Why did Yang Shan redeem Ming Yingzong from his own pocket after Minbao changed hands?

In the 14th year of the Orthodox Church (1449), on July 16th, Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen assisted Crown Prince Zhu Jianzhuo and his brother Xi Wang Zhu Chyi Yu to stay in Beijing. He led more than 50 civil and military officials, including Zhang Fu, Zhu Yong, Ministry of War ministers Kuang Yě, Wang Zuo, and cabinet college student Zhang Yi, and 200,000 troops, the so-called 500,000, clamoring to go north and March on Walla.

On the way to the war, Yingzong trusted his minion Wang Zhen and gave him all the military and political power. Wang Zhen had no military and political experience, and relied on the piety of British sects and abused power in the army, which led to confusion and repeated orders. At the same time, due to the hasty British invasion, inadequate preparation of grain and grass logistics, improper March organization, the army was in a state of self-alarm, and the soldiers and civilians fled all the way, leaving the Ming army seriously unstable. On the first day of August, after the Ming army arrived in Datong, it fell and did not dare to fight. However, Yingzong and Wang Zhen, who gained real power, were very scared, so they ordered to withdraw from Chase. On the way back to the army, the Ming army first bypassed Yuxian and then turned to Fu Xuan. On the 10th day of August, Wala followed the pursuer, respectfully obeyed the command of Wu Kezhong, Wu Keqin, Zhu Yong and others, and led the army behind the house to resist Wala's army. Although they fought bravely, they were outnumbered, and the defenders of the Ming army were wiped out.

On August 14, the Ming army fought against Walla, and when preparing to retreat, Wang Zhen gave orders in disorder, causing the Ming army to retreat and be besieged by private castles.

Because the British Sect believed in Walla's suggestion of pretending to make peace, the Ming army was raided by Walla's army when it left the camp to get water, which was in chaos and could not organize resistance. The camp collapsed, some Ming troops surrendered and the rest fled in all directions.

In the chaos, more than 50 ministers, including Zhang Fu, Wei Jingyuan, Kuang Yě, Wang Zuo, assistant minister Ming Ding, Wang Yonghe, cabinet scholar Cao Ding and Zhang Yi, were killed, and Ming Yingzong himself was captured by Valla. The culprit, Wang Zhenze, was killed by Fan Neng, a bitter guard general. This is the "Battle of Civil Fort" in the history of the Ming Dynasty. In this World War I, the Ming army was defeated, the emperor was personally captured, and the Daming Kingdom almost fell. Fortunately, the minister in Beijing was worried. In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), on August 29th, headed by Yu Qian, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, jointly played Empress Sun, respectfully requested the Empress Dowager to drop an imperial decree, and immediately welcomed Zhu Qiyu, the king of Yue, as the new emperor, in order to unite the morale of Daming, safeguard the safety of the capital, and at the same time thwart the plot of Vara and Yingzong to blackmail Daming. Queen Sun agreed to the ministers' request and made the imperial edict emperor, but at the same time it was clearly stipulated that Zhu Jianzhuo, the British Emperor, was still the Crown Prince.

On the first day of September in the 14th year of orthodoxy (1449), Zhu Qiyu officially acceded to the throne in the capital, taking next year as the first year of Jingtai, namely Ming Daizong, the seventh emperor of Daming. Emperor Jingtai regarded Yingzong as the emperor's father. Later, under the full planning of Jingtai Emperor, Yu Qian and other Ministry of War ministers and the coordinated command of Qi Xin, from the first day of October to the twentieth day of the fourteenth year of the Orthodox Church (1449), in the battle against Wara's invasion of the capital, Daming was United up and down, and his morale was high. He defeated the attack of Wara's army one by one, forcing Wara's army to retreat and return to the Great Wall, and sent messengers to Daming for peace, so that Daming was able to survive this time.

After Vara withdrew his troops, he didn't want to get more benefits from the Ming Dynasty, so in June of the first year of Jingtai (1450), Yingzong, who was holding hostages, came to Datong Bianzhen, falsely claiming to return Yingzong, and asked Deng Guo, the company commander of Datong, to open the door to receive it. Deng Guo knew it was a trick of Vala, so he refused to open the door and planned to secretly send troops to recapture Yingzong. At first, the leader of Walla was helpless, so he had to return to Mobei with Yingzong, and once again sent an envoy to make peace with the Ming Dynasty, saying that Yingzong could be put back, but Daming needed a generous reward in exchange.

