A summary of senior high school political compulsory courses

Lesson one, magic money

1, commodity

① Meaning ② Necessary conditions ③ Two basic attributes of commodities:

2. The emergence of money ② The essence of money-universal equivalent (essence) is a commodity. . (3) the function of money:

Function: Like common equivalents, it represents the value of all other commodities and acts as a medium for commodity exchange. 4. Inflation and deflation caused by the imbalance between total social demand and total supply.

① Essence: Supply is less than demand, which is manifested by rising prices and devaluation of paper money. Impact: paper money depreciates, prices rise, purchasing power declines, living standards decline, commodity sales are difficult, and economic order is chaotic.

(2) Essence: Supply exceeds demand, which is manifested by falling prices and appreciation of paper money. Influence; Falling prices are beneficial to the people to a certain extent, but long-term large-scale decline will affect the enthusiasm of enterprises for production and investment, make the economy depressed, affect the improvement of people's living standards, and lead to sluggish market consumption, which is unfavorable to long-term economic development and people's long-term interests.

The second lesson, changeable prices

(1) Factors affecting the price:

1, factors affecting the price:

2. Supply and demand affect prices.

(1) Demand exceeds supply and prices rise.

A seller's market: meaning, the type of market dominated by the seller.

B. Performance: Due to the shortage of supply, the seller is in a favorable position in market transactions, and can sell the goods even if the price is raised.

(2) Supply exceeds demand and prices are reduced.

A, the buyer's market, is a buyer-led market type.

B. performance; Due to oversupply, buyers are in a favorable position in market transactions, and prices usually tend to fall.

3. Value determines price:

(1) The relationship between price and value.

A, in a market economy, the price is ultimately determined by the value. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.

B, the level of commodity prices, because they contain different values. Other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price; The smaller the value, the lower the price.

(2) socially necessary labor time determines the value of goods.

Determinants of value: not determined by individual labor time, but by socially necessary labor time for producing goods.

First, socially necessary labor time refers to the production of a commodity with the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity under the existing normal social production conditions.

B, individual labor time is the time spent by individual commodity producers to produce a commodity.

The value of commodities is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time. The more socially necessary labor time a commodity consumes, the greater its value, and vice versa.

(3)① The value of commodities is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.

Labor productivity: the productivity of workers. Labor rate = original product quantity = labor time =

② The socially necessary labor time is the expression of certain social productive forces, which is caused by the changes of social productive forces.

(3) The change of individual labor productivity does not affect the value of goods, but it can change individual labor hours and change the total value created at the same time.

Relationship diagram of labor time, labor productivity and commodity value

4. The content and manifestation of the law of value.

The content of the law of value: the value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities, and the exchange of commodities is based on value.

(2) Manifestation: Affected by the relationship between supply and demand, commodity prices fluctuate around value, which is the manifestation of the law of value.

③ Function: Adjust the distribution of labor force and means of production in all sectors of social production, and stimulate commodity producers to improve technology, management and colorful consumption.

1, consumption type:

(1) By product type: tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption.

(2) According to different transaction methods: payment of money and goods, payment for goods, and rental of goods.

(3) According to the purpose of consumption, living consumption can be divided into survival consumption, development consumption and enjoyment consumption. Among them, the consumption of means of subsistence can meet people's lower-level needs and is the most basic consumption; Developing data consumption can meet people's development requirements; Enjoying data consumption can meet people's enjoyment needs and is the highest level of consumption.

3. Consumption structure:

(1) Consumption structure refers to the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in total consumption expenditures.

(2) Characteristics: It is not static, but will change with economic development and income changes, and the direction will follow the order from survival demand to development demand to enjoyment demand.

5. Establish a correct concept of consumption.

(1) Due to the influence of natural conditions, social environment, personal experience and other factors, people's psychology is often different, which makes consumption complicated.

(2) The manifestations of consumer psychological complexity are:

Conformity psychology: comparative psychology: realistic psychology;

6. Be a rational consumer.

(1) Live within our means and spend moderately. (2) Avoid blind obedience and rational consumption. (3) Environmental protection and green consumption. (4) diligent efforts.

Unit 2, Investment and Entrepreneurship

Lesson 4, Production and Economic System

Test center 1: production and economic system

(A) the development of production to meet consumption

(1) Production determines consumption: production determines the object of consumption, production determines the way of consumption, production determines the quality and level of consumption, and production creates power for consumption. The production of material data is the basis for the survival and development of human society. In a sense, the history of mankind is the history of production development.

