Why did Marx lead the proletarian revolution?

Full name: karl heinrich marx karl heinrich marx.

Introduction: Marx (1865438+May 5, 2008-65438+March 65438, 0883+04), the founder of Marxism, the organizer and leader of the first international, and the great mentor of the proletariat and working people all over the world, was named as the most influential figure in the 20th century.

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1845 1, Marx was deported by the French government and arrived in Brussels in February. He began to criticize the limitations of Feuerbach's materialism and wrote "Outline on Feuerbach", focusing on the role of practice in social life and human understanding, pointing out that practice is the standard to test the truth of human thinking. This outline is "the first document containing the budding genius of the new world outlook". Then, he and Engels co-wrote German Ideology. This book systematically expounds the historical materialism for the first time. The book scientifically demonstrates a series of basic principles, such as the production of material materials is the foundation of social existence and development, social existence determines social consciousness, and production relations must be suitable for the development of productive forces. Put forward the historical task that the proletariat must seize political power. Historical materialism is one of the two great discoveries that Marx was affirmed by Engels.

Karl Marx formulated a scientific world outlook for the proletariat, and at the same time actively made ideological and organizational preparations for the establishment of proletarian political parties. At the beginning of 1846, he and Engels set up the Brussels Production Communication Committee to spread the scientific socialist theory among workers. At the beginning of 1847, Marx and Engels were invited to join the right-wing alliance, a secret organization of German workers, and actively participated in the reorganization of the alliance. At the first congress held in June, the right-wing alliance was renamed the producers' alliance. Marx served as the leader of Brussels District and Youth League branch. In order to unite and educate the masses more widely, Marx and Engels proposed to establish the German Workers' Association. 1847165438+1October, Marx personally attended the second congress of the producers' alliance, and was entrusted by the congress to draft the program of the alliance with Engels. This is the programmatic document "Declaration of Producers' Party" officially published in February 1848.

* * * Manifesto of the Productive Party

The storm of bourgeois revolution swept across the European continent. At the beginning of March, Marx was deported by the Belgian authorities and went to Paris. He immediately set out to set up a new Central Committee of the Producers' Union and was elected as its chairman. In early April, they returned to Germany and directly participated in the revolution. In June, he founded the New Rheinische Zeitung. This was the only newspaper that represented the proletarian viewpoint in the democratic movement at that time. Marx publicized the proletariat's program in the democratic revolution through newspapers, guided the German people to oppose feudal autocracy, exposed the compromise and betrayal of the liberal bourgeoisie, and established extensive contacts with Democrats in various countries through newspapers to support the revolutionary struggle of people in various countries. In order to develop the democratic United front, Marx participated in the work of the Cologne Democratic Association and established close ties with local democratic leaders. He also actively participated in the work of the Cologne Workers' Federation to fight against the wrong tendencies in the workers' organizations.

After the failure of the revolution, Marx went into exile in London and settled here for a long time. In London, Marx rebuilt local organizations and the Central Committee of the proletarian Covenant.

The 1950s was the most difficult period in Marx's life. Poor life crushed him, all kinds of enemies attacked him and slandered him, and almost all newspapers closed their doors to him. But he didn't flinch and kept fighting. He spent several years studying political and economic literature in the British Museum, concentrating on economic research and forging theoretical weapons for the proletariat. Engels made the greatest self-sacrifice in order to support Marx economically and enable his comrades to complete the great cause of creating a new economic theory. He returned to Manchester and engaged in business activities he hated again. While burying his head in economic research, Marx also managed to use bourgeois progressive newspapers to publish various political articles. From August 185 1 to March 1862, he and Engels wrote more than 500 articles for Tribune Daily. In these articles, they commented on the major international political events at that time, criticized the internal and external policies of reactionary governments in various countries, and supported the revolutionary movements of people in various countries, especially the national liberation movements of people in eastern colonies and dependent countries. They wrote many articles about China, exposed the British colonial policy towards China, condemned the Russian occupation of China territory and supported the revolutionary struggle of the China people.

