Inventor of Chinese spelling

The inventor of this Chinese phonetic alphabet is Kou Sen, a middle-aged man who still lives in a simple bungalow near Zhongguancun. He pondered that hanyu pinyin exhausted all his savings and more than 20 years of youth. In July this year, a training company organized a very small conference to promote a Chinese input software called "Full Tone Input Method". Accompanied by the host's speech, the miss shorthand kept tapping the computer keyboard, and the speech content was immediately displayed on the projection screen in the form of text. This young lady has only learned shorthand for three months. Now, meeting stenographer is a very fashionable profession. However, mastering the speed recorder requires at least one year of training. The popularity of this "full-tone input method" is entirely possible to "eliminate" the current computer shorthand. However, to the surprise of the reporters attending the meeting, when the inventor reads the newspaper at normal speed, the letters on the screen are similar to English but not English. Then, miss shorthand looked at the letters on the screen and read the original contents of the newspaper. The inventor explained, "This is a Chinese phonetic alphabet. The full-tone input method is just an application scheme for Chinese pinyin characters to meet the current needs. " Inventor is Kou Sen, and Kou Sen belongs to the "victim" who was "eliminated" by new technology. He studied handwritten shorthand, but now he has been eliminated by computer shorthand. Kou Sen was originally from Hebei Weichang Bashang. More than 20 years ago, due to his poor family, he lost the opportunity to continue his studies. When he was unemployed at home, he happened to see an advertisement for shorthand letters from a reference news. He felt very interested and signed up for remittance. When he received this textbook, Kou Sen found that it was completely different from his imagination. Shorthand practice is not words, but seemingly simple strokes, and you can't see the meaning of words at all. Shorthand means replacing Chinese characters with a symbol. He thought, anyway, the tuition has been paid, and there is nothing to do at home, so he had to bite the bullet and learn. It is not easy to learn shorthand, because Chinese characters are ideographic, while shorthand is phonetic, and some of them are written directly in letters. Kou Sen taught himself for a whole year and could "write" 140 Chinese characters per minute. After finishing his studies, his first thought was how to find a job by shorthand. At that time, the biggest use of shorthand was to record meetings. However, most of the people responsible for meeting minutes are office secretaries. How to let secretaries learn shorthand, Kou Sen thought of school. So, he found the majors offered by various schools in Chengde, and when he saw that Chengde Teachers College had opened a new secretarial major, he found the person in charge of the major and said, "I can take shorthand. Shorthand courses for secretarial majors can be offered. " The person in charge only heard of shorthand, but he didn't know how useful it was, so he said, "The department is going to have a meeting this afternoon. Please listen and give me a meeting record. " Kou Sen is very excited to finally have a place to play. More than an hour after the meeting, he handed in the minutes. Head of a look, and sure enough, the content is detailed, almost verbatim, immediately decided to keep Kou Sen, at that time, the domestic public didn't know what a tape recorder was, and the meeting records were based on transcripts, so there was a great demand for shorthand. After Kou Sen started a shorthand course in Chengde Normal University, many schools invited him to start the course. Therefore, he became a "first" figure, and even set up a special shorthand professional training. However, in the process of teaching, Kou Sen also found the shortage of shorthand. Because the four tones of shorthand letters are difficult to distinguish, it is difficult to read. It often takes four or five hours to manually sort out the contents of shorthand for an hour. Therefore, there is also a saying that "records are brushed and words are blind". From teaching, Kou Sen found that simple shorthand symbols made reading difficult. For example, shorthand and secretary are the same symbol and can only be "recognized" according to the context. However, we can determine that shorthand is shorthand and secretary is secretary by changing the content of symbols. He thought of positioning methods, such as setting a separate symbol for "more and more", which has no meaning except "more and more". This decomposition of some words gives them a fixed meaning, which makes the process of recognition and translation particularly smooth. According to this new discovery, Kou Sen published his first book, Shorthand of Popular Chinese. Although with the popularization of computers, handwritten shorthand is gradually replaced by computer shorthand, it lays a foundation for Kou Sen to re-understand Chinese characters. 