Test site 2: Vigorously develop productive forces

1, Necessity: ① Vigorously developing productive forces is determined by the main contradiction of socialism in China and is the fundamental task and essential requirement of socialism. At present, China is in the primary stage of socialism, and the contradiction between the people's growing material and cultural needs and backward social production is the main contradiction in society. In order to solve this contradiction, we must vigorously develop productive forces.

2. Importance: Only by vigorously developing productive forces can we build a solid material and technical foundation for consolidating the socialist system, get rid of the backward economic and cultural conditions, narrow the gap left over from the history of developed countries, catch up with or even surpass developed countries, and fully demonstrate the superiority of the socialist system; Only in this way can we continuously enhance our comprehensive national strength and improve our international status.

Test center 3. An economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together.

(1) Public ownership of the means of production is the fundamental economic feature of socialism and the foundation of the socialist economic system;

(2) the main performance of the dominant position of public ownership:

(1) Public assets are dominant in total social assets. It is necessary to have both quantitative advantages and quality improvement.

② The state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development. The leading role of the state-owned economy is mainly reflected in the control, that is, the ability to control the development direction of the national economy, the overall situation of economic operation and important scarce resources. State-owned economy must occupy a dominant position in important industries and key fields that are related to the lifeline of the national economy.

Lesson 5, Enterprises and Laborers

Test site four. Company operation and development

1, enterprise. ① An enterprise is an economic organization that aims at making profits, engages in production and business activities, and provides goods or services to the society. It is the main participant in market economy activities and the cell of national economy.

② In China, state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, private enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and other enterprises of various ownership coexist, which together constitute the micro-foundation of the socialist market economy.

The factors of the company's success.

(1) Formulate the correct business strategy. (2) form their own competitive advantage by means of technological progress and scientific management.

(3) operate in good faith and establish a good reputation and corporate image.

(4) In the fierce market competition, those enterprises with poor management will be merged or face bankruptcy.

2, enterprise bankruptcy, refers to the long-term losses, insolvency, hopeless enterprises, according to legal procedures to implement bankruptcy liquidation of the economic phenomenon. The implementation of enterprise bankruptcy system is conducive to strengthening enterprise risk awareness, promoting enterprises to improve their management level and competitiveness, and is conducive to the rational allocation of social resources and the rational adjustment of industrial structure.

Test site 5: employment

1. The importance of labor and employment. (1) Labor is the expenditure of mental and physical strength of workers, and it is the creation activity of material wealth and spiritual wealth. Laborers are the main body of the production process and play a leading role in the development of productive forces. Labor is the source of the progress and development of human civilization. Glory belongs to the workers.

2. Severe employment pressure in China. ① China's total population and labor force are relatively large, while the level of productivity development is relatively low; (2) The quality of labor force does not fully meet the needs of social and economic development; ③ The labor market is imperfect and the employment information transmission system is not smooth. All these make the employment problem in China more prominent, heavy and urgent than any other country.

(4) Proceeding from the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people, the Party and the government put the expansion of employment in a prominent position in economic and social development, implemented a proactive employment policy, and strived to improve the employment and entrepreneurial environment.

3. Laborers should carry forward the spirit of hard work and self-improvement and establish a correct concept of choosing jobs.

(1) Establish the concept of self-employment. Decide what to do according to your own interests, specialties and conditions. This is conducive to bringing everyone's intelligence into play and mobilizing everyone's enthusiasm and creativity in production.

(2) Establish a competitive employment concept. Self-employment should be achieved through competition in the labor market. We should study hard, improve our skills and quality, change our ideas and actively adapt to the needs of the labor market.

(3) Establish the concept of equal employment. All kinds of legitimate professional workers are necessary to create social wealth, and there is no distinction between high and low. No matter what job you are engaged in, you can make a difference as long as you are down-to-earth and conscientious.

(4) Establish diversified employment concepts. Modern market economy and information technology lead to the diversification of employment forms, such as freelancing, flexible working days, temporary workers and so on, so we can choose more flexibly. People can also choose jobs through employment agencies, media advertisements, online talent markets and job fairs. Achieve employment.

Test site 6: safeguarding the rights and interests of workers according to law

3. Practice: Workers enjoy rights on the premise of fulfilling their obligations. Therefore, consciously fulfilling the obligations of workers is the basis for obtaining rights and safeguarding rights and interests. China implements the labor contract system and signs labor contracts according to law, which is an important basis for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers. When their rights and interests are infringed, they can ask for protection through complaints, negotiation, application for mediation, application for arbitration, and filing a lawsuit in court, instead of taking illegal means to retaliate.

