Why did Wen Jian fail in the battle of Jingnan in Zhazanong Institute? Because he devoted all his energy to "reforming the structure"

In the spirit of employing people, Wen Jian completely delegated military power to Huang Zicheng and Qitai. Although beheading bannermen is in line with his idea, it is not the most important thing for Wen Jian. During most of the Wen Jian dynasty, Emperor Wen Jian focused on reorganization to realize his own and his father's political ideals, but paid little attention to Judy, so he lost many battles on the battlefield. However, the reorganization of Wen Jian has won the support and expectation of people all over the world.

In the early days of his rule, Wen Jian focused on rectification rather than fighting Judy, which was his political ideal since childhood and the last wish of his father Zhu Biao.

It goes without saying that the official system reform is the most important content of Wen Jian's reform; Due to the discovery of Wen Jian's "Imperial Rites", Wen Jian's etiquette system has obtained the most primitive materials, so it is necessary to pay special attention to it. The purpose of Wen Jian's political reform is to change the political atmosphere of the Cold War in Wu Hong and broaden the way of governing the country from fierce to broad, so the political reform is naturally among them; As the "outer edge" of the "institutional historical standard", economic and social policies will be discussed at the end.

The reform of the civil service system is carried out in a planned and step-by-step manner, which is a set of overall design for the political system and an organic whole. It has a strong trace of Fang Xiaoru's personal political theory, and it is also full of Zhu Yun's thoughts of governing the country. Whether viewed vertically or horizontally, the construction of civil service system is like a snake in a long mountain, and it is a series of systematic measures.

As mentioned earlier, the military affairs were all in charge of Huang Zicheng and Qi Tai, the ministers of governing the country who appeared in the early years of Wen Jian. Since Fang Xiaoru can't occupy the position of assistant government, let's concentrate on the design and reform of the official system.

Fang Xiaoru's military strength is slightly better than Qi Huang's, but unfortunately it can't be brought into play.

Fang Xiaoru and Huang Qi struggled for inherent power, but failed to surpass Qi Huang to seize power, but only gave them a different division of labor, which can be described as: seeking Qi Huang in diplomacy and learning from the experience in internal affairs. At the same time, _ is not keen on cutting Francisco and begging for face. In the early days of the founding of the Party, his main energy was actually to discuss the method of Zhou Guan with Fang Xiaoru, and he fell in love with the way of governing the country.

Therefore, Qi Huang was in charge of military affairs, while Fang Xiaoru, Zhang Yi, Qian Di and Zhu Yun were in charge of internal affairs, which constituted the main political structure of Wen Jian's first two years in power. Fang Xiaoru and Zhu Jun don't understand military affairs, so they can learn from each other in internal affairs. Zhu Jun _ sent Qi Huang away, but Qi Huang was an ignorant soldier, but he lost his country because of his service mistakes.

In the 3rd1year of Wu Hong's reign, when Zhu Jun ascended the throne, this system was modified. The restoration work of Consul General of the Fifth Army and Dali Temple was completed in September this year:

On September 20th, the Governor's Office of the Fifth Army was formally appointed. It is the restoration of Dali Temple.

However, these two reforms are not the main contents of Wen Jian's reform. In February of the first year of Wen Jian, Shouzhou instructed Liu Heng to write a letter, which kicked off the restructuring of Wen Jian:

More official system. First of all, Shouzhou instructed Liu Heng to speak out. Word: combination of civil and military, long skill. The sixth order of Qing Dynasty is not as good as the fifth order, so it is different from the sixth order of Qing Dynasty.

Liu Hengben, a local instructor with a low level, suddenly received a letter, which Zhu Jun quickly accepted. What he said was just what Zhu Jun wanted, so he followed suit. Thus, Liu Heng's writing is absolutely different from that written by the general imperial edict. It is one of China's political traditions that high-level political actions depend on the praise of low-level officials. In other words, in the Ming Dynasty, rituals

Liu Heng wrote a letter in February, and his reform was officially launched. February, March and April of the first year of Wen Jian were the first climax of court reform: the housing department and the criminal department were changed into four departments; The ranking of 6 products rose to positive one; Political envoys rose to the second grade; Tang Shangguan ranked first; Adjust the central officials such as Duchayuan, Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Honghu Temple and the General Political Department.

These reforms in the first year were almost synchronized with the reduction of governors. In the first half of the first year, the three kings of Qi, Xiang and Min were cut. In July, Judy defected, and the reform of the court became an excuse for his attack.

Wenchang is quite reformed, focusing on restructuring.

Wen Jian's second year in power constituted another climax of Wen Jian's reform. At the beginning of the year, the imperial court promulgated the royal ceremony stipulated in the royal etiquette, and the official system of the East Palace and Wangfu was also revised. There is no doubt that this is because of Judy's rebellion, the court had to modify the procedures and norms between the royal families to adapt to the new situation and seek harmony within the royal family.

Huang Mingli claimed to be a patriarchal clan system, and Huang Ming's ancestral teachings and rituals were really not contradictory. Violation of the principle of "imperial ceremony" has made new regulations on the official system and etiquette. The formulation of etiquette such as "the emperor meets the king" is obviously determined by time. Due to the promulgation and lucky survival of the original data "Ming Taizu Xun", we can get a glimpse of the time and factual errors recorded in the collation of old history.

The war was difficult this year, and the imperial court was defeated and fought repeatedly. Beiping, Baigou and Cangzhou lost in a row until Jinan was finished in the middle of the year. At the end of the year, Dongchang won a great victory and the party got out of trouble.

