Why is German industry developing slowly?

Germany's industrial revolution was later than Britain, France and the United States, mainly because of Germany's long-term political division, the reprinting of serfdom, and the continuous wars since the16th century, which led to the backwardness of the domestic economy. It was not until the 1930s that 19 really embarked on the road of industrial revolution. But in the first 20 years, the German industrial revolution made slow progress after the revolution of 1848. Germany's industrial revolution flourished. By the end of 1960s, the factory system had occupied a dominant position in all advanced industrial areas. +087 1 After the Franco-Prussian War, the country was unified and obtained a lot of land, resources and reparations from France. All these have greatly enhanced Germany's political and economic strength and further accelerated the process of the industrial revolution. By the end of 1970s, the German industrial revolution was completed.

The long-term political division prevented Germany from exploring overseas colonies. The funds needed for the industrial revolution mainly came from domestic plunder, mainly demanding ransom from farmers during the serfdom reform. According to statistics, Juncker plundered farmers' ransom of 654.38 billion marks just east of the Elbe River. Noble landlords used the ransom to gradually transform the original feudal manor into Junker bourgeois farm and invested in industry. Except for a few rich peasants, most peasants who got rid of feudal obligations went bankrupt, which provided free labor for the industrial revolution. Germany has also set up investment banks and joint-stock companies to guide capital into the industrial sector. Germany's backward industry and rich industrial profits have also attracted Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium and other countries to invest in Germany.

The division of the country made the market problem faced by the German industrial revolution particularly acute, and the establishment of the customs union eased this problem. Later, Sino-German and South German customs unions were established one after another. These customs unions combined to form the German Customs Union. The liberation of serfs also expanded the domestic market.

In the industrial revolution in Germany, the transportation revolution centered on railway construction is in a leading position. In the mid-1930s, the industrial revolution just started, and the first railway in Germany, the Fult-Nuremberg Railway, was completed and opened to traffic. Since the 1940s, the railway construction industry has developed rapidly, surpassing France and Britain by 1872. Germany has also made great efforts to build roads, canals and ports.

The development of transportation industry has led to changes in other industrial sectors, which has prompted the focus of German industrial development to shift from light industry to heavy industry earlier. This is also closely related to the political situation and militaristic tradition in Germany at that time. Prussia vigorously promoted the "iron and blood policy" at that time, and the government ordered a large number of military materials to encourage arms production, which stimulated the development of heavy industry. Due to the early shift of industrial focus, Germany quickly established a solid industrial base. It ensured the timely and sufficient supply of materials and equipment needed for technological transformation in other industries, thus promoting the all-round development of the industrial revolution, which has also become a remarkable feature of the German industrial revolution.

The active intervention of state power is another prominent feature of the German industrial revolution. German state governments give full play to the role of state power to intervene in the economy and vigorously promote the industrial revolution. The main measures are: implementing high tariff policy; Set up state-owned enterprises, subsidize private enterprises, send officials to study abroad and learn advanced experience; Recruit foreign engineers and technicians, organize scientific research groups, and introduce foreign new technologies and scientific research achievements in time.

The most far-reaching influence of state intervention on the industrial revolution lies in actively promoting educational reform and vigorously promoting the development and research of new technologies. In the early days of the industrial revolution, Germany vigorously developed education. 1825 Prussia implements a compulsory education system. By the 1960s, universal education was basically achieved. The state government has also set up various secondary specialized technical schools and tutorial schools for employees. In ordinary middle schools, natural science courses have been added. In institutions of higher learning, the policy of combining education, scientific research and production, and combining basic research with applied research should be implemented. These reforms have achieved great success, the national scientific and cultural level has generally improved, a large number of outstanding talents like Siemens have been trained and a series of major inventions have been made. By the end of the industrial revolution in the 1970s, Germany not only eliminated the gap with Britain in production technology, but also surpassed Britain in emerging industries such as electricity and chemistry, leading the world. It is for this reason that the german industrial revolution was.