Marx's greatest achievement in the 1950s and 1960s was to complete the theoretical system of Marxist economics. From 1857 to May 1858, he wrote the first economic manuscript. 1857- 1858 economics manuscript, commonly known as the critical outline of political economy. This is the first draft of Das Kapital. In this manuscript, a series of important principles of Marxist economics are expounded, and the basic viewpoints of surplus value theory are expounded. 1859, Marx wrote a book Critique of Political Economy with the relevant chapters of this manuscript. This book "systematically expounds Marx's axiology, including monetary theory, for the first time". Later, he wrote a new manuscript: 186 1- 1863 economic manuscript. This is the second draft of Das Kapital, which expounds the main contents of the first volume of Das Kapital, and also talks about some contents belonging to the second and third volumes. A large part of it is a criticism of the history of surplus value theory, which was later compiled into surplus value theory. From August 1863 to the end of 1865, he wrote the third manuscript, the third draft of Das Kapital. 1In September, 867, he published the first volume of Das Kapital. The second and third volumes were compiled after Engels' death and published in 1885 and 1894 respectively. Das Kapital is an immortal work with epoch-making significance and a revolution in political economy. It discusses the laws of capitalist social and economic movement, exposes the inherent contradictions of capitalism, reveals that the secret of capitalist exploitation of workers lies in possessing the surplus value of workers, and scientifically demonstrates that capitalism is bound to perish and socialism is bound to win, thus making his socialist theory based on a solid scientific foundation. It has become the sharpest theoretical weapon of the proletariat against capitalism.

1871March18, the Paris proletariat revolted, overthrew the bourgeois traitorous government and established the first proletarian regime in human history. Although Marx did not approve of this action before the uprising, once the uprising broke out, he gave enthusiastic support and help. He paid attention to collecting materials about the commune, carefully studied various measures of the commune, kept in touch with the commune through various channels, made suggestions for the commune, and personally wrote hundreds of letters to publicize the significance of the commune and called for support for its cause. Two days after the last barricade of the commune was captured, International Working Men’s Association unanimously approved the declaration of the French Civil War drafted by Marx. In the declaration, Marx expounded the significance of the commune, pointed out that it was a revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat and a political form serving the social liberation of the proletariat, and pointed out that although the Paris Commune failed, its principles and spirit were eternal. After the failure of the commune, Marx helped the commune exiles who fled France from material life and political thought.

At the beginning of 1846, Marx and Engels established the Brussels * * * Productive Communication Committee. At the beginning of 1847, Marx and Engels were invited to join the alliance of the just. 1in June, 847, the alliance was renamed as * * * Producer Alliance, and the platform of the alliance-* * * Producer Declaration was drafted.

1in April, 848, together with Engels, the New Rheinische Zeitung was founded in Germany.

After being deported, he went to Paris. Now he is asked to leave Paris and go to London, England. In London, they spent the most difficult days of their lives. In five years, Marx and Yan Ni lost three of their four children. But during this period, Marx wrote his most important work-Capital.

1On September 28th, 864, Marx attended the inaugural meeting of the First International and was elected as a member of the General Committee. He drafted the Declaration on the Founding of the People's Republic of China, the Interim Constitution and other important documents for the international community.

September 1867, The First Volume of Das Kapital was published.

Reunited with Engels who moved to London. Exiled by many countries, he once called himself a "citizen of the world."

1On March 4th, 883, Marx died in his apartment in London and was buried in Highgate Cemetery in the northern suburb of London.

The last two volumes of Das Kapital were published by Engels after sorting out Marx's legacy, and were published in 1885 and 1894 respectively.

Marx's former residence in Trier, Germany, is now the Marx Museum.