In June of the first year of Jingtai (1450), Shi Li, assistant minister of Ming Dynasty in Jingtai, Shao Qingluo Qi of Dali Temple, and Ma Zheng, commander in chief, went to Vara to meet with Mongolian Grand Priest, who was unable to take off flowers and held real power, to make peace and welcome back Emperor Taizong.

In fact, Emperor Jingtai did not want Yingzong to return to Beijing. In that case, his position will be awkward and the hard-won throne will be threatened. So when Shi Li and Luo Qi went to Walla, Jingtai Emperor's attitude was extremely cold, and he only wanted peace. There were no too many arrangements to welcome Yingzong back, and there was no mention in the letters welcoming the return of Emperor Taizong.

After Shi Li and Luo Qi arrived in Valla, because they didn't bring any other gold and silk except gifts and gifts, Valla thought that he could make great contributions to the Ming Dynasty with Yingzong, and was disappointed. His attitude towards Shi Li and other messengers also turned to indifference, and it was almost impossible to see Yingzong returning to the south.

Emperor Jingtai once again sent messengers to Valla for show. The envoys were Yang Shan, the right imperial adviser who was nearly seventy years old, and Zhao Rong, the assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry. Different from the first mission, Emperor Jingtai simply did not give letters and property this time, and let Yang Shan and them go on the road empty-handed. Emperor Jingtai means that this time the emissary held symbolic talks with the Walla people and spied on the military situation in Mobei. As for welcoming Yingzong back, it is best to say casually that they can't come back. What Emperor Jingtai didn't expect was that Yang Shan, an unremarkable 60-year-old right-hand suggestion, welcomed Yingzong, who had been captured from Vara for a year, back to Beijing with his own strength and excellent eloquence, which made him happy on the surface and disappointed in his heart, but actually complained and dissatisfied.

Yang Shan, a native of Daxing County, Shuntianfu (the capital of Beijing), was born in the sixteenth year of Hongwu (1384). At the age of seventeen, Yang Shan, as a trainee, took the initiative to participate in the "Battle of Jingnan" launched by Judy, the prince of Yan, in Peiping (later the capital), and took part in the action of defending Peiping and fighting against the Confederate army, and made meritorious deeds. Therefore, he was rewarded by the prince and awarded the official position of Scheeren, which was quoted by Fan Yan's ceremony.

In the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu (four years, 1402), the Yanjun went south, crossed the river to break the capital (Nanjing), wiped out the Wen Jian regime, and won the final victory in the battle of Jingnan. Judy, the prince of Yan, ascended the throne and became the third generation emperor of Emperor Taizong (Chengzu) of Daming. After Cheng Zu succeeded to the throne, he was greatly rewarded for his contribution to Jingnan, and the young Yang Shan was also awarded the official position of the preface class of Hongcrack Temple for his contribution to guarding the city that year. Although Yang Shan's official position is only from the ninth grade, she is handsome and has a loud voice. When attending the imperial ceremony, he abided by his duties and was meticulous, which made Cheng Zu at the ceremony attract more attention. With the attention and appreciation of Cheng Zu, Yang Shan rose step by step and finally became the right-hand man of crack hon temple at the end of Yongle. In the first year of Hongxi (1425), after Injong succeeded to the throne, Yang Shan was promoted to the highest official of Honglin Temple: Zhengqing of Honglin Temple because of his outstanding work.

In the sixth year of orthodoxy (1436), shortly after Yingzong succeeded to the throne, Yang Shan, then a temple official, was impeached because his son Yang Rong forged the imperial edict of the eunuch in Neigong. Finally, Yang Rong was demoted to Weiyuanwei. Yang Shan himself, however, was protected by Yingzong because he catered to Wang Zhen in time, and was not implicated. Later, by going up one flight of stairs was promoted to assistant minister Zuo of does, and was in charge of Split Temple. Only Yang Shan, who was born in a noble family, knew the way of officialdom and was reused by several generations of Ming Di, almost reaching the peak of officialdom.

