There are some questions about ERP that need your help.

ERP system refers to a management platform which is based on information technology and provides decision-making operation means for enterprise decision makers and employees with systematic management ideas. It is a new generation of integrated management information system developed from MRP (Material Requirements Planning), which expands the functions of MRP and its core idea is supply chain management. It jumps out of the traditional enterprise boundary and optimizes enterprise resources from the scope of supply chain. ERP system, which combines information technology and advanced management ideas, has become the operation mode of modern enterprises, which embodies the requirements of the times for enterprises to rationally allocate resources and create social wealth to the maximum, and has become the cornerstone for enterprises to survive and develop in the information age. It plays an important role in improving business processes and enhancing the core competitiveness of enterprises.

Management thought

ERP: enterprise resource planning English version.

ERP was first put forward by Guardian Group Consulting Company. As the most advanced enterprise management mode in the world, it not only embodies the most advanced enterprise management theory in the world today, but also provides the best solution for enterprise information integration. It unifies the logistics, capital flow and information flow of enterprises for management, so as to maximize the use of existing resources of enterprises and maximize economic benefits.

The core purpose of ERP

The core purpose of ERP is to realize the effective management of the whole supply chain, which is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

1, which embodies the idea of managing the whole supply chain resources.

In the era of knowledge economy, it is impossible to effectively participate in market competition only by relying on the resources of its own enterprises. All parties involved in the operation process, such as suppliers, manufacturers, distribution networks and customers, must be brought into a close supply chain, so as to effectively arrange production and supply and marketing activities of enterprises, meet the needs of enterprises to use all market resources of the whole society to carry out production and operation quickly and efficiently, and further improve efficiency and gain market competitive advantages. In other words, modern enterprise competition is not the competition between individual enterprises, but the competition between one enterprise supply chain and another. ERP system realizes the management of the whole enterprise supply chain and meets the needs of market competition in the era of knowledge economy. 2. ERP system, which embodies the ideas of lean production, synchronous engineering and agile manufacturing, supports the management of mixed production mode. Its management thought is manifested in two aspects: First, the idea of "lean production", which is the management strategy system put forward by MIT. That is, when an enterprise organizes production by mass production, it brings customers, sales agents, suppliers and cooperative units into the production system. The relationship between enterprises and sales agents, customers and suppliers is no longer a simple business relationship, but a cooperative partnership with * * * interests. This kind of partnership constitutes the supply chain of enterprises, which is the core idea of lean production. The second is the idea of "agile manufacturing". When the market changes and enterprises meet specific market and product requirements, the basic partners of enterprises may not be able to meet the requirements of new product development and production. At this time, the enterprise will organize a short-term or one-off supply chain composed of specific suppliers and sales channels to form a "virtual factory", regard suppliers and cooperative units as components of the enterprise, and adopt "synchronous engineering" to organize production, so as to bring new products to the market in the shortest time and keep products at all times.

3. Reflect the idea of planning in advance and controlling in the process.

The planning system in ERP system mainly includes master production plan, material demand plan, capacity plan, purchase plan, sales execution plan, profit plan, financial budget and human resource plan, and these planning functions and value control functions have been completely integrated into the whole supply chain system.

On the other hand, the ERP system defines the accounting subjects and accounting methods related to the transaction, so as to automatically generate accounting entries when the transaction occurs, and ensure the synchronous record and data consistency of capital flow and logistics. Therefore, according to the present situation of financial funds, we can trace the ins and outs of funds, further trace related business activities, change the situation that funds information lags behind material information, and facilitate the control and real-time decision-making in the process.

In addition, the functions of planning, transaction processing, control and decision-making are all realized in the business process of the whole supply chain. It is required to give full play to everyone's work potential and sense of responsibility in the business process of each process, and emphasize the spirit of cooperation between processes, so as to give full play to everyone's subjective initiative and potential in an organic organization. Realize the transformation of enterprise management from "towering" organizational structure to "flat" organizational structure, and improve the response speed of enterprises to dynamic changes in the market.

In a word, with the rapid development and application of IT technology, ERP system can transform many advanced management ideas into practical computer software systems.

trait

ERP is a management information system for integrated management of all resources of an enterprise. Simply put, it is a comprehensive management of the three major streams of logistics, capital flow and information flow of an enterprise. Its function module is different from the previous MRP or MRPII module. It can be used not only for the management of productive enterprises, but also for many other types of enterprises, such as some non-productive and public welfare enterprises, and can also introduce ERP system for resource planning and management.

The characteristics of ERP system are:

The business application system required by enterprise internal management mainly refers to the core modules such as finance, logistics and human resources.

