The main process of purchasing

The procurement process mainly includes information collection, inquiry, price comparison, negotiation, evaluation, sample application, decision-making, purchase requisition, ordering, coordination and communication, expediting, incoming goods acceptance and payment arrangement.

1 query

Inquiry is to obtain information from potential sellers who are qualified to complete the work. The technical term for this process is supplier qualification confirmation. Channels for obtaining information include: bidding documents, industry publications, Internet and other media, supplier catalogue, and list of potential suppliers drawn up by designated experts. Obtain the supplier's bidding scheme through inquiry.

The inquiry method of bidding documents is the most common and reliable method, which is adopted in engineering procurement in this paper. The compilation of bidding documents is a complicated and meticulous basic work. The quality of its compilation is directly related to whether the bidding work can be carried out normally, and even affects whether the contract can be performed smoothly after winning the bid.

Therefore, the contents of the bidding documents should be complete and detailed, and the words should be accurate and rigorous, so as to avoid differences in the understanding and interpretation of the documents, increase the workload of bid evaluation and affect the smooth progress of the bidding work. Bidding documents usually consist of the following documents:

① Technical documents: technical conditions and requirements of equipment, components and accessories;

(2) Business documents: including inquiry letter, quotation description and supply list, basic contract conditions, packaging and transportation, etc.

Before the bidding documents are finalized, they should be scrutinized, reviewed and revised repeatedly. For the selection of key components, the specifications, models and suppliers of the key components of the equipment should be clearly defined in the bidding documents on the basis of extensive understanding of the market and usage. This will help to improve the responsiveness of bidding documents, prevent the content of bidding documents from being too different from the bidding price, and thus reduce the workload of bid evaluation.

The bidding documents for this project procurement are prepared in full accordance with the above requirements, indicating the specific configuration and detailed technical requirements of each purchased equipment, and detailing the supplier's quotation, supply and basic contract conditions. This work consumes the most time and energy in the procurement stage of the project team, but it is very worthwhile to ensure that the contracted equipment can meet all the needs of project implementation.

2 supplier selection

At this stage, the contractor is selected according to the established evaluation criteria. There are several evaluation methods: transfer from the project manager alliance

① Contract negotiation: both parties make clear their opinions and reach an agreement. This way is also called. Negotiation? ;

② Weighting method: Quantify the qualitative data to minimize the influence of people's prejudice. This way is also called. Comprehensive evaluation method? .

The comprehensive bid evaluation method refers to the bid evaluation price formed by converting each evaluation element into the corresponding price on the basis of the bid price and adding or subtracting this value from the original bid price according to a predetermined method. The bid with the lowest bid evaluation price is the best bid. This method is often used to buy large equipment, such as units and vehicles.

In bid evaluation, in addition to the bid price and the method of converting it into price, the factors that need to be considered generally include the following aspects.

(1) Transportation expenses. This part of the extra expenses that may be paid by the tenderee includes freight, insurance and other expenses, such as widening roads and strengthening bridges when transporting oversized equipment. When converted into the bid evaluation price, the expenses that will occur when the goods arrive at the final destination can be calculated according to the charging standards published by the transportation departments (railways, highways, waterways), insurance companies and other relevant departments.

(2) delivery date. Do you have the tender documents? Supply list? The specific delivery time specified in the standard. When the delivery date proposed in the tender is earlier than the specified time, the bid evaluation preference is generally not given, because the project legal person will not get the advance payment income without the need to arrive in advance during construction, but will increase the storage management fee and equipment maintenance fee.

If it is later than the stipulated delivery date, but the delay time is still within the acceptable range, the converted price will be calculated according to a certain proportion (generally 2%) of the bid price for each month of delay of the delivery date, and added to the bid price.

(3) payment method. Bidders shall make quotations according to the payment terms stipulated in the tender documents, and bids that do not meet the requirements can be regarded as unresponsive and rejected. However, in the large-scale bidding in equipment orders, if the bidder puts forward different payment terms (such as increasing advance payment or upfront payment) in the bidding letter, the offer can be reduced for the bidder to choose, and this payment requirement should also be considered in the bid evaluation.