In August of the 14th year of Orthodox Church (1449), Yang Shan, then left assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites and secretary of the temple, also waited on him. In the chaos of the "National Revolution", 65-year-old Yang Shan actually escaped from the battlefield and returned to the capital, creating a modest miracle. Later, in the defense of the capital, Yang Shan was awarded the post of "the garrison commander of the capital" by the newly enthroned Jingtai Emperor, and made many contributions to defending the capital, which can be said to be one of the heroes of Daming through this crisis. After the war, Yang Shan was promoted to the right capital for his merits and continued to be in charge of the crack hon temple. In the first year of Jingtai (1450), ministers entered the Fengtian Hall in the Imperial Palace to congratulate Emperor Jingtai on the New Year, and all of them were beaming. But right suggestion Yang Shan present tears alone, crying to say:

"The new emperor ascended the throne, courtiers to congratulate, national well-being. Today, Zi is still in Mobei, and I, Cao, have come to congratulate him. How can I be such a minister? "

Colleagues are ashamed to hear Yang Shan say this. After that, the performances of welcoming the Emperor's Father gradually increased. From this incident, we can see Yang Shan's feelings and loyalty to Yingzong.

In July of the first year of Jingtai (1450), Emperor Jingtai sent Yang Shan to Walla to discuss peace, but he did not grant Yang Shan letters or allocate gold and silver to redeem Taizong. Actually, he just tried his best. And Yang Shan, out of a kind of gratitude to repay the kindness of Yingzong and the desire to take the opportunity to fight, sold his land and prepared a batch of valuable gold and silk for redemption when negotiating with Vala. After arriving in Walla, Yang Shan first moved around, and then sent his men to inquire about the truth and falsehood to prevaricate and deceive the past, so that the Walla people could not tell the truth and falsehood of Daming. After I heard about it first, I personally met with Yang Shan the next day, ready to get from him how The Ming dynasty emperors and his subjects treated the matter of welcoming back to Yingzong.

In the meeting with Xian Ye, Yang Shan played an unparalleled eloquence, explained to Xian Ye the reasons for the disharmony between He Wala and Wang Zhen in the Ming Dynasty, and put the blame on Wang Zhen and Wala's junior officials, demanding to eliminate their bad feelings and re-enter the market. Inadvertently, he flatters Xian Ye, praising the noble Vala for being kind to Yingzong, being benevolent and conforming to heaven. He said that after returning to China, he should tell historians the stories of Xian Ye and others, write them into history books, and pass them on from generation to generation. And disgusting to tout indomitable spirit of man, the central plains since ancient times, no one can compare with it. Only by holding the leader of Varagao as a fairy, in a daze, Yang Shan agreed to return Yingzong to the Ming Dynasty, and the two countries reached a request for peace talks.

On the second day of August, Yingzong, who had been "going north" for a year, was finally free and was released first. Yang Shan waited on Yingzong all the way, arrived in Juyongguan on August 14th and returned to Daming. In the first year of Jingtai (1450), on the Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th, on the anniversary of the change of the Civil Fort, Yingzong and Yang Shan entered the city from Andingmen and returned to Beijing after a year's absence.

Jingtai emperor outsmarted himself. I didn't expect Yang Shan to welcome the emperor's father back. He's really having a hard time, but he can't show it on the surface. He can only hold his nose and endure, and personally greet his brother's return outside the Dong 'an Gate of the Palace. According to "Ming History", the scene of Jingtai Emperor meeting Yingzong was touching, and the two brothers were filled with tears, caring and attentive, and exchanged greetings. In fact, it is not clear how the two brothers feel in their hearts. With his extraordinary eloquence and mind, Yang Shan single-handedly rescued Yingzong from the enemy camp and made great contributions. Courtiers praised his efforts and compared him with Yu Qian, the great hero of defending the country, saying that "on the country, Yu Qian is the first, and on the contribution of the emperor, Yang Shan is the most important." Yang Shan himself thought that he would be rewarded by the imperial court, promoted in rank and knighted.