The logistics management system adopts the MRP management idea of manufacturing industry; FMIS has effectively realized modern basic financial management methods such as budget management, business evaluation, management accounting and ABC cost collection method. The human resource management system also integrates advanced concepts in organizational structure design, post management, salary system and human resource development.

ERP system is a highly integrated system applied to the whole company. Data is highly shared among business systems, and all source data only need to be input once in a certain system, thus ensuring data consistency. ?

The company's internal business processes and management processes have been optimized and the main business processes have been automated.

It adopts the latest mainstream computer technology and architecture: B/S, Internet architecture and WINDOWS interface. As long as you can communicate, you can easily access the system. ?

Integration, progress, unity, honesty and openness.

Core function

A preliminary understanding of the principle of ERP is the basis for us to understand ERP. Next, in order to let everyone have a perceptual understanding of ERP products, we will further introduce its functions.

In the past, we always introduced ERP system with a certain product as the background. However, due to the different styles and emphases of products from different manufacturers, the modular structure of their ERP products is also quite different. For readers who know ERP for the first time, sometimes they may be confused about which is the real ERP system. Then, here, let's briefly describe the functional structure of ERP system from the perspective of enterprises, that is, what ERP can do for enterprises and what its module functions contain.

Functional standard

Functional standards of enterprise resource planning

Gartner Group, a well-known American computer technology consulting and evaluation group, puts forward that the functional standards of ERP should include four aspects:

1. Integrated functions beyond MRP scope

Including quality management; Laboratory management; Process operation management; Formula management; Product data management; Maintenance management; Control reporting and warehouse management.

2. Support mixed manufacturing environment

Including a manufacturing environment capable of supporting discreteness and process; The ability to combine business processes with international applications according to an object-oriented business model.

3. Support dynamic monitoring capability and improve business performance.

Including the adoption of control and engineering methods throughout the enterprise; Analog function; Decision support and graphic ability for production and analysis.

4. Support an open client/server computing environment.

Comprise a client/server architecture; Graphical user interface (GUI); Computer aided design engineering (CASE), object-oriented technology; Query relational database with SQL; Internal integration of engineering systems, business systems, data acquisition and external integration (EDI).

ERP is beyond MRP II. ERP is essentially based on MRP II, but it has surpassed the traditional MRP II in function and technology. This is a customer-driven, time-based enterprise resource planning for the whole supply chain management.

Management ideas, software products and management systems

Further, we can define it from three aspects: management thought, software products and management system:

1. is a set of enterprise management system standards put forward by Guardian Group, and its essence is a supply chain-oriented management idea further developed on the basis of MRP II ("Manufacturing Resource Planning").

2. It is a software product that comprehensively applies the achievements of information industry such as client/server system, relational database structure, object-oriented technology, graphical user interface, the fourth generation language (4GL), network communication and so on. And take ERP management thought as the soul;

3. It is an enterprise resource management system integrating enterprise management concepts, business processes, basic data, manpower and material resources, computer software and hardware.

It is a new generation integrated management information system developed from MRP (Material Resource Planning). It expands the function of MRP, and its core idea is supply chain management. It jumps out of the traditional enterprise boundary and optimizes the enterprise resources from the scope of supply chain. It is a new generation information system based on the era of network economy. It plays an obvious role in improving business processes and enhancing the core competitiveness of enterprises. ERP began to appear in the early 1980s. Since 1990s, internationally renowned ERP products such as SAP and Oracle have entered China and expanded rapidly. Then, some early ERP products appeared in China, such as Case ERP, Lima ERP, Hejia ERP and Boko ERP.

Core content

In enterprises, general management mainly includes three aspects: production control (planning and manufacturing), logistics management (distribution, procurement and inventory management) and financial management (accounting and financial management). These three systems are integrated, and there are corresponding interfaces between them, which can be well integrated to manage enterprises. In addition, it should be specially mentioned that with the strengthening of enterprises' emphasis on human resource management, more and more ERP manufacturers have incorporated human resource management into an important part of ERP system, and we will also briefly introduce this function. Here we still take a typical production enterprise as an example to introduce the functional modules of erp. The annual report of the well-known headhunter Bonfire shows that ERP talents are in the talent shortage stage and have good employment prospects.

I. Financial management module

In enterprises, clear and definite financial management is extremely important. Therefore, it is an indispensable part of the whole ERP scheme. The financial module in ERP is different from the general financial software. As a part of ERP system, it has corresponding interfaces with other modules of the system and can be integrated with each other. For example, it can automatically count the information input to the financial module from production activities and procurement activities to generate general ledger and accounting statements, eliminating the tedious process of inputting vouchers and almost completely replacing the traditional manual operation. The financial part of general ERP software is divided into accounting and financial management.

accounting

Accounting mainly records, calculates, reflects and analyzes the changing process and results of funds in the economic activities of enterprises. It consists of general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash, fixed assets and multi-currency system.