【 Engles: British working class situation (1844) German peasant war (1850), German revolution and counter-revolution (1852), anti-Turin theory (1878), the development of socialism from fantasy to science (/kloc-0)

[Edit this paragraph] Marx's philosophy

Philosophy-Emancipating the Mind

The liberation of the Germans is the liberation of people. This liberated thought is philosophy and its heart is the proletariat. -"German Ideology"

Philosophy regards the proletariat as its material weapon. Similarly, the proletariat regards philosophy as its spiritual weapon. -"German Ideology"

Marx believes that philosophy is the liberated soul of human beings, that is, it is the spiritual weapon of the liberator (proletariat). He believes that the emergence of socialism is an inevitable trend of historical development. In order to prove its regularity, philosophy, as a liberated thought, should undertake such a task.

People and animals can be distinguished according to consciousness, religion or anything else. When people start to produce their own means of subsistence, this step is determined by their own body tissues, and people themselves begin to distinguish themselves from animals. People produce their own means of subsistence, while indirectly producing their own material life itself. "-"German Ideology "

The difference between people and animals is that people can produce the means of subsistence and production, but animals can't. Once people enter productive labor, they are fundamentally different from other animals. Because we have to work, we should form production relations and other social relations in advance. People's labor productivity restricts the production mode of their activities, and what kind of production mode there is, what kind of social relations there are. The social existence formed by people's mode of production and social relations determines people's social consciousness. It can be seen that the development of society is not completely irregular.

The contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, economic base and superstructure formed on the basis of material practice with productive labor as the main form is the product of human activities, but once it is formed, it in turn becomes an objective force restricting human activities. Therefore, Marx believes that the development of society seems chaotic on the surface, but in fact it has the same internal objective trend as nature.

Marx's explanation of man from the relationship between man and the outside world is based on practice.

People know and transform the world through their own material practice, and people themselves are transformed in this practice, gaining their own new qualities and qualities.

People change the world, and the world changes people.

Therefore, only on the basis of practice, in the relationship between man and the outside world based on practice, can man get a scientific and materialistic explanation.

This is the fundamental feature of Marxist philosophy in explaining human problems.

[Edit this paragraph] Class struggle

So far, the history of all societies is the history of class struggle. -"* * * manufacturer's statement"

Marx believes that in human history, the use of metal tools has improved labor productivity, led to the increase of surplus production, and made it possible for human beings to realize the division of labor between brain and body. On the one hand, this division of labor has greatly promoted the development of productive forces and the progress of civilization, and made mankind walk out of the barbaric stage of primitive society and enter the civilized period. On the other hand, the division of labor between the brain and the body itself is the basis of the initial class division. Due to the emergence of division of labor and private ownership, the exploiting class members who monopolize spiritual production and the working class who undertake all manual labor are in a fundamental interest opposition relationship, and mankind has since entered the class society. The development of class society for thousands of years is nothing more than the degree of exploitation of the working people by the exploiting class and the specific ways in which the working people are attached to the exploiting class.

Marx believes that only by linking the development of productive forces with the changes in the structure of social relations determined by productive forces can we understand:

In the development stage of human history, class struggle is inevitable; Class struggle itself constitutes the driving force for the development of human history.

In his class theory, Marx particularly emphasized that class is an economic category.

In the history of primitive accumulation, all the changes that promoted the formation of the bourgeoisie are epoch-making things in history; But the first factor is that a large number of people are suddenly separated from their own means of subsistence by force and thrown into the labor market as proletarians who are not protected by law. Deprivation of agricultural producers, that is, farmers' land, is the basis of the whole process. "-das Kapital

The emergence of modern class relations stems from the fact that workers are divorced from their own means of production. But once the class comes into being, it will be branded as the opposition of class interests in the fields of culture and religion. In this sense, class is sometimes a social category. The class relations in human society have changed from simple to complex in the early days to simplification in modern society.

Marx pointed out that compared with the previous class society, the capitalist society will increasingly simplify the opposing classes.

Our era, the bourgeois era, has a characteristic: it simplifies class opposition. The whole society is increasingly divided into two hostile camps and two directly opposite classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. "-* * * producer statement"

Although Marx established class theory/doctrine, he did not explain the theory related to class transformation, especially the situation that the proletariat transformed into the proletariat after gaining political power in some way.

