Give me some information about Japanese politics from Meiji Restoration to today.

in Asia in the mid-19th century, Japan was in the last shogunate-Tokugawa shogunate era. The tyranny of the Tokugawa shogunate, which holds the power, has aroused the resistance of many people who work in agriculture from time to time. Externally, the policy of "locking up the country" was implemented, and foreign missionaries, businessmen and civilians were prohibited from entering Japan. Only businessmen from the Netherlands and China (the Qing Empire) were allowed to continue their activities in Nagasaki, the only port that was originally open to the outside world. In addition, the Tokugawa shogunate also prohibited Christian belief.

At the same time, in some economically developed areas of Japan, cottage industries or handicraft workshops began to appear. The system of "employing workers" appeared in the workshop, forming a capitalist production system. With the rapid expansion of commodity economy, the strength of the merchant class, especially the financial operators, has gradually increased. Businessmen felt that the old system was serious-it hindered their development, so they began to call for the reform of the political system. Bourgeois-colored celebrities (vassals), warriors, and businessmen who demanded system reform formed a political alliance, and together with the grassroots farmers who opposed the shogunate, they formed the strength foundation of the "anti-curtain faction."

in 1852, brigadier general Matthew? Matthew Calbraith Perry led his fleet into Puhe, on the bank of Edo Bay (now Tokyo Bay), and asked to negotiate with the Tokugawa shogunate, which is known as the "Black Ship Incident" (also known as "Black Ship Founding"). In 1854, Japan and the United States signed the "Japan-US Goodwill Treaty" in Kanagawa, agreeing to open two ports, Shimoda and Hakodate, to the United States except Nagasaki, and granting the United States most-favored-nation treatment. Due to the signing of a series of unequal treaties, the Tokugawa shogunate once again became the target of Japanese social crusade. The Japanese feudal camp was divided, and the elements demanding reform among the middle and lower samurai formed an innovative force, calling for respecting the king and resisting foreigners. The representative figures of the innovative forces are Yoshida Shōin, takasugi shinsaku, ōkubo Toshimichi, Kido Takayoshi, Saigō Takamori, Yokoi Xiaonan, and Yoshijiro Omura, mainly concentrated in the southwestern strong vassals such as Changzhou (now Yamaguchi Prefecture), Samo (now Kagoshima Prefecture), Tosa (now Kochi Prefecture), and Feiqian (now Saga Prefecture and Nagasaki Prefecture). These vassal states had a deep contradiction with the shogunate in history, accepted overseas influence earlier, and were more active in importing modern science and technology and promoting middle and lower samurai.

at the end of the shogunate, capitalism sprouted in the economy, and at the same time, the so-called rich peasants and rich businessmen appeared. Under the slogan of respecting the king and resisting foreign aggression, the innovative forces among the lower-level samurai and the people with lofty ideals who were born in a noble family, joined forces with the powerful vassals in the southwest and the royal officials who were in conflict with the shogunate, and launched a struggle to reform the screen government and resist foreign aggression, which was promoted by the people and developed into an armed rebellion.

Saigō Takamori, the Three Masters of Meiji Restoration

Among the many founding fathers of Meiji Restoration, Saigō Takamori, ōkubo Toshimichi and Kido Takayoshi played the most important roles. These three men are also known as the "Three Masters of Reform". Among them, Saigō Takamori's personality is the most popular among Japanese.

Saigō Takamori was born on December 7th, Wenzheng 1th (1827). He was the eldest male of Jibingwei, a vassal of Satsuma (Kagoshima County), and his baby name was Xiaoji. Because of his poor family, at the age of 18, he worked as a "county book service assistant" to subsidize his family. On the other hand, he studied "Jin Si Lu" with Okubo Yizang (Litong) and Youcun Junzhai (Kaeda Xinyi), and studied Yangming studies, and went to Zen without a Zen master. At the age of twenty-eight (1854), he went to Edo with his vassal Shimazu Jibin. At that time, it was the issue of the general's succession, and the whole country was divided into two groups: those who supported Tokugawa Yoshinobu and those who supported Tokugawa Jiamao. Saigō Takamori joined the Qingxi faction and ran around. In the fifth year of An Zheng (1858), due to the "prison of An Zheng" (the prison of Tokugawa Yoshinobu supporters was crushed), Saigō Takamori escorted the monk who was investigated by the shogunate to return home. I didn't expect Samo Francisco to pursue them, so they joined Jinjiang Bay. According to the moon, Longsheng survived and was sentenced to exile.

