua's life 909- 19 1 1, Liu Tianhua studied in Changzhou Fuxuetang. During the period, I participated in groups such as Kunqu Opera, Military Music and National Music in the school, and started to learn music from trumpet and military flute. 19 12, 17-year-old Liu Tianhua went to Shanghai to make a living with her eldest brother Liu Bannong and was admitted to the band of Shanghai Ming Kai Drama Club. Enlightened Drama Club is a drama club, which performed the "civilized drama" at that time. The band of the drama club mainly plays western musical instruments. Working here gave Liu Tianhua extensive exposure to sunset instruments at that time. Besides improving the performance of brass instruments, Liu Tianhua also studied piano and violin. After contact with western music, through the comparison between Chinese and western music, I came up with my original idea of improving China's music. On one occasion, I came to Jiangyin for the Spring Festival from Shanghai and said with emotion at home, "China people still like their own music best. Western music has its own beauty, but it is not as friendly and easy to understand as China's music. But unfortunately, the status of national music is so low that no one pays attention to it and advocates it. So I will work hard to improve China music. " 19 14 When the Ming Kai Drama Club was dissolved, Liu Tianhua had to go back to his hometown again and work as a music teacher in Huashu Huacheng Primary School. 19 15, Liu Tianhua began to compose the first-hand erhu work Yin in the Patient, and began to compose the first drafts of music such as Moonlit Night and Empty Mountain Birds. 19 15 years as Changzhou Middle School. During the seven years of teaching in middle school, Mr. Liu Tianhua also worked hard to learn folk music. During 19 17, he invited Zhou Shaomei to Jiangyin to learn traditional playing techniques such as pipa and erhu, as well as many traditional folk songs such as Liu Huaban and Four in One. 19 18 years, Liu Tianhua went to Nanjing southeast university, and asked Mr. Shen Zhaozhou, a master of Chongming pipa who taught there, to learn Yingzhou classical tune. From 65438 to 0922, Liu Tianhua taught erhu and pipa in Peking University Conservatory of Music, which was the first time in the history of China music that erhu was listed as a course of higher learning. /kloc-finalized on the night of 0/924. 1927 initiated the establishment of the national music improvement society and edited the music magazine. He composed erhu songs such as Improved Exercise, Song and Dance Introduction and Elegy. 1928 Composed Erhu Opera Good Night, Idle House and Empty Mountain Birds. 193 1 year to compose the erhu song "Guangming Xing". 1932 completed the creation of erhu opera "Candle Shadow Shakes Red". 1June, 932, when collecting folk music in Tianqiao, he was infected with scarlet fever and died unfortunately. 2. Liu Tianhua's works 1. Singing in sickness II. Moonlit night 3. Sadness 4. Elegy 5. Good night Live in seclusion. Empty mountain bird language 8. No.9 Guangming Avenue. Single-player exercise 10. Candle shadows shake red 3). Besides A Bing and Liu Tianhua, other erhu artists and their works have made great contributions to the development of erhu music. Shao Zhang (1927-), a native of Wujin, Jiangsu Province, is a famous erhu performer and educator, a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music, and the former president of China Erhu Society. Over the years, he has composed many solos and more than 60 etudes, such as The Rise of the River, Hua Gutiao, Variations on Qiu Ge, Happy Grassland and so on, and trained countless students. Among them:, Wang,,, etc. Wang Guotong (1939-), a native of Dalian, Liaoning, is an erhu performer and educator. At the age of ten, he began to learn erhu. 1955 was admitted to the middle school attached to the Central Conservatory of Music, where he studied under Chen Zhenduo and other Hu art predecessors. 1958 was promoted to the department of folk music of the Central Conservatory of Music for further study, and 1960 graduated with honors. 1972, chief erhu of national orchestra, director of China Musicians Association, executive director of Beijing Erhu Research Association and visiting professor of Central Conservatory of Music. Wang Guotong as early as

In 1960s, he played Fantasia of Sanmenxia with innovative skills, which was praised as "creating a new style of erhu performance" and "an epoch-making milestone of erhu performance". In the creation of Erhu music, songs such as "Homesickness Song" and "Mercedes-Benz in the Thousand Grass Plain" were created and adapted. In the aspect of erhu musical instrument reform, Fiona Fang erhu, low-key thick-stringed erhu and flat octagonal Gao Hu were developed in cooperation with Man Ruixing. Min Huifen (1945 ——), a native of Yixing, Jiangsu, is the vice chairman of China Music Association, a famous erhu player, and graduated from Shanghai Conservatory of Music. Representative works include Rivers, Erhu Reflecting the Moon and Listening to Songs. Her father, Min Qianji, a disciple of Liu Tianhua, a famous erhu player, was influenced by his family. She studied erhu since childhood and formed an indissoluble bond with it. 65438-0958 entered the middle school attached to Shanghai Conservatory of Music to specialize in erhu, and studied under the erhu education teachers Wang Yi and Lu Xiutang. 1963 In the 4th Shanghai Spring Concert National Erhu Competition in Shanghai, she conquered the judges and audience with a song "Singing with Sickness" and won the first prize. After that, he visited and performed abroad many times and enjoyed a high reputation in the international music scene. She also composed and adapted music such as "Red Flag Canal Water Around Taihang Mountain" and "Honghu People's Wish". She was called "one of the greatest string players in the world" by Seiji Ozawa. Thirdly, through A Bing's works to illustrate the characteristics of erhu music. In the melody of A Bing's works, how did the melody line between phrases suddenly rise? According to the different timbre and expressive force of erhu, it is A Bing's bold creation on the basis of folk music melody to develop the musical thought very rigorously, hierarchically and logically, with the melody line going straight up and down step by step. This kind of breakthrough is just needed for feelings that are extremely restless inside. For example, in the music "Listening to Songs", the interval of big jump is widely used, so he boldly tried to innovate. The second paragraph of "Listening to Songs" inserted five-degree and seven-degree jumps, and the tail flick of the octave jump showed passionate feelings. In the first paragraph of "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon", the melody of each phrase is connected with an octave. Four. Personal Experience Erhu, as a musical art originated in China, has a long history of development in China and contains profound cultural connotations. Erhu, as a kind of string, has its melodious characteristics. Can express that kind of thick, long emotion and create that kind of profound artistic conception. Erhuqu can always express a touching story, and telling a story is also fascinating. For example, two springs in A Bing reflect the moon. Whenever I listen to it, I feel helpless and bitter in my life. In addition, the social ties between the two hutongs are very close, and they are very close to the folk culture. Because the creation of erhu works often comes from the people. So it also describes the real stories and feelings of the general public. I sometimes meet artists who play erhu in the street, but most of them are poor beggars. Erhu is just to win people's sympathy and make a living by people's charity. Perhaps it can be said that why do some poor people choose erhu as a means to express their feelings and make a living? Perhaps erhu can express that kind of sad mood and win people's sympathy. Erhu, as a unique music art in China, has the shadow of China culture, which is why it can be sought after by some people. With the development of the times, we should not only preserve the artistic creation of erhu by artists of past dynasties, but also study, develop and carry forward it.