When the deviation conditions of payment requirements are within the acceptable range, the expenses (interest on funds, etc.). The increase in the deviation requirements for the project legal person shall be converted into the net present value at the time of bid evaluation according to the discount rate specified in the tender documents, and added to the change quotation proposed in the tender letter as the bid evaluation price.

(4) Spare parts and after-sales service. For spare parts, the access and price of all kinds of vulnerable spare parts within two years of equipment operation are taken as the bid evaluation elements. After-sales service includes installation supervision, equipment debugging, provision of spare parts, maintenance and personnel training. , and evaluate the possible price of providing these services. How to treat these two expenses in bid evaluation depends on the provisions of the bidding documents.

When these expenses have been required to be included in the tender price, these factors will no longer be considered in bid evaluation; If bidders are required to report these expenses in addition to the bid price, they should be added to the quotation. If any of the above terms are not made in the bidding documents, the total price that may need to be purchased and the after-sales service price arranged by the Tenderee shall be calculated according to the name and quantity of spare parts quoted by the Tenderee in the annex to the bidding technical specifications, and then added to the bidding price.

(5) Equipment performance and production capacity. The bidding equipment shall have the production efficiency specified in the technical specifications of the bidding documents. If some technical indexes such as performance and production capacity of the provided equipment fail to meet the benchmark parameters required in the technical specification, and each parameter is lower than the benchmark parameter 1%, it shall be calculated according to the actual production efficiency unit cost of the bidding equipment, and a certain amount shall be added to the bidding price.

3 signing of the purchase contract

After the supplier is selected, the buyer and the seller sign the contract through consultation. The key point of this link is to formulate the details of procurement inspection, acceptance and after-sales service. As a project manager in the future, will you fully dispatch detailed procurement contracts? Constitution? If the definition in the contract is unclear or unclear, the project manager will not be able to control each supplier during the project construction.

Outside the law, it may be possible to promote effective cooperation through interpersonal relationships or corporate partnerships. But I think the most direct and effective is the purchase contract. Here, I'd like to make some comments. In China's informatization project construction, project managers are often promoted from technical posts, and they don't know much about markets and contracts. I especially remind that as a project manager, this knowledge is very important.

In the knowledge system of project management, there is a separate chapter about contract knowledge. For information project procurement, it adds a lot of professional knowledge. It is necessary to specify the functions, performance, quality, implementation, deployment, testing, verification and acceptance of purchased products and services in detail. If the preceding paragraphs are all drafts, then the formal document of the contract on the comprehensive output of procurement plan, procurement analysis, procurement statement of work and procurement selection results is the procurement contract.

In the process of project procurement, the contract was refined. Facts have proved that this work is very important. Some suppliers push each other, or push each other. At this time, they took out the contract and asked them to do things honestly, so that the project could proceed smoothly. 4 contract management

Contract management is a process to ensure that the buyer and the seller fulfill the contract requirements, which usually includes the following levels of integration and coordination:

(1) Authorized suppliers: Environment, room type and price have always been the focus of buyers' attention when buying a house. Now people not only pay attention to these things when buying a house, but a new reference index is gradually accepted by buyers, that is, the residential property operates at the right time;

(2) Monitor the supplier's cost, schedule, real estate property management value analysis and technical performance;

③ Check and verify the product quality of subcontractors;

(4) change control, to ensure that changes can be properly approved, and to ensure that all people who should know about changes;

⑤ According to the terms of the contract, establish the connection between the seller's execution progress and the payment of expenses;

⑥ Procurement audit;

⑦ Formal acceptance and contract filing.

This part is relatively easy, as long as the supplier's delivery time and quality are monitored according to the contract requirements. After the equipment arrives and passes the acceptance, the whole procurement process of the project is completed.

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