1999 Summer, Kou Sen entered the National Patent Office. The purpose of his visit is to apply for the patent of Chinese Pinyin. The staff was surprised to leave a pile of his application materials, and then said to him, "Leave your phone number and wait for the notice." A week later, the phone call from the patent office came and asked him to go. Entering the reception room of the patent office, the staff returned the materials he brought to him and said, "I'm very sorry, according to the relevant laws and regulations, words can't be patented." But you can build a Chinese character input software system according to the principles of these pinyin characters. As software, we can handle the patent certificate for you. "At this moment, happy Kou Sen suddenly stood there. Because, this Chinese Pinyin scheme has condensed his painstaking efforts for more than ten years. Nevertheless, he found a patent agency and applied for a foreign patent. But after reading all the materials, the other party told him: "Words are tools of expression, and you really can't apply for a patent. It is more appropriate for you to have a Chinese character input software. When everyone agrees with this input method, your pinyin will be recognized by the society. "As early as 1986, Kou Sen began to ponder the pinyin of Chinese characters. First, most Chinese characters need several strokes to write, and they often forget the words and don't know how to write them; Second, shorthand symbols are simple to write, but difficult to read. How can we combine the two into one? Soon, Kou Sen designed a scheme, which used radicals of Chinese characters, single words as consonants and radicals as vowels. Use points marked on the upper left, upper right, lower left and lower right to represent tones. As a result, the words written are very similar to Korean. This approach seems to be unworkable. Although Kou Sen doesn't know English, shorthand comes from Pinyin system, which makes him think that Chinese should use Pinyin characters. Shorthand is the decomposition of pinyin, and there will be no situation that you can't write or read it in pinyin. So Chinese Pinyin should be a development direction. So, he began to look for a lot of information about Chinese Pinyin. Unexpectedly, this plan was put forward decades ago. In 1950s and 1960s, Mao Zedong put forward: "Chinese characters must be reformed in accordance with the phonetic direction of the world.". Before pinyin is realized, Chinese characters must be simplified to facilitate the current application, and at the same time, all preparations for pinyin must be actively carried out. "At that time, the government vigorously eliminated illiteracy and promoted Putonghua, but from the perspective of the popularity of Putonghua, the Chinese pronunciations of" fragmentation "and" Southern accent and Northern accent "remained the same. These are all related to the continued use of Chinese characters that are difficult to write, remember and recognize. How to use Pinyin instead of Chinese characters, Kou Sen changed from an interest to a career. At first, there were two like-minded collaborators, but after a few years, they gave up one after another. When they parted, they also advised Kou Sen to quit, saying, "In such a big country, a Chinese Pinyin Committee has been set up, but it has never been worked out. Can you support so many experts by yourself? We feel completely hopeless. You'd better be your principal in a down-to-earth manner. " However, Kou Sen did not give up. He thinks that the vowels and consonants of Chinese characters are very regular, and this rule is science. At the beginning of 1999, he thought that when the Chinese phonetic alphabet was formed, he found two children, one was 6 years old and the other was 8 years old. He wants to see if Chinese Pinyin can be