[Edit this paragraph] Party Theory

In the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, * * * producers always represent the interests of the whole movement at all stages of development. Therefore, in practice, * * * producers are the most determined and consistently promoted part of workers' political parties in various countries; Theoretically speaking, they are superior to other proletarians because they know the conditions, process and general results of proletarian movement. "-* * * producer statement"

Closely related to Marx's theory of class struggle is the theory of proletarian political party. In Marx's view, the class struggle of the proletariat must be led by the proletarian party, which is the vanguard of the proletariat. This party represents the role of organization, leadership and publicity. Without these core functions of the proletarian party, there would be no victory in the proletarian struggle.

[Edit this paragraph] Ethnic theory

Based on the theory of class and class struggle, Marx believes that the struggle between opposing classes in private ownership society is irreconcilable, and the ruling class needs to suppress the resistance of the oppressed class by violence. In order to maintain the balance between classes and maintain class relations within the order and scope in line with the interests of the ruling class, that is, the state. In this way, the country as the ruling tool of the ruling class came into being. If the proletariat wants to be liberated freely, it must unite, carry out violent revolution, overthrow bourgeois dictatorship, and establish proletarian dictatorship or socialist country until the advanced stage of capitalism that destroys classes and countries comes.

"The old country is a centralized state machine, which interweaves the living civil society with its ubiquitous complex military, bureaucratic, religious and judicial institutions from all directions like a python." -Karl Marx's French Civil War

[Edit this paragraph] revolutionary mentor Marx

1One day in June, 843, Rheinische Zeitung, published in Cologne, West Prussia, advertised for a knowledgeable person as the editor.

On the day of advertising, a man in a suit and a beard came to the editorial department. He is Karl Marx. He looks more than forty years old and looks very steady.

However, when the newspaper boss asked him his age, he learned that Marx was only 25 years old, and his surprised face could not help showing a look of distrust, saying, "Marx, although you have written many articles for us, the quality is good, but you are so young, can you take up this important position?"

Marx smiled and said, "Sir, your worry is beyond reproach. However, knowledge level is not necessarily related to age. Please be patient, take five minutes to read my application materials, and you can test me! "

So, the newspaper owner looked at the application materials. When he learned that Marx had a doctorate in philosophy from Jena University, his attitude changed immediately. He smiled and said, "I'm really sorry. Please forgive my gaffe just now." Then, I took out the letter of appointment. Hire Marx as the editor of Rheinische Zeitung.

The real purpose of Marx's application for newspaper editor-in-chief is to publicize the revolutionary truth, attack the decay of the capitalist system and awaken the people's consciousness. Shortly after he took office, the Parliament of Rheinland Province in Prussia discussed the problem of "forest theft" and wanted to legislate to punish thieves. Who is the thief? Parliament pointed its finger at the broad masses of peasants.

Marx immediately made an in-depth investigation and made things clear. It turns out that there are large areas of virgin forests and grasslands in West Prussia, which have always been the source of life for local farmers and herdsmen. Later, it was forcibly occupied by several aristocratic landlords, and its sphere of influence was also divided. They cut down trees in the forest and opened many wood processing factories nearby, wantonly exploiting local residents; In addition, pastures and dairy factories have been set up on the grasslands to reap huge profits. These forests and grasslands should belong to local farmers and herdsmen, but the aristocratic landlords are "anti-customer-oriented" and farmers are not allowed to go to the forest to pick up dead branches for firewood, while children go to the grassland to pick strawberries and mushrooms, which is also regarded as theft. Parliament wants to legislate, that is, to legally recognize the land occupied by aristocratic landlords as their private property.

This is really black and white upside down! Marx and his colleagues were outraged, so they wrote many articles in Rheinische Zeitung, attacking the shameless behavior of the parliament and demanding that the landlords and nobles return the forests and grasslands to the local farmers. These articles won the hearts of the people, and the circulation of Rheinische Zeitung soared.

The autocratic Prussian government protected the interests of nobles and landlords, and they immediately ordered the seizure of Rheinische Zeitung. From then on, Marx realized that public opinion alone could not overthrow autocratic rule, and the proletarians could unite and win only through armed struggle.