1, GL module

Its function is to handle the input and registration of accounting vouchers, output journals, general ledgers and general ledgers, and to prepare major accounting statements. It is the core of the whole accounting, and accounts receivable, accounts payable, fixed assets accounting, cash management, salary accounting, multi-currency system and other modules all transmit information around it.

2. Accounts receivable module

Refers to the normal customer debt receivable by enterprises because of selling goods on credit. It includes invoice management, customer management, payment management, aging analysis and other functions.

Associated with customer order and invoice processing business, accounting vouchers for various matters are automatically generated and imported into the general ledger.

3. Accounts payable module

Accounts payable in accounting refers to accounts payable generated by enterprises due to procurement, including invoice management, supplier management, check management, aging analysis, etc. It can be fully integrated with purchasing module and inventory module to replace the tedious manual operation in the past.

4. Cash management module

It mainly controls the inflow and outflow of cash and accounts for petty cash and bank deposits. It includes the management of coins, banknotes, checks, drafts and bank deposits. ERP provides cash-related functions, such as bill maintenance, bill printing, payment maintenance, bank list printing, payment inquiry, bank inquiry and check inquiry.

In addition, it also integrates accounts receivable, accounts payable, general ledger and other modules to automatically generate vouchers and post them to the general ledger.

5. Fixed assets accounting module

That is, the accounting for the increase and decrease of fixed assets and the provision and distribution of depreciation-related funds are completed. It can help managers understand the current situation of fixed assets, manage assets through various methods provided by this module, and carry out corresponding accounting treatment.

Its specific functions include: logging in fixed assets cards and sub-ledgers, calculating depreciation, compiling reports, automatically compiling transfer vouchers and transmitting them to the general ledger. It is combined with accounts payable, cost and general ledger modules.

6. Multi-currency module

This is because in order to adapt to the international operation of today's enterprises, the demand for foreign currency settlement business is increasing. Multi-currency system can express and settle all the functions of the whole financial system in various currencies, and customer orders, inventory management and procurement management can also be managed by multi-currency system.

The multi-currency system has interfaces with accounts receivable, accounts payable, general ledger, customer orders, procurement and other modules, and can automatically generate the required data.

7. Wage accounting module

Automatically settle, distribute, calculate and provide relevant funds for employees of the enterprise. It can log in salary, print payroll and various summary reports, calculate and extract various salary-related expenses, automatically make vouchers and import them into the general ledger. This module is integrated with general ledger and cost module.

8. Cost module

It will calculate the various costs of products according to the information of product structure, work center, working procedure and procurement, so as to carry out cost analysis and planning. You can also use the standard cost or average cost method to maintain costs by location.

financial management

The function of financial management is mainly based on accounting data, and then analysis, so as to make corresponding prediction, management and control activities. It focuses on financial planning, control, analysis and forecasting:

Financial plan: according to the previous financial analysis, make the next financial plan and budget.

Financial Analysis: provides query function, and carries out financial performance evaluation and account analysis by graphically displaying user-defined variance data.

Financial decision-making: the core part of financial management, the central content is about the decision-making of funds, including fund raising, investment and fund management.

Second, the production control management module

This part is the core of ERP system, which organically combines the whole production process of enterprises, so that enterprises can effectively reduce inventory and improve efficiency. At the same time, the automatic connection of the original scattered production process also enables the production process to be carried out coherently, and there will be no production disconnection and delay in production delivery time.

Production control management is a plan-oriented advanced production management method. First, the enterprise determines a general production plan, and then after the system is subdivided layer by layer, it reaches all departments to implement it. That is, the production department produces accordingly, the purchasing department purchases accordingly, and so on.

1, master production plan

It arranges the type and quantity of products to be provided in the future cycle according to the production plan, forecast and the input of customer orders. It transforms the production plan into a product plan, and after balancing the material and capacity requirements, it makes a detailed schedule accurate to time and quantity. It is the arrangement of all the activities of the enterprise in a period of time, and it is a stable plan, which is generated by the production plan, the actual order and the forecast obtained from the analysis of historical sales.

2. Material demand plan

After the master production plan determines how many final products to produce, according to the bill of materials, the number of products to be produced by the whole enterprise is converted into the number of parts to be produced. By comparing with the existing inventory, the final number of products to be processed and purchased can be obtained. This is the plan that the whole department really follows.