used. After three months, the two children can write and read Chinese phonetic alphabet. However, Kou Sen dared not teach any more. Because these two children don't want to learn to write Chinese characters anymore. Therefore, he wants to apply for the patent of Chinese Pinyin, and promote it as a patented product in China, making it a "bilingual system" parallel to Chinese characters. Third, develop Chinese character input method, which Kou Sen never thought of. However, things are just in front of themselves. He doesn't know how to develop a software. A friend gave me an idea: "You can take the development of input method as an investment. Recruit some people who specialize in software development to take charge of development. In the future, you can recover your investment by selling software, and you can even make big money by selling software like Bill Gates. " At that time, Coulson went to Beijing with his savings of 600,000 yuan accumulated in running a school for more than ten years. Soon, Kou Sen found several computer software developers. After more than a year, the full-tone input method 1.0 version was finally designed. And 600 thousand's savings have all been poured out Not long after, a "kind-hearted" elder sister came to the door and suggested that the two sides work together to set up a company to promote this input method. This is undoubtedly good news for Coulson. Without thinking, he gave the input method and all the materials to the other party. More than a month has passed, and the other party has been slow to reply. Kou Sen stay not to live, take the initiative to find you. As soon as the company is really established, the chairman, general manager and deputy general manager have all been appointed. However, Kou Sen didn't find his name. Once again, those people belong to their own homes, to outsiders, and to the sidelines. Kou Sen offered to cancel the cooperation. The other party said that the company has been established, and now it is proposed to cancel the cooperation in order to buy all the companies. Coulson was cruel and borrowed 654.38 million yuan to buy the company. Just as he was preparing to start his own business, the industrial and commercial department came to the door again, saying that the company was not registered at all, which was illegal and must be closed down. Kou Sen realized that he had been cheated by others. Just when Kou Sen was desperate, several Bashang villagers who were working in Beijing extended a helping hand to help him popularize this input method. However, Kou Sen suspended the sale of the 1.0 version of the full-tone input method. Because he found a big loophole in the 1.0 version, that is, how to type unfamiliar words. Do you want to give up all your previous efforts or start over? Kou Sen chose the latter. Coulson raised another sum of money and started the version upgrade. This time, he raised the number of more than 6,000 words in the font of 1.0 to more than 20,000, including not only all the rare words in Chinese characters, but also some Chinese characters used in Japanese. At the same time, new methods such as word decomposition and word separation are added, and unfamiliar words can be knocked out through word separation. Although version 2.0 of full-tone input method has been put into the domestic shorthand training market, Kou Sen has begun to develop version 3.0. The biggest improvement of this new version is that it can freely "translate" Chinese characters and Chinese phonetic characters. Kou Sen told reporters: "99% of the countries in the world have adopted alphabetic pinyin as a writing tool, and the square characters used in China are still in the primitive state. This is the main reason why it is difficult for all countries in the world to accept and promote Chinese, and it is also the root of restricting the development of Chinese. With China's entry into WTO, Chinese will surely become another global language in the 2nd/kloc-0th century. Therefore, the globalization of Chinese requires a Pinyin as the second language of Chinese, which is the inevitable result of historical development. "Syllable spelling rules The spelling rules of syllables in spelling are: when the leading vowel (that is, the vowel ending in Y) is used as a syllable alone, Y is omitted; After vowels (that is, vowels starting with y) are used as syllables alone to keep y; When initials (excluding zero initials) and vowels are put together to form syllables, Y in