However, it was in this year that the court vigorously promoted the reform from February to August. Chayuan changed to Yushifu; Imperial academy, the People's Bank of China, Dali Temple, Master Zhan and other central organs have more positions; Imperial academy major surgery; The fact is still the responsibility of the Sioux, and both the palace gate and the temple gate have been changed. This series of reforms can be called the supplement and continuation of the first year's reform. The reform in the past two years has exhausted most of the contents of Wen Jian's restructuring.

In the third year, at the beginning of the year, the court won a great victory in Dongchang and was defeated by the river. Qi and Huang went twice. This year's military situation has been ups and downs, but Yan Bing has also faltered and the fighting has reached a deadlock. However, this year's restructuring has stopped. It is the most important rectification action to amend the civil election law and introduce a new policy of restricting fields by monks and Taoists.

Wen was founded in four years, and the military situation gradually deteriorated when he went south. This year, the imperial court kept its mouth shut about Yan Bing's southward advance, while Yan Bing, which was alone, was repeatedly hit hard and could not see the absolute assurance of victory. This year, the court still completed the creation of Jingwei Wushu and the reform of the placement system.

Looking at the course of Wen Jian's reform and examining the time nodes of reform, we can see that:

First of all, the beginning of Wen Jian's reform had little to do with the Jingnan War.

Just after Zhu Jun _ acceded to the throne, Fang Xiaoru did not go to Beijing. When people meet the monarch and his subjects, they call Zhu Yun Yao Shun. In the early years of Wen Jian, articles and comments by Fang Xiaoru and others rarely take the reduction of vassals as an example.

Cutting vassals is something that both Qi and Huang countries must work hard to do, but it is not urgent for Fang Xiaoru and others, even Zhu Jun himself. Zhu Yun _ "Wen Geng was defeated, but he was anxious" is a very powerful internal evidence. Investigating Fang Xiaoru's collected works, there are few things related to cutting. Although this is because there are many related problems in the later publication, Fang Xiaoru's main concern is not to reduce the clan.

At the same time, although he was far away in the west, he was still worried about the change of Li Changzhi that China didn't pay attention to. His first thought was not to cut down the governors, but to reorganize them. This is a completely certain history.

In the second and third years of Wen Jian's administration, Qi Huang came to power twice, and Fang Xiaoru gradually got involved in military and political affairs. After the middle of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the pace of restructuring has slowed down, which I guess is related to Fang Xiaoru's distraction from political affairs. In the later period of Wen Jian, Fang Xiaoru actually replaced Qi Huang and suggested alienating the prince and his son, ceding land and keeping the city. Military and political affairs and internal affairs "shoulder to shoulder", originally devoted to the reform movement, naturally slowed down.

Thirdly, Wen Jian's reorganization is related in logic and practice. After all, it has little to do with the Jingnan War. Even if there is a connection, it is indirect.

Judy's two excuses for her fierce attack: separatist regime and reorganization, are nothing but reality and nothingness. Cut the princes into reality and turn them into emptiness. Judy's gradual progress in the battle of Jingnan made the real person more virtual and the virtual person more real. After Judy proclaimed herself emperor, she seldom talked about separatism, but concentrated on cracking down on "restructuring" and "insurrection". Judy's strategy will be discussed in detail later.

As for the imperial court, as mentioned above, the Reform Movement was a long-term plan of Zhu Jun _ and Fang Xiaoru, a set of overall design and overall planning for the country and society, and was driven by Zhu Jun _' s strong political ideal. Confucian classics infiltrated into it, forming a whole set of thinking structure and action mode of Zhu Yun's monarch and minister.

The author speculates that compared with Zhu Yun's grand political ideal, the vassal regime may not even be the second priority. In the first year of Wen Jian, Fang Xiaoru even wanted to take back the mining field, but it took only a week to prepare, and the situation was banned, which was not as good as cutting Francisco. In the first and second years of Emperor Wendi's reign, wars continued, and the court did not slow down the pace of restructuring.

The indirect connection between the Jingnan War and the restructuring was that the personnel and political changes caused by the war did affect the restructuring. However, this is only an indirect connection. The literary dynasty died in the military, not in politics. To be sure, as long as Nanking is not lost, the imperial court of Wen Jian will continue to exist, and the restructuring will continue, which has little to do with the success or failure of the separatist vassal states.

Emperor Wen Jian's political enthusiasm lies entirely in reorganization.

Fourth, Wen Jian's reform has been supported by the ruling and opposition parties, and its implementation is still stable.

The separatist regime was the most important military event during the Wen Jian period, and the views of the ruling and opposition parties on this issue were not unified. Qi and Huang * * * promoted the reduction of governors, but they did not get unanimous support. Dong Lun, Han Yu and Yin Changlong all raised objections. During the difficult war in Jing, many people also asked the court to attach importance to kissing Dunmu. After Judy came to power successfully, she rewarded the original speaker more than once:

Chen Geng gave the things to Se Danghu. This Qingyuan garrison soldier. In the article, I wrote a letter begging the soldiers to make peace and ordered to go to prison.

Yang Di, former chief secretary of Huguang, was promoted to secretary of Honghong Temple. He wrote a letter urging his relatives to stop fighting and let the people rest.

Yang Di is only a low-level local official, while Southeast is even just a garrison. Modest as they are, they all dare to write to express their different opinions. Of course, their remarks do not rule out the possibility of being instigated by the North Korean high-level, but this will only be more conducive to the argument of this article: the vassal-cutting met with great resistance within the Wen Jian dynasty.

Compared with the independent governors, the implementation of the reform won the support of most people without much obstacles and opposition. I looked up the historical records of Wen Jian, and found that during the reign of Wen Jian, people often wrote letters to oppose the reduction of vassals, but absolutely no one opposed the restructuring. No one even objected to the reorganization of Zuxun except Judy.

It is true that Wen Jian's reform won the approval and support of the literati. rise