3. Capacity requirement plan

It is a detailed work plan generated by balancing the total workload of all work centers and the capacity of work centers after obtaining the preliminary material demand plan, so as to determine whether the generated material demand plan is a feasible demand plan for enterprise capacity. Capacity requirement planning is a short-term and practical plan.

4. Workshop control

This is a dynamic work plan that changes with time. It is to assign jobs to specific workshops, and then carry out job sequencing, job management and job monitoring.

5, manufacturing standards

A lot of basic production information is needed in the plan, which is the manufacturing standard, including parts, product structure, process and work center, which are all identified by unique codes in the computer.

Part codes are used to manage material resources and provide unique code identification for each material.

Bill of materials, a technical document defining the product structure, is used to prepare various plans.

Process, describing the process steps and operation sequence of manufacturing and assembling products. Including the sequence of processing procedures, indicating the processing equipment of each procedure and the required rated working hours and wage levels.

D the work center is composed of equipment and labor with the same or similar processes, and it is the basic unit engaged in production planning, accounting ability and cost calculation.

Third, logistics management.

(A) Distribution management

Sales management is to manage and count all kinds of information about products, sales areas and customers from the sales plan of products, and make a comprehensive analysis of sales quantity, amount, profit, performance and customer service, so the distribution management module has three functions.

1. Management and service of customer information

You can establish customer information files, manage them in categories, and then provide targeted customer service to retain old customers and win new customers with the highest efficiency. Here, we should pay special attention to the newly emerging CRM software, namely customer relationship management. The combination of ERP and it will greatly increase the benefits of enterprises.

2. Sales order management

Sales order is the entrance of ERP, and all production plans are issued and arranged according to it. The management of sales orders runs through the whole process of product production. It includes:

A. Customer credit review and inquiry (review customer credit rating of order transactions).

B product inventory inquiry (decide whether to delay delivery, deliver in batches or deliver with substitutes, etc.). ).

C. product quotation (providing customers with quotations for different products).

Order entry, change and tracking (after order entry, change correction and order tracking analysis).

E. Confirmation of delivery date and delivery treatment (determining delivery date and arranging delivery).

3. Statistics and analysis of sales.

At this point, the system makes statistics according to the completion of sales orders and various indicators, such as customer classification statistics and sales agent classification statistics, and then evaluates the actual sales effect of the enterprise according to these statistical results:

A sales statistics (by sales form, product, agent, region, sales staff, amount and quantity).

B. Sales analysis (including target comparison, period comparison and order delivery analysis, so as to make corresponding analysis in terms of quantity, amount, profit and performance).

C. Customer service (customer complaint record, cause analysis).

(2) Inventory control

It is used to control the quantity of materials in stock, so as to ensure stable logistics and support normal production, but at the same time it takes up the least capital. It is a related, dynamic and real inventory control system. Can combine and meet the needs of relevant departments, dynamically adjust the inventory with time changes, and accurately reflect the inventory situation. The functions of the system include:

A. Establish inventory of all materials, decide when to order and purchase, and serve as the basis for delivery to the purchasing department and the production department for production planning.

B after receiving the ordered materials and passing the quality inspection, the products produced shall also pass the inspection and be put into storage.

C. daily business processing of sending and receiving materials.

(3) Procurement management

Determine the reasonable order quantity, excellent suppliers, and maintain the best safety reserve. Be able to provide ordering and acceptance information at any time, track and supervise purchased or outsourced materials, and ensure the timely arrival of goods. Establish supplier files and adjust inventory costs with the latest cost information. Specifically:

A. Supplier information query (query supplier's ability and reputation, etc.). ).

B. expediting (tracking purchased or outsourced materials).

C. Procurement and outsourcing statistics (statistics, filing and cost calculation).

D. price analysis (analyzing raw material prices and adjusting inventory costs).

Fourthly, human resource management module.

In the past, ERP system was basically centered on manufacturing and sales process (supply chain). Therefore, for a long time, resources related to manufacturing resources have been managed as the core resources of enterprises. However, in recent years, more and more attention has been paid to human resources within enterprises, which are regarded as the resource sources of enterprises. In this case, human resource management, as an independent module, is added to the ERP system, forming an efficient and highly integrated enterprise resource system with the financial and production systems in ERP. It is fundamentally different from the traditional personnel management.

(a) human resources planning decision-making.

Simulate, compare and analyze various schemes of enterprise personnel and organizational structure, supplemented by graphic intuitive evaluation, to assist managers in making final decisions.