Laborers should enhance their awareness of rights and laws. When the rights and interests are infringed, it is the right choice for every worker to defend their rights through legal means and legal procedures.

Lesson 6, Investment Choice

Test site 7: savings deposits and commercial banks

1. The meaning of savings deposit: refers to that an individual deposits all legal RMB or foreign currency savings institutions, savings institutions, etc. As a voucher, and the personal passbook or deposit certificate can withdraw the deposit principal and interest, the savings institution shall pay the deposit principal and interest according to the regulations.

2. Savings institutions in China mainly include commercial banks, credit cooperatives, postal enterprises and other institutions that handle savings business according to law.

People save money for different purposes, but they all get interest. Interest is the only income people get from savings deposits, the reward paid by banks for using savings deposits, and the value-added part of deposit principal. The amount of interest depends on three factors: principal, deposit period and interest rate level. The calculation formula of interest is: interest = principal × interest rate × deposit term. In China, 20% of deposit interest income should be turned over to the state as tax.

4. Classification of savings deposits. At present, savings in China mainly include demand deposits and time deposits. As an investment object, current savings is flexible and convenient, which is suitable for storing the funds needed in personal daily life. The fixed-term savings with lower returns are less liquid, with higher returns than current savings, but generally lower than bonds and stocks. Corresponding to the low income, due to the relatively high credit of banks, savings deposits are relatively safe and have low risks, but there are also risks of depreciation of deposits under inflation and interest loss of early withdrawal of time deposits.

Test site 8: stocks, bonds and insurance

Unit 3 Income and Distribution

Lesson 7, Personal Income and Distribution

Distribution according to work is the main body of the test center, and various distribution methods coexist.

Production determines distribution, and the form of ownership of means of production determines the mode of distribution. In the primary stage of socialism, the basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together is implemented, and the distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting is implemented accordingly.

1, the nature of distribution according to work: it is the basic principle of individual consumer goods distribution in socialist public ownership economy.

2. Contents and requirements: In the public ownership economy, after all necessary deductions have been made for the total social products, personal consumer goods are distributed according to the labor provided by the workers for the society, and more work is more, and less work is less.

4. Significance: ① The implementation of distribution according to work is conducive to fully mobilizing the enthusiasm and creativity of workers, thus promoting the development of productive forces. Distribution according to work, as a socialist distribution system, is a fundamental denial of the exploitation system obtained for thousands of years, an important condition for eliminating and eliminating polarization, a manifestation of the social status of workers working together and distributing equally, and a major change in the distribution system.

6. Distribution methods other than distribution according to work: mainly including distribution according to individual labor achievements and distribution according to production factors.

Test center 2 gives priority to efficiency and fairness.

1, insist on efficiency first:

Meaning: Efficiency refers to the comparison between input and output in economic activities, indicating the degree of effective utilization of resources. Improving efficiency means saving resources and increasing social wealth. People always seek to get the maximum results with the least investment.

② Influence of income distribution mode on efficiency:

The mode of income distribution has an important influence on efficiency. Because distribution is an important part of reproduction, production determines distribution, but distribution only acts on production. If the distribution method is conducive to mobilizing the enthusiasm of paratroopers, it will improve efficiency and promote the development of production; On the contrary, it will reduce efficiency and hinder the development of production.

③ The reason of efficiency must be given priority in distribution.

This is determined by the fundamental task of the primary stage of socialism and the national conditions. Developing productive forces is the fundamental task in the primary stage of socialism. China has a large population and relatively poor per capita resources. To develop the economy, we must fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties and improve the efficiency of resource utilization. Stick to Scientific Outlook on Development. Therefore, efficiency must be given priority in distribution.

2. Give consideration to social equity:

(1) The meaning of fairness: The meaning of fairness is very broad, involving politics, economy, law and other fields. The fairness mentioned here refers to the fairness of income distribution. The fairness of income distribution is mainly manifested in the relatively equal of income distribution, that is, the income gap between members of society should not be too big, and people's basic needs should be guaranteed.

(2) the relationship between efficiency and fairness:

In income distribution, efficiency and fairness are a pair of contradictions, which are both opposite and unified.

① Efficiency is the material premise of fairness. Only by improving economic efficiency, vigorously developing productive forces and increasing social wealth can social equity be realized. Fairness without efficiency as the premise and foundation can only lead to egalitarianism and general poverty.