vowels is generally omitted, but Y in ten syllables cannot be omitted. They are dyb (dia), myg (Miu), lyb (lia), NYg (Niuniu), lyu (lü), lyp (Lü e), nyu (nüe), nyp (Nü e), lyk (liang) and ny. See the following table for all syllables (without tones) of modern Chinese Putonghua spelled according to the above rules: Modern Chinese spelling syllables represent vowels and zero initials, namely BPM,,, KH,, Xu, VW,,, YA, bb, Ba, pb, climb, Mom, fb, db, DYB and Ba respectively. 丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶丶𰸞𰸞200 Europe PM cuts MM and asks FM whether DM pocket TM steals NM and dries up LM building. After KM buckles HM, UM boat VM draws WM and RM soft Zou CM collects SM to search EI F,, eh, er, bf cup, pf culture, mf, Mei ff, nf, lf thunder, gf to hf, black uf, this wf, who is zf thief, Engeng Weng d*, YD-, Weng bd? Meng fd wind dd climbs td Teng nd energy ld cold g d Geng kd pit hd horizontal ud struggles for vd to change wd to produce rd and monk zd to increase cd layer sd monk ao io yo t, YT boils, Yo bt bag pt throw mt cat dt knife tt take out nt brain lt old gt high kt test ht consumption ut recruit vt super wt burn rt surround zt bad ct fuck st Sao ning Ying n*, YN Well, British BN soldier PN Ping MN name DN Ding TN listen to NN Ning LN zero JN Jing Qing Xing An Er L, Children's bl class pl Pan ml Tibetan fl sail dl bear tl stall nl male ll blue gl dry kl see hl cold ul account for vl wl mountain rl but ZCL residual sl three en iou(iu) You G, YG En, excellent bg run pg spray pg, MYG door, wrong fg points DG lose ng, NYG tender, Cattle LG Slips gg Root kg Ken hg Corrects Autumn XG Hugh ug Needle vg Chen wg Body rg People zg How cg Cen sg Sen ang iang Yang K, ang, mk pk is busy in the central bk state fk Fang dk when tk soup nk, capsule, mother lk, Lang, Liang Guogang Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Jiang Chamber of Commerce British Zhang Zhang Weiqiang Zhang Zhou Shang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang Zhang YJ Dig, yeah BJ Don't leave PJ, leave MJ Destroy DJ Dad TJ Stick NJ Pinch LJ Column gj Gua kj KwahJ Flower JJ Street QJ Cut XJ Rest uj Grab wj Brush Waiao Yao Q, YQ Waist BQ Mark PQ Float MQ Seconds Diao TQ Pick Bird Material gq Good kq Quick hq Huai jq Pay QQ Knock uq Drag vq Kick wq Decline Huang Wang Ian X, YX Wang, Smoke PX slant MX face DX top TX day n x year LX even gx light kx basket hx barren jx qx thousand xx first ux Zhuang vx window wx double U Wu Yu U, Wu Yu, Yu Bu father father slave, slave, female Lu, Lu Lu, Lu Gu Gu Gu Ku Hu Juqu Xu uu Zhu vu Ruzu rented cu coarse Su i yi YV* clothes BV nose PV skin MV Fan DV low TV ladder NV mud pear JV chicken deceives XV UV knowing that VV eats WV poetry RV talented CV female SV company UO WOUE Yue W, nest, Oh, BW, Bo, PW, Slope, MW, Touch FW, Fo, dw, Multi-tw, Support nw, Move lw, Luo gw, Guo kw, Guang hw, live uw table, vw pokes ww, saying that if zw yesterday, holding dr East tr, passing nr Nong lr, long gr worker kr, empty hr Boom JR, embarrassing QR poor XR brother ur vr filling rr velvet zr zong cr onion sr loose uan Wan Yuan Z, YZ bend, Deep dz end tz group nz warm lz disorderly gz official kz wide hz Huan circle XZ Xuan uz special vz Sichuan wz tied tz soft zz drill cz channeling sz acid un(uen) wen ün(üen) yun c, temperature, Faint dc Dun tc Swallow lc gc Stick kc Trapped hc Faint JC Average QC Group Xun uc Quasi vc Chun wc Shun rc Leap zc Zun cc Village sc Sun ui(uei) Wei in yin s, Because BS-bin PS spellings MS-min ds vs ts-leg NS-you LS-lin gs rules ks lose hs-ash JS-jin pro-new beauty chases vs blowing ws water rs Rui zs mouth cs urges ss, although it shows that pinyin makes full use of the complementary relationship between common initials and vowels in pinyin festival, resulting in short spelling. In the spelling in the table, lowercase letters indicate the spelling of vowels ending in Y (or "pre-vowel syllable spelling" As can be seen from the table, syllable spelling consists of 1 to 3 letters. The syllable spelling of 1 letter includes B (A A), P (E e), m (E), F (E), T (ao), l (An an), n (En n), g (En En en), k (Ang) and H (Ai). Are all vowel syllables with zero initials. Pay attention to the syllables with * in the table, in which the syllable YV (Yi) can be abbreviated as y, and d(eng) and r(ong) have no corresponding Mandarin syllables. In Chinese spelling, D is borrowed as an auxiliary word (normal spelling is dp, which is equivalent to de in Chinese Pinyin), R is borrowed