Make a job model, including job requirements, promotion path and training plan. According to the qualifications and conditions of employees who hold this position, the system will put forward a series of training suggestions for employees. Once the organization is reorganized or the position changes, the system will put forward a series of position changes or promotion suggestions.

Personnel cost analysis can analyze and predict the past, present and future personnel costs, and provide a basis for enterprise cost analysis through ERP integrated environment.

Recruitment management

Talent is the most important resource of an enterprise. Excellent talents are the guarantee of lasting competitiveness of enterprises. The recruitment system generally provides support from the following aspects:

A manage the recruitment process, optimize the recruitment process and reduce the business workload;

B scientifically manage the recruitment cost, so as to reduce the recruitment cost;

C provides auxiliary information for employees to choose positions and effectively helps enterprises to tap human resources.

(3) Wage accounting

A can formulate corresponding salary accounting methods according to the different salary structures and processing flows of the company across regions, departments and types of work.

B directly integrates time management, which can be updated in time, making employee's salary accounting dynamic.

C reverse calculation function. Through the integration with other modules, the salary structure and data can be automatically adjusted according to the requirements.

(4) Working time management

A according to the national or local calendar, arrange the working time of the enterprise and the work and rest time of the labor force.

B. Using the remote attendance system, the actual attendance of employees can be recorded in the main system, and the time data related to employees' salaries and bonuses can be imported into the salary system and cost accounting.

(5) Travel accounting

The system can automatically control the whole process from travel application, travel approval to travel reimbursement. And import accounting data into the financial cost accounting module through the integrated environment.

Development history of ERP

The development process of enterprise management theory;

1940s: Before the appearance of computer system, in order to solve the problem of inventory control, people put forward the order point method. Time-division MRP in 1960s: With the development of computer system, it is possible to calculate a large amount of data in a short time. In order to solve the defects of order point method, people put forward MRP theory as a kind of inventory order planning-MRP (material demand planning), that is, material demand planning stage, or basic MRP stage. Closed-loop MRP in 1970s: With the deepening of people's understanding and the further popularization of computer systems, the theoretical category of MRP has also been developed. In order to solve the management of purchasing, inventory, production and sales, the theories of production capacity demand planning, workshop operation planning and purchasing operation planning have developed into a production planning and control system-closed loop MRP. In these two stages, Toyota production mode (Kanban management), TQC (Total Quality Management), JIT (Just in Time Production) and CNC machine tools appeared. MRPⅱ in 1980s: With the development of computer network technology, the internal information of enterprises has been fully enjoyed, and the subsystems of MRP have been unified, forming a subsystem integrating procurement, inventory, production, sales, finance and engineering technology, and developing MRPⅱ theory as an enterprise management information system-MRP ⅱ stage. The representative technology at this stage is CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System). In the 1990s, with the further intensification of market competition and the further expansion of the competition space and scope of enterprises, the idea of MRPⅱⅱ II II, which was mainly oriented to the overall planning management of internal resources of enterprises in the 1980s, gradually developed into the management idea of how to effectively utilize and manage the overall resources in the 1990s, and ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) came into being. ERP was first put forward in the early 1990s. The explanation at that time was based on the development of computer technology and supply chain management, inferring the development trend and changes of management information systems in various manufacturing industries in the information age.

The connotation of ERP

With the deepening of people's understanding, ERP has been given a deeper connotation. It emphasizes the management of supply chain. In addition to the manufacturing, finance, sales and other functions of the traditional MRPⅱⅱ system, it also adds the functions of distribution management, human resource management, transportation management, warehouse management, quality management, equipment management, decision support and so on. The main purpose of supporting collectivization, trans-regional and transnational operation is to fully allocate and balance the resources of enterprises in all aspects, so that enterprises can give full play to their capabilities in the fierce market competition and obtain better economic benefits. At this stage: integrate other modern management concepts and technologies, face the global market, and create "world-class manufacturing products". The concepts advocated at this stage are lean production, TOC, advanced manufacturing technology, agile manufacturing and popular Internet/Intranet technology. Thus, the development of enterprise management theory has the following characteristics:

1。 This is a perfect supply chain management process.

Whether it is the initial inventory management, or the subsequent management of procurement, production and sales, and then to the management of finance, engineering and technology, the management of external resources of enterprises and so on. For enterprise supply chain management, this is a continuous improvement process.

2。 It is closely related to the development of computer technology.

The whole development process of these enterprise management ideas is closely related to the development of computers, and it is getting closer and closer. Computer technology has become a necessary tool to realize them, and computer software is their main carrier.

3。 It has gone through a quite long period.

The development of the whole theory is gradually developed with the development of economy, the improvement of people's understanding and the progress of related technologies.