After returning to Samoan in 1864, Saigō Takamori continued to exert his destructive power in the curtain fall movement. In 1868, Longsheng served as the staff of the conquering governor, and entered Edo City without bloodshed under the negotiation with Katsuya. However, Saigō Takamori made a swift retreat at this time and returned to his hometown of Satsuma. Because he thought that he could not stay in the central government and hold a position higher than that of the vassal. Until edo kaicheng, he was the best leader representing the reformists of the lower samurai. He regards fame and fortune as dirt, death as death, and does not buy fertile land for his children and grandchildren. However, under the reform of the reform government, the life of the lower samurai became increasingly poor. After the implementation of the conscription order, the samurai's military power was lost again. In order to break this deadlock, the idea of "recruiting Korea" and "Taiwan" arose in Saigō Takamori. He volunteered to be an ambassador to Korea, but was opposed by Iwakura Tomomi, Okubo Litong and others. In the 1th year of Meiji (1877), private school students and junior samurai in Kagoshima established Saigō Takamori as commander in chief, and dispatch troops rebelled against the government. History is called the Southwest War. Saigō Takamori was defeated and died by the blade.

ōkubo Toshimichi

ōkubo Toshimichi was born on August 1th, Tianbaoyuan (183). He is the eldest son of Okubo Jiemon, a vassal of Satsuma (Kagoshima Prefecture). Youming Zhengzhu was later renamed as Yizang. He and Saigō Takamori are not only fellow villagers, but also junior warriors, and their families are poor. However, their personalities and political careers are quite different. Xixiang has a clear distinction between likes and dislikes, is enthusiastic and sometimes takes unreasonable actions. Okubo, on the other hand, was calm, resolute and always held a realistic political attitude. Although Xixiang won the love of ordinary people, it ended in tragedy. Although Okubo was feared by people, he was at the peak of power all his life.

in the fourth year of Meiji (1871), ōkubo Toshimichi was promoted to the position of Minister of Finance and devoted himself to the construction of internal affairs. In the same year, he served as the deputy envoy of Yancang delegation and traveled around Europe and America. When I visited Europe, I met German Chancellor Bismarck and was greatly influenced by him. In 1873, he heard Xixiang and others' fierce claim to Korea, and immediately returned to China. He stood on the same front with Iwakura Tomomi, strongly opposed to recruiting Korea, and broke with Xixiang, his friend for many years. After the resignation of the Korean faction, Okubo, who is also the Minister of the Interior, became the core figure of the government and vigorously promoted the policy of industrial production. Although he is autocratic, he has no regional concept and uses a large number of capable talents. On May 14th, Meiji 11th (1878), he was assassinated by Ichiro Teru Shimada and others because of his dictatorship. At the age of 49.

Kido Takayoshi (Gui Xiaowulang)

Kido Takayoshi was born on June 26th, 1833. It was said at that time that people born in that year, though small in talent, could not achieve great things. He is the son of a vassal of Changzhou (Yamaguchi Prefecture) and Tian Changjing. Known as Xiaowulang, he later became the adopted son of Gui Jiulang's soldier Wei. As a child, he was weak and sickly, resulting in poor health and neurasthenia in his later years. He joined Yoshida Shōin at the age of seventeen. At the age of 2, I went around to seek art from teachers and studied kendo, shipbuilding and western learning successively. In 185, he joined the movement of respecting the king and resisting foreigners. Kido Takayoshi not only wrote the draft of "Five Oaths" in Meiji Yuan (1868), but also played a central role in "Returning the Edition Register" and "Abolishing the vassal to the County". In Meiji IV (1871), he visited Europe and America with Iwakura Tomomi and served as the plenipotentiary ambassador. Returning to China in 1873, he suggested that the government formulate a constitution. In the following year, he also served as Minister of Education. Although Muhu and Okubo advocated "conquering Korea" from the beginning, they changed their ways after Meiji four years, and advocated that internal governance was superior to external development, so they began to oppose the invasion of Korea and Taiwan. Although Kimoto is an idealistic and enlightened politician, he is narrow-minded, so no one follows him. Along with Ito Bowen and Noue Kaoru who were born in Changzhou Francisco, they followed Okubo. Meiji 1(1888) died on May 26th at the age of forty-five.