[Edit this paragraph] Marx's classic quotations

A free man is a capitalist!

Philosophers try to explain the world in different ways, but the question is how to transform the world!

Criticize everything mercilessly!

Of course, critical weapons cannot replace weapon criticism. Material power can only be destroyed by material power, but once the theory is mastered by the masses, it will also become material power.

Religion is the spiritual aperture of the suffering world! It is opium that poisons the people!

Every article of the constitution contains its own opposites, including its own upper house and lower house: freedom is publicized in general language and abolished in additional conditions.

Autocracy is necessarily animal, which is incompatible with human nature. The relationship between animals can only be maintained by animal nature.

The "conscience" of the privileged is also the conscience of the privileged.

..... their needs are their nature. ...

Production will soon lead to such a situation: the so-called struggle for existence is no longer simply around the means of subsistence, but around the enjoyment and development of information.

Gentlemen, don't be fooled by the word abstract freedom! Whose freedom is this? This is not the freedom of an ordinary individual when interacting with another person. This is the freedom of capital squeezing workers.

In the past, in all kinds of pretending bodies, such as the state, personal freedom only existed in those individuals who developed within the scope of the ruling class. They have personal freedom only because they are individuals of this class.

"Human rights" are not innate, but produced by history.

As long as the theory convinces people, it can grasp the masses; As long as the theory is thorough, it can be convincing. The so-called thoroughness is to grasp the root of the matter. However, people are themselves.

The appreciation of the material world is directly proportional to the depreciation of the human world.

Time is the space for human development. If a person has no free time to control his own time, and spends his whole life serving capitalists (note: or others) except for purely physiologically necessary rest time such as sleeping and eating, then he is not as good as a beast with heavy load. He is just a machine that creates wealth for others. His body is broken and his mind is crazy. The whole history of modern industry also shows that if capitalists do not restrict it, they will be desperate to put the whole working class into this extremely degenerate situation.

The proletariat and the proletariat are both self-alienation of human beings (note: when people engage in labor, they are not voluntary choices, but natural and objective choices; All my activities are just helpless; As the main body of labor, man does not dominate labor, which in turn dominates man himself; I am the main body of producing products, but I am dominated by the products I produce, which Marx called "self-alienation"). However, the bourgeoisie feels satisfied and consolidated in this self-alienation. It takes this alienation as proof of its own strength, and obtains the appearance of human existence in this alienation. In this alienation, the proletariat feels that it has been destroyed, and sees its own sense of powerlessness and inhuman living reality in it.

As far as I know, I am not a Marxist.

Everyone's free development is the condition for everyone's free development.

Sincere and rational friendship is priceless in life.

Friendship is as pure as the morning fog. Flattery is not available. Friendship can only be consolidated by loyalty.

When choosing a career, the main principles we should follow are human happiness and our own perfection.

Time is the space for human development.

All economies ultimately come down to time economy.

Time is the place where ability waits for development.

All savings, in the final analysis, are time savings.

Any saving is ultimately a saving of time.

Labor creates the world.

If we choose a career that can best work for human welfare, then the burden can't overwhelm us, because it is dedicated to everyone; At that time, what we felt was not poverty, limitation and selfish pleasure. Our happiness will belong to millions of people, our cause will be unknown but exist forever, and noble people will shed tears in the face of our ashes.

Advanced and complex labor is the performance of such a kind of labor force, which needs higher education expenses than ordinary labor force, and its production needs to spend more labor time. Therefore, it has high value.

Sincere and rational friendship is priceless in life. Whether you can be faithful to your friend and always be a person worthy of him is the best test of your soul, personality, psychology and even morality.

Friendship is as pure as the morning fog. Flattery can't get friendship. Friendship can only be consolidated by loyalty.

Friendship always needs to be sown with loyalty, irrigated with enthusiasm, cultivated with principles and cared for with understanding.