at the end of syllable spelling, which means Hua Er (similar to Chinese Pinyin), and M is originally a vowel-free syllable. The spelling of syllables consisting of three letters is dyb(êdia), myg(êmiu), lyb(élia), nyg(éNiu), lyu(élüe), lyp(élüe), NYU(énüe), nyp(énüe) and lyk. They are ten non-zero first syllables that cannot omit Y in the syllable spelling rules. Except for the above syllables, which are spelled with 1 and three letters, the rest are all syllables with two letters. There are also a few syllables with zero first letters after vowels, namely yb (crow ia), YP (oh o), ym (ou ou), yf (e) and YD. Yk (Yang Yang), yj (), yq (), yx (Yanyan), Yu (), yv (Iraq), yw (Oh O), yr (Forever), yz (), yc (Halo Cloud), ys (. Spelling of Tone All the syllables mentioned above are atonal syllables, and tonal syllables are formed by adding tone symbols after atonal syllables. In Chinese spelling, A, E, I and O are used to express one, two, three and four tones, and the tone is not standard. So the spelling of light syllables and atonal syllables is the same. Tone syllable spelling (including light syllable spelling) generally consists of 1 to 4 letters. If inflected syllables are taken into account, the tone syllable spelling can consist of 1 to 5 letters. A, E, I and O are full-time phonetic symbols located at the end of syllables, which is convenient for readers to distinguish the boundaries between syllables. In view of people's frequent reading activities, this obvious syllable symbol is of great significance to alleviate readers' fatigue. This form of tone sandhi also makes some words have concise spelling forms. In Putonghua, many monosyllabic function words with important grammatical functions are often lightly read, and their tones can be omitted in Pinyin, which can not only make their spelling short, but also make their grammatical meaning more prominent, and can also distinguish the word forms of some monosyllabic homophones. In addition, obvious syllable marks are also beneficial to the computer processing of Chinese pronunciation. Examples of syllable spelling The following are some examples of syllable spelling and their usage in sentences. Sentences are listed in three forms: Chinese characters, pinyin characters (with tones) and Chinese pinyin (without tones) for readers' comparison. 1, s-> Wei-> For Chinese characters: strive for the realization of the four modernizations. Chinese spelling: S wvexxo Svohjo yl fgodmo. (Pinyin has tones, the same below) Chinese Pinyin: Wei Shixian's Second Struggle for Poetization. (Pinyin without tone, the same below) 2. zh-& gt； Zhai-> In Chinese characters: They have classes at school. Chinese spelling: Tbam zh xpexqo wkokpo. Chinese Pinyin: tamenzai Xie Xue Shangke.3, ui-& gt；; wǔ->； Five Chinese characters: Five students in our class have been admitted to key universities. Chinese spelling: wim blawk yi ui gpo trexpe ktiwkolprodxidboxpe Chinese Pinyin: On the female version, You Wu's tongue was admitted to the Chinese classic DBOX WE.4, bvi-& gt；; bǐ-& gt； Chinese characters: This pen was given to me by my friend. Chinese spelling: upouva bviwvo y so pdeygi srogwi d. Chinese pinyin: zhezhi bishiyi Wei Pengyou songgeiwo de.5, NYU I-& gt；; nǐ-& gt； Female Chinese character: Huang Juan, female, born on July 2, 1980 at/kloc-0. Chinese spelling: hxejza, Nyui, vuawdayu 1980 nxe 7 yw 2 rvo. Chinese Pinyin: Huang Juan, female, Hatsune Hatsune 1980nian7yue2ri.6, NYGER-> Neil->; Chinese characters for cows: Their cows are eating grass in the field. Chinese spelling: TBA MGD NY Gerudozho TXE Yjilv Vvactir. Chinese Pinyin: Tammende Niu Er Zheng Chi Chao. By comparing the examples, we can see that Chinese Pinyin with tone is shorter than Chinese Pinyin without tone, and does not use any letters other than 26 English letters, while Chinese Pinyin is longer than Chinese Pinyin without tone, and also uses letters other than 26 English letters. In addition to the letters ü and used in the above example, Hanyu Pinyin also uses an extra letter. If the standard Chinese phonetic alphabet is adopted, 28 letters will be added, namely: Erlou Erlou Erlou Erlou Erlou Erlou Erlou 2? . The extra letters will bring great inconvenience to the use of pinyin characters and increase immeasurable expenses. The design of pinyin characters must be firmly based on the principle of using only 26 English letters, so that pinyin characters can pass freely on various information processing equipment.