② Fairness is the guarantee to improve economic efficiency. Only by providing workers with adequate welfare and fair distribution of rights can they be motivated to develop productive forces and improve economic efficiency.

③ Realizing the correct combination of efficiency and fairness is the basic requirement of socialist market economy.

3. Give priority to efficiency and give consideration to the meaning of fairness.

(1) The socialist market economy should embody the principle of "giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness".

(1) Efficiency priority is essentially to give priority to the development of productive forces, and the primary goal of distribution system and policy should be to promote the development of productive forces and improve economic benefits.

(2) Give consideration to fairness, that is, the society should control the income gap within a reasonable range, so that the result of distribution can make people forge ahead and the society will have vitality and vitality.

(2) How to reflect: China has a large population, and its per capita natural resources are relatively scarce. To develop the economy, we must fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties, improve the utilization rate of resources, and at the same time control the income gap within a reasonable range, so that the distributed results can make people forge ahead and make the society full of vitality and vitality.

(3) How to implement this principle:

(1) Allow and encourage some regions and individuals to get rich first through honest labor and legal operation, so as to drive regions and individuals to get rich first and finally achieve common prosperity.

(2) We should not only oppose equalitarianism, but also prevent income disparity; We should not only implement the distribution policy, but also advocate dedication. While encouraging people to start a business and get rich, we should advocate giving back to the society first, and bringing wealth first before getting rich.

③ Correctly handle the relationship between the primary distribution and the redistribution. Paying attention to efficiency in the initial distribution is to link personal income with its contribution to economic activities, fully mobilize people's enthusiasm for participating in social wealth creation, and improve work efficiency and economic benefits. In the redistribution with the participation of the state, it is necessary to strengthen the government's regulation of income distribution, improve the income level of low-income people, and adjust excessive income to obtain illegal income. By raising tax revenue and improving tax revenue and social security system, we can control the income gap within a certain range and realize reasonable and fair distribution.

Lesson 8, National Income Distribution

Test center three. Finance and its function

1, fiscal revenue and expenditure

2. Fiscal revenue

3. Influencing factors of fiscal revenue: Fiscal revenue is influenced by many factors, among which the level of economic development and the restriction of distribution policy are the main factors.

4. Fiscal expenditure: fiscal expenditure is a process in which the state allocates and uses centralized financial funds. Through the allocation of financial funds, the functions of the state can be realized, that is to say, fiscal expenditure is the material condition for the government to realize its functions, and the state of fiscal expenditure reflects the government's policies.

6.① Balance of fiscal revenue and expenditure and fiscal deficit: There are only three situations in which fiscal revenue and expenditure are compared: income exceeds expenditure and there is a surplus; Expenditure exceeds income, resulting in a deficit; Income and expenditure are equal.

In the national financial budget and final accounts, the balance of payments is the most ideal state, which shows that the financial funds raised by the state have been fully utilized. However, due to the constraints of many factors, the complete equivalence of fiscal revenue and expenditure almost does not exist.

(3) fiscal balance means that the fiscal revenue in that year is equal to the expenditure; Or the income is greater than the expenditure, with a slight savings; Or the expenditure is greater than the income, with a slight deficit.

(4) The fiscal deficit refers to the part where the fiscal expenditure is greater than the fiscal revenue. The fiscal deficit is to live by borrowing, and the fiscal deficit must be controlled within a certain range.

7, the role of finance:

(1) concentrate on doing great things.

(2) People's livelihood is guaranteed.

Lesson 10: Entering the Socialist Market Economy

Test center 1. Market allocation of resources

1, the necessity of rational allocation of resources:

① The allocation of resources is determined by the contradiction between the finiteness of resources and the infinity of human needs.

People's needs are varied and endless, but in a certain period and scope, the resources available to society are always limited. If the resources used to produce one product increase, the resources used to produce other products will decrease. In order to meet various needs as much as possible, society must allocate limited resources reasonably.

2. Basic means of resource allocation: planning and market are two basic means of resource allocation.

3. Market economy:

① Market economy is an economy in which the market plays a fundamental role in resource allocation.

In a market economy, what to produce, how to produce it and for whom are mainly arranged and regulated by the market through price fluctuations and changes in supply and demand.

(3) What kind of goods sell well in the market, people will expand production; When the factor of production is expensive and the supply is tight, people will use it less. The market seems to have an "invisible hand" guiding the allocation of commodity producers, operators, supervisors and property in the whole society.