Emperor Jingtai, on the other hand, could not appreciate Yang Shan's "contribution" and even secretly resented his unnecessary efforts, which simply made him unhappy. Therefore, when Yang Shan was rewarded for "welcoming the emperor's father back", he just promoted Yang Shan's official position at will, and he was promoted to Zuodu suggestion, and other property rewards were exempted. Later, at the insistence of ministers, Emperor Jingtai reluctantly awarded Prince Yangshan Taibao as a reward in the second year of Jingtai (145 1).

After Yingzong returned to the south, the suspicious Jingtai Emperor was placed under house arrest in Nangong and sent guards to guard against his brother's comeback. Yingzong lived in Nangong, living in distress, like a prisoner, and spent more than seven years under house arrest in fear.

In the first month of the eighth year of Jingtai (1457), Emperor Jingtai was seriously ill and was about to get sick. Prior to this, he had deposed Zhu Jianzhuo, the eldest son of Yingzong, as the Crown Prince in May of the third year of Jingtai (1452), and changed his son Zhu to the new Prince. However, Zhu Jianji had no luck. He died in November of the fourth year of Jingtai (1453), resulting in an empty storage space. After Emperor Jingtai, no children were born, so Daming Chu Jun was delayed. In the eighth year of Jingtai, Emperor Jingtai was seriously ill, and Daming was childless for some time. At this critical moment, a group of ambitious courtiers headed by Shi Heng, Xu Youzhen, Zhang Di, a former commander-in-chief and right commander-in-chief, and Cao Jixiang, a eunuch in the palm of his hand, decided to take risks in advance and meet the Emperor's Father in the Nangong, in order to achieve the purpose of the apprentice.

In the eighth year of Jingtai (1457), in Izayoi in the first month, Shi Heng, Zhang Di, Xu Youzhen and others led more than 1,000 private soldiers from Chang 'an Gate to the Nangong, where they met the well-prepared Yingzong, surrounded by Yingzong, boarded the well-prepared imperial coffin and went straight to the imperial palace. When the party arrived at Donghuamen, the foot soldiers at the gate saw someone rushing in for no reason, so they quarreled and stopped the way. Yingzong personally loudly responded:

"I am too emperor!"

So the foot soldiers did not dare to stop it, and Yingzong was able to enter Donghuamen Dengfeng Tiangong and enter the temple. His Royal Highness Cao Jixiang is waiting for your arrival in Fengtian in advance, and is ready to welcome you. When early officials entered the palace to worship, they all bowed down in front of the temple. Long live three hoops. At that time, bells and drums were ringing outside the temple, and Yingzong sat on the throne of Fengtian Hall and announced that he would return to the throne after more than seven years' absence. This is the famous "change of seizing the door" in the history of the middle Ming Dynasty.

In this planned coup, Bin Xu, the minister of Taichang Hall, and Yang Shan, the suggestion and suggestion of Zuodu, also participated in the planning. However, due to their advanced age, they did not rush to the front line to seize the door, but secretly made suggestions for others and contributed to great events. In addition to Shi Heng, Xu Youzhen and others who took risks to take Yingzong out of the Nangong and went straight to the palace to seize the throne, the planning and contact between Bin Xu and Yang Shan also played a great role.

After the restoration of the British Emperor, the eighth year of Jingtai was changed to the first year of Tianshun, and Emperor Jingtai was abolished as King Xi and placed under house arrest in Xiyuan. Later, under the direction of Shi Heng and Xu Youzhen, Yingzong arrested and killed Jingtai officials such as Yu Qian and Wang Wen, who supported Jingtai Emperor and defended the capital, and denounced Chen Xun, the chief cabinet book, thus making the division of "regime change" famous. On February 19th, Emperor Jingtai, who had been abolished as the king, died in Xiyuan. Yingzong gave his brother a bad death with the word "sin" and called him the king of Li's sin. After the death of Emperor Jingtai, he was not buried in Changping Imperial Tomb, but was buried in Xishan as a prince. His death marked the complete success of the "Nangong Restoration" of Yingzong. After re-enthronement, Yingzong praised the "heroes" who killed themselves, such as the title of "loyal to the Lord", Feng's promotion to sincerity, Dan Shutie 30 and other gifts; Xu Youzhen was treated as a "civil knight" with incomparable glory, and was named as "Gong Fu Bo", and was awarded the cabinet records, the University of Huagaidian and the history of the Ministry of War; Zhang Di was promoted to the title of "Queen of Peace", and gave an iron seal to Dan Shu. Cao Jixiang was in charge of Li Si prison, served as eunuch, and assisted Beijing camp. These "door-grabbing heroes" did achieve the goal of "the apprentice" in the early days of Tianshun.