editing this scene after

in June 1863, the shogunate was forced to declare the invasion of foreign countries, followed by an incident in which American and French warships attacked Shimonoseki and the British fleet attacked Samoan. In the spring of 1865, takasugi shinsaku, the leader of the anti-foreigners faction of Changzhou Francisco, put forward the strategy of opening a port to discuss the curtain, decided not to mention anti-foreigners, turned to armed opposition, and formed a secret military alliance with Samo Francisco. At the same time, Britain also weighed the advantages and disadvantages, changed its strategy, and helped the rebels. The shogunate, on the other hand, took refuge in France and launched the second war of conquering Changzhou Francisco in July 1866. At this time, the people's uprising was surging and dealt a heavy blow to the shogunate. Changzhou-Francisco joined forces to fight bravely and forced the shogunate to withdraw in September of the same year.

In 1867, when Emperor Xiaoming died, Prince Muren (Emperor Meiji) ascended the throne, and the rebels actively allied themselves with dispatch troops. On November 8, the emperor issued a secret order to discuss the curtain. On the 9th, the shogunate general Tokugawa Yoshinobu called for "returning the major policies", but at the same time he assembled elite troops in Osaka in an attempt to rebel. On January 3, 1868 (the year of Wuchen), the emperor issued the "Great Order of Restoration of the Imperial Administration", abolishing the shogunate and making Tokugawa Qingxi "resign from his post and take over the land". On the 8th and 1th, Tokugawa Yoshinobu declared the "imperial decree of restoring ancient ways" illegal in Osaka. On January 27th, 5, troops of the Emperor's Army, with Saskatchewan and Nagano as the main forces, fought a fierce battle with 15, troops of the Shogunate Army near Kyoto (the battle of bird feather and Fujian), and Tokugawa Yoshinobu defeated Edo. The Wu-Chen War began. The Emperor's army made a large-scale crusade to the East, forcing Tokugawa Yoshinobu to hand over Edo City on May 3, 1868, and to pacify the rebel vassals in Northeast China in early November. In the spring of 1869, the Imperial Army went to Hokkaido, and on June 27, it captured the last stronghold of the shogunate remnants (in Hakodate), and the Wuchen War ended.

editing the reform of the new government in this paragraph

The new government headed by the Emperor issued the Five Oaths with political programmatic nature on April 6, 1868, and the Book of Government on June 11. On September 3rd, the Emperor issued a decree to rename Edo Tokyo. On October 23, the year number was changed to Meiji. Moved the capital to Tokyo on May 9, 1869. And promulgated a series of reform measures:

? In June 1869, the Meiji government enforced the policy of "returning the official titles" and "abolishing the vassal counties", dividing Japan into three prefectures and 72 counties, and establishing a centralized political system.

? Reform the identity system, abolish the identity system of "scholar, agriculture, industry and commerce" in the traditional era, change the past nobles such as officials and princes to "Chinese", and change the samurai below the name to "gentry"; In order to reduce the financial burden associated with "returning the edition", the feudal salary was gradually abolished; In addition, the samurai's "Knife Scraping Order" and the "Household Registration Law" which established the basis of the household registration system were also promulgated.

? In terms of social culture, we advocate learning western social culture and habits and translating western works. In the calendar system, the lunar calendar is stopped and the sun calendar is used instead (except the year number).

? Introducing modern western industrial technology; Reform the land system, abolish the original land policy, permit land sales, and implement a new local tax policy; Abolish the checkpoints set up by the vassals; Unified currency, and set up the Bank of Japan (the central bank of the country) in 1882; Cancel the guild system and monopoly organizations in the industrial and commercial sector to promote the development of industry and commerce.