4. Ways and advantages of market allocation of resources.

① Market allocation of resources is mainly realized through price, supply and demand, competition, etc. The market can timely, accurately and flexibly reflect the changes of market supply and demand, transmit market supply and demand information, and realize the rational allocation of resources.

(2) The market uses the benefit lever, and market competition can well mobilize the enthusiasm of commodity producers and operators, promote the progress of science and management, promote the improvement of labor productivity, and realize the effective use of resources.

Test site 2, market order

2, the meaning and main content of market rules:

(1) Market rules stipulate all aspects of market operation in the form of laws and regulations, industry norms and market ethics.

(2) Market rules mainly include market access rules, market competition rules and market trading rules. Among them, the market access rules stipulate under what conditions enterprises and commodities can enter the market. Market competition rules are used to maintain fair competition in the market. Market trading rules mainly stipulate trading methods and behaviors. Market trading rules are the core of market rules.

3. Market trading principles:

(1) mainly includes: voluntariness, equality, fairness, honesty and credit. They regulate the trading methods and behaviors of buyers and sellers in the market from different aspects.

(2) Honesty and credit is the basic spirit of modern market transactions. Abiding by the principle of market trading is the basic condition to ensure that market trading activities are orderly and carried out according to rules. With this principle, market participants will have rules to follow in all kinds of trading activities, and buyers and sellers will not cause unnecessary disputes, thus making the transaction go smoothly. Adhering to the trading principle of "voluntariness, equality, fairness, honesty and credit" is an inevitable requirement of following the laws of market operation and is also the meaning of strengthening the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.

Test center three. Limitations of market supervision:

1, market regulation is not everything:

Not all industries and fields can play a role, and the areas that the market can't adjust are the supply of public goods such as national defense, public security and fire protection. Dangerous goods and drugs cannot be regulated by the market. Because if operators are allowed to operate these products freely, it will seriously endanger the physical and mental health of citizens, corrupt the social atmosphere and affect social stability.

2. There are inherent shortcomings in market supervision:

(1) Spontaneity of market regulation. (2) blindness (3) lag.

4, strengthen the national macro-control test center.

1, necessity:

The normal development of socialist market economy requires not only giving full play to the role of market regulation, but also strengthening national macro-control.

Strengthening macro-control is not only due to the limitations of the market, but also depends on the nature of socialism in China (referring to the goal of socialist public ownership and common prosperity).

2. The meaning, main objectives and means of macro-control.

Meaning: refers to the state's regulation of the national economy through various means.

Main objectives: promoting economic growth, increasing employment, stabilizing prices and maintaining the balance of international payments.

Test site five, the socialist market economy

1, the meaning of socialist market economy

2. Basic characteristics: ① Adhere to the dominant position of public ownership. This is the basic symbol of the socialist market economy.

Because the ownership of means of production is the basis of production relations, the fundamental difference between socialist market economy and capitalist market economy lies in their different operating bases. The capitalist market economy is based on the private ownership of capitalist means of production, while the socialist market economy is based on the dominant position of public ownership economy.

② Take common prosperity as the goal.

③ Strong macro-control can be implemented.

Lesson 11, Economic Construction of a Well-off Society

First, establish a Scientific Outlook on Development.

(1) The basic connotation of Scientific Outlook on Development is to adhere to the people-oriented principle, establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development concept, and promote the all-round development of economy, society and people.

(2) People-oriented: Adhering to people-oriented is the essence and core of Scientific Outlook on Development. People-oriented means to seek and promote development based on people's fundamental interests, constantly meet people's growing material and cultural needs, earnestly safeguard people's economic, political and cultural rights and interests, and make development achievements benefit all people.

(3) All-round development: take economic construction as the center, comprehensively promote economic, political and cultural construction, and realize all-round economic development and social progress.

(4) Coordinated development: that is, we must adhere to the "five overall plans", promote the coordination between productive forces and production relations, economic base and superstructure, and promote the coordination in all aspects of economic, political and cultural construction.

(5) Sustainable development: it is to promote the harmony between man and nature, realize the harmony between economic development and population, resources and environment, adhere to the civilized development path of production development, affluent life and good ecology, and ensure the sustainable development of generations.

(6) The significance of establishing Scientific Outlook on Development: If Scientific Outlook on Development is firmly established and conscientiously implemented, the society will develop harmoniously, and the all-round development of socialist material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization and harmonious society will be promoted, and the great cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics will be promoted more effectively.