The boat of friendship cannot be smooth sailing in the ocean of life, and sometimes it will encounter dark clouds and storms. In this case, friendship should be tested in one way or another. After these dark clouds and storms, friendship will be more consolidated, and true friendship will radiate new light under any circumstances.

People can't live without friendship, but it's not easy to get real friendship. Friendship always needs loyalty to sow, enthusiasm to water, principle to cultivate, understanding to care for.

If the struggle begins with a high probability of success, it will be too easy to create world history.

Books are my slaves and should obey my will and be used by me.

Learning without skill will never help anyone or bring benefits.

I will never be satisfied at any time. The more I read, the more dissatisfied I feel, and the more ignorant I feel. Science is infinite.

At the entrance of science, just like at the entrance of hell, we must make such a request: all hesitation must be eradicated here; Any cowardice will not help here.

There is no royal road to science, and only those who climb along steep mountain roads can hope to reach its glorious summit.

Everything is difficult at the beginning, so is every science.

There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb along steep mountain roads can hope to reach its glorious summit.

Only by perfecting contemporaries and working hard for their happiness can human beings achieve their own perfection.

History regards those who strive for great goals and thus make themselves noble as great men; Experience praises the person who makes the most people happy as the happiest person.

It is best to compare truth to flint-the harder it is beaten, the more brilliant it is.

..... Struggle! Only by struggling can we heal the wounds of the past; Only struggle is the hope and light of our nation.

The brilliance of youth, the key to ideal, the meaning of life, and even the survival and development of human beings are all contained in these two words … struggle! Only by struggling can we heal the wounds of the past; Only struggle is the hope and light of our nation.

If we choose a career that can best work for human welfare, then the burden can't overwhelm us, because it is dedicated to everyone; At that time, what we felt was not poverty, limitation and selfish pleasure. Our happiness will belong to millions of people, and our cause will be unknown but exist forever. In the face of our ashes, noble people will cry.

Those who strive for the same goal, thus making themselves more noble, history recognizes them as great men; Those who bring happiness to most people, experience praises them as the happiest people.

If a person only works for himself, he may become a famous scholar, a great wise man and an outstanding poet, but he will never be a truly perfect and great person.

Science is by no means a selfish pleasure. Those who are fortunate enough to devote themselves to scientific research should first serve mankind with their own knowledge.

There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb along steep mountain roads can hope to reach its glorious summit.

Science is by no means a selfish enjoyment. Those who are fortunate enough to devote themselves to scientific research should first serve mankind with their own knowledge.

Think about everything.

In a democratic country, the law is king; In an authoritarian country, the king is the law.

It is better to decorate yourself with gorgeous clothes than to arm yourself with knowledge.

Manual labor is a great disinfectant to prevent all social viruses.

The unity of the working class is the first prerequisite for workers to win.

We must thoroughly safeguard the party's discipline now, otherwise everything will get bogged down.

We know that individuals are weak, but we also know that the whole is strength.

Only by working hard for the perfection of contemporaries and their happiness can human beings achieve their own perfection. A person should be lively and disciplined, naive but not naive, brave and reckless, stubborn and principled, enthusiastic but not impulsive, optimistic but not blind.

We must thoroughly safeguard the party's discipline now, otherwise everything will get bogged down.

Self-destruction, this is a poisonous snake that corrodes and devours the soul forever. It sucks the fresh blood of the soul and injects the poison of world-weariness and despair.

When we are understood, our wisdom is exhausted; When wisdom meets wisdom, there are countless sparks.

The early combination of productive labor and education is one of the most powerful means to transform modern society.

Social progress is the crystallization of human pursuit of beauty.

In fact, no social form can prevent the socially dominant working hours from regulating production in one way or another.

The less time the society needs to produce wheat and livestock, the more time it can gain for other production, whether it is material production or spiritual production.

Conscience is determined by people's knowledge and all lifestyles.

Of course, a writer must earn money for living and writing, but he should never live and write for making money.

Science is by no means a selfish pleasure. Those who are fortunate enough to devote themselves to scientific research should first serve mankind with their own knowledge.

Use it.