? In terms of education, modern compulsory education is developed. The whole country is divided into eight university districts, each with one university, 32 middle school districts and one middle school. Each middle school district has 21 primary school districts and each primary school district has eight primary schools, making a total of eight public universities, 245 middle schools and 53,76 primary schools. Educational institutions promulgated "Kao Yu Yi Yu" to instill ideas such as Kao Dao, loyalty to the monarch and patriotism (some people think that this move is intended to strengthen the social system with centralized supreme power and pave the way for future external expansion). In addition, we also send overseas students to study in advanced countries such as Britain, America, France and Germany.

? On the military side, reform the military establishment, the army refers to German training, and the navy refers to the British navy. In 1872, the draft order was issued, and all adult men over the age of 2 were required to perform military service. The general service was 3 years, and the reserve was 2 years. Later, the general service and reserve were increased to 3 years and 9 years respectively, totaling 12 years. In 1873, the number of combat troops mobilized could reach 4,. In addition, the Meiji government also developed the state-owned arms industry; In the middle and late Meiji era, the military budget increased sharply, accounting for about 3% ~ 45% of government funds.

? In terms of transportation, improve local transportation and build new railways and highways. In 1872, the first railway-Tokyo (Xinqiao) to Yokohama (Sakuragi-CHO) was opened to traffic; By 1914, the total railway mileage in Japan had exceeded 7 kilometers.

? In the judicial aspect, following the western system, French criminal law was enacted in 1882, French-German mixed civil law was enacted in 1898, and American commercial law was enacted in 1899.

? Religion, for political reasons, the government strongly encourages Shintoism, because it promotes the idea of loyalty to the emperor, which is helpful for the emperor to rule the country. At the same time, other religions are allowed to exist. In 1873, Japan lifted the ban on Christian missionary work.

in 1871, the Meiji government sent a large-scale envoy headed by right minister Iwakura Tomomi to visit Europe and America to inspect the capitalist country system. Under the slogan of making Qiang Bing a rich country, prospering through industrialization, and being civilized, the government actively introduced western science and technology, carried out large-scale primitive accumulation by means of high land tax, and established a number of state-owned enterprises focusing on military industry, mines, railways and shipping. At the same time, introduce modern equipment such as silk reeling and textile, establish demonstration factories and popularize advanced technology; Recruit foreign experts, send overseas students abroad, and train senior scientific and technological talents. Because the excessive financial burden once caused the financial crisis, in the early 198s, the government sold a batch of state-owned enterprises and mines to privileged capitalists (so-called political businessmen) who colluded with the government, encouraged Chinese, landlords, businessmen and upper-class gentry to invest in banks, railways and other enterprises with generous protection policies, and cultivated a number of chaebols. Since the mid-198s, the climax of the industrial revolution began to appear, centering on the textile industry.

Authoritarianism and foreign aggression and expansion in this section

Meiji government deified the absolute authority of the emperor politically, established a "Chinese family" system to safeguard the special status of the old vassals and ministers, and included the heroes of the reform and chaebol among the Chinese to cultivate the privileged class; Economically support feudal chaebol and parasitic landlords; Advocating Shinto, Imperial Taoism and Confucianism ideologically, and introducing German idealism philosophy. In 1882, he issued the "Military Command", advocating Bushido. In 189, imperial rescript on education was released, and militarism education centered on loyalty to the emperor was promoted. After Meiji Restoration, Japan changed from a feudal country ruled by Mufan lords to a feudal capitalist country. Warlords and bureaucratic aristocrats with strong vassal origins, such as Samo and Changzhou, who closely colluded with the chaebol, held the political handle for a long time and promoted "vassal politics" in the process of establishing the modern emperor system. In the 197s and 198s, there was a movement of freedom and civil rights in Japan, which opposed autocratic politics and fought for bourgeois freedom and democratic rights. The Meiji government disintegrated this movement through violent repression and political differentiation, and promulgated the Meiji Constitution in 1889 and opened the National Assembly in 189, thus establishing an autocratic constitutional monarchy, that is, the modern Japanese Mikado system.

in terms of foreign relations, with the increasing national strength, we have been constantly negotiating and demanding the revision of the treaty. Since 1894, the article has been revised.