Second, promote sustained economic development.

1. Why should we promote sustainable economic development?

(1) Development is the top priority of the Party in governing and rejuvenating the country, and the main purpose of Scientific Outlook on Development lies in better development.

(2) Only by maintaining a fast economic development speed for a long time, and realizing the unity of speed, structure, quality and benefit, and promoting sustained and coordinated economic development, can we provide a material basis for all-round social progress and all-round human development.

2. How to achieve sustainable economic development?

Take the road of new industrialization

Lesson 12 economic globalization and opening to the outside world

Facing economic globalization

First, the trend of economic globalization

1. Economic globalization refers to the trend of goods, services, technology and capital flowing and allocating on a global scale, which makes the economies of various countries increasingly interdependent and interrelated.

2. There are many manifestations of economic globalization, such as globalization of production, globalization of trade, globalization of capital, globalization of cultural talents, globalization of finance, globalization of economic risks, globalization of multinational corporations, etc. Mainly manifested in the globalization of production, trade and capital.

(1) 1 With the development of science and technology, the international division of labor and cooperation in the field of production has been deepened and strengthened, and the production of all countries in the world is interrelated and cooperative, and the production activities of all countries have become a link in the world production chain.

Globalization of production is beneficial to all countries in the world to give full play to their advantages, save social labor, rationally allocate production factors, improve economic benefits and promote world economic development.

(2) Trade globalization will greatly promote the development of the world economy. International trade is a powerful material basis for promoting economic globalization.

Second, the impact of economic globalization.

1, the development of economic globalization has promoted the development of productive forces. Specifically, it promotes the global flow of production factors, the perfection of international division of labor and the rapid development of international trade, thus promoting the efficiency of resource allocation and the development of productivity in all countries around the world, and providing a broader space for economic development in all countries.

2. The negative impact of economic globalization.

(1) Economic globalization is essentially dominated by developed capitalist countries.

This is because developed countries have advantages in economy and science and technology, master modern information technology that promotes the trend of economic globalization, dominate the development of the world market, and influence the "rules of the game" of the international economy.

(2) Economic globalization has aggravated the imbalance of world economic development.

This economic globalization led by developed capitalist countries has made the world economy more unbalanced and polarized. On the one hand, wealth in developed countries is accumulating, on the other hand, poverty in developing countries is increasing.

(3) Economic globalization has increased international risks.

While economic globalization promotes economic cooperation among countries, it also makes one country's economic fluctuation possibly affect other countries and even the whole world, which intensifies the instability of the global economy and poses a great threat to the economic security of developing countries in particular. Economic globalization has made countries in the world increasingly interdependent and interpenetrating economically. This makes the economic impact of a country or region spread to the whole world quickly, which means that economic globalization means "risk globalization".

3. Actively participate in economic globalization.

For developing countries, economic globalization is a "double-edged sword", and opportunities and challenges coexist. Economic globalization shows great vitality, and no country can avoid it. The correct attitude should be: seize the opportunity, actively participate, seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, guard against risks and bravely meet challenges.

Actively participate in international economic competition and cooperation.

4.( 1) The positive impact of China's entry into WTO.

1 Joining the WTO will help to open wider to the outside world and win a better international environment for China's economic development.

China's accession to the WTO is conducive to China's participation in international economic cooperation. China's exports to other WTO members not only enjoy the most-favored-nation treatment, but also enjoy the most-favored-nation treatment granted by the WTO to developing countries. Therefore, it is beneficial to further expand China's export trade. China can use negotiations to resolve trade frictions with other countries and regions and safeguard China's position and rights in world trade. You can get a lot of economic information and understand the scale of international trade, the development of the world economy and the new trends of international trade changes.

It is conducive to promoting economic system reform and strategic adjustment of economic structure, and enhancing China's economic development vitality and international competitiveness.

(2) China's accession to the WTO is facing severe challenges.

(2) The significance of the open pattern.

The basic formation of the pattern of opening to the outside world has greatly promoted the improvement of social productive forces, comprehensive national strength and people's living standards.

3. Comprehensively improve the level of opening to the outside world and promote the economic development of China.

To adapt to the trend of economic globalization and the new situation of China's accession to the WTO, China must comprehensively raise the level of opening to the outside world, participate in international economic and technological cooperation and competition on a larger scale, in a wider field and at a higher level, make full use of the international and domestic markets, optimize the allocation of resources, expand the development space, and promote the economic development of China.