As for Bin Xu and Yang Shan who did not directly participate in the "door-robbing", Yingzong also gave them to them one by one: Xu Binxian awarded the right assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites and a bachelor's degree in the Hanlin Academy, and joined Wen Yuange and records Xu Youzhen to take charge of the cabinet. In June of the first year of Tianshun (1457), Bin Xu became the first minister after the fall of the cabinet.

Yang Shan, a great hero who greeted Emperor Taizong's return from Walla and participated in the restoration of the British Sect, received a generous reward from the British Sect at this time: he was promoted from Zuodu Yushi to Libu Shangshu, and took a civil servant as Wu Zhi, "in charge of the affairs of Zuo Jun DuDu", which was extremely rare in the whole 300 years of the Ming Dynasty.

In the Jin Dynasty, apart from the official positions of civil and military officials, Yingzong also conferred the titles of Yang Shanjue, Xun, Lu Hero and Tie Zuo: Fengtian Yiwei promoted his strength, specially invited Dr. Guanglu, Dr. Xing Jibo, aged 1,200 stone, and presented him with a world ticket for Dan Shu. Later, Yingzong thought that the title of "Li Xuan Chen Wu" was neither fish nor fowl, so he renamed Yangshan Chen Gong as "Fengtian Yiwei Pushing Honesty and Keeping Civil Servants". Yang Shan, with a reputation as a mere student, has finally reached the peak of Daming officialdom after forty years of unremitting efforts, and has become an upright civil servant (actually a respected minister), which is really different.

After Yang Shan was knighted and made an official for his work, he was extremely prestige, and by virtue of his position, he wantonly claimed power to take bribes and amassed wealth. Because of his high merit, Yingzong basically ignored what he did. Yang Shan's four sons were sealed together because they went to Walla with him to welcome back to Yingzong, and most of the other adopted sons and nephews were sealed because of Yang Shan, reaching more than ten people before and after.

In the second year of Tianshun (1458), in May, 75-year-old Yang Shan died, and Yingzong made him Hou and posthumous title. His son Yang Zongcheng attacked Count Jixing. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, Yang Zong was removed from the title of Xing Jibo, but he was still awarded the position of hereditary commander Jin Wuwei, which was handed down from generation to generation until the end of the Ming Dynasty. Yang Weizeng, the grandson of Yang Shan, also married Princess Chongde, the fourth daughter of Yingzong, and became Daming's consort. After Yang Shan's death, a series of well-drilling plans benefited both himself and his family, and he was indeed a winner in life.

When evaluating Yang Shan, later generations often describe it as "being passive and good at judging, taking fame skillfully" and "being lazy in inviting profits, but being good at righteousness", which is not a very positive evaluation. This may be related to his disdain and contempt for those civil servants who rose to the top of the civil service by virtue of their fame as students. At the same time, in the murder of Yu Qian and others by Yingzong, it was obviously caused by the slanderers of Shi Heng and Xu Youzhen, but Yang Shan was also one of the masterminds behind this conspiracy. The history book contains: "Yu Qian, Wang Wen was killed, Chen Xun fled, and Yang Shan was also fierce." Yang Shan's personality is full of scheming, sophisticated and smooth, and his career is smooth. But for the sake of their own power interests, they do not hesitate to flatter the inner ministers and frame the loyal ministers. Although he has made great contributions in welcoming back Yingzong, it is not enough to think that future generations will follow suit and admire him. Yang Shan, after all, is a sophisticated bureaucrat who knows the way of officialdom.