What are the * * effects, such as "Matthew effect" and "butterfly effect"

What kind of * * effect, such as Matthew effect and butterfly effect, is generally more important.

1. "authoritative effect"

An American psychologist once did an experiment: when giving a lecture to the students of the psychology department of a university, he introduced a German subordinate invited from another school to the students, saying that the German subordinate was a famous chemist from Germany. Then, the "chemist" took out a bottle filled with distilled water, saying that it was a newly discovered chemical substance with some smells, so that the students present could raise their hands when they smelled the smell. Most of them raised their hands. Why do most students raise their hands when they think distilled water has no taste? This is because there is a common social psychological phenomenon-"authority effect". The so-called "authority effect" means that if the speaker has a high status, a high level and is respected, what he says will easily attract the attention of others and believe in its correctness, that is, "people speak lightly and people speak highly." The prevalence of "authority effect" is firstly due to people's "security psychology". That is, people always think that authoritative figures are often correct role models, and obeying them will make them feel safe; Secondly, because people have "identity psychology", that is, people always think that the requirements of authoritative figures are often consistent with social norms, and it is always right to follow the requirements of authoritative figures. In the process of enterprise management, leaders should make full use of the "authority effect", that is to say, they should be good at enterprise management and management, and be the masters of enterprises. Only in this way can we establish our authority among our subordinates.

2. Hawthorne effect

Hawthorne Factory, located in the suburb of Chicago, USA, is a telephone exchange factory, which has relatively perfect entertainment facilities, medical care system and pension system, but the workers are still aggrieved and the production situation is not ideal. In order to find out the reason, in June1924165438+10, the National Research Council of the United States organized a research team composed of psychologists and other experts to conduct a series of experimental studies in this factory. The central theme of this series of experimental studies is the relationship between production efficiency and working material conditions. There is a "speaking test" in this series of experiments, which takes more than two years. Experts have talked with workers individually for more than 20,000 times, and it is stipulated that workers should patiently listen to various opinions and dissatisfaction with the factory during the conversation, and make detailed records; You are not allowed to refute and reprimand the workers' dissatisfaction. This "talk experiment" received unexpected results: the output of Hawthorne factory increased greatly. This is because workers have long been dissatisfied with the various management systems and methods of the factory and have nowhere to vent. The "talk test" made them vent all these dissatisfaction, thus feeling comfortable and motivated. Social psychologists call this wonderful phenomenon "Hawthorne effect". The enlightenment of "Hawthorne effect" to business leaders is that as business leaders, they have to deal with a lot of affairs every day, and there are inevitably mistakes or unsatisfactory places in their work. Therefore. It often causes dissatisfaction among subordinates. To this. Business leaders should not blindly suppress it, but do everything possible to let it out through various methods, which can not only relieve the psychological pressure of subordinates, increase their enthusiasm for work, but also understand their true psychology for guidance and education.

3. "South Wind Effect"

The "south wind effect", also known as the "warm effect", originated from a fable written by French writer La Fontaine: Who is more powerful, the north wind or the south wind, depends on who can take off the coat of pedestrians. The north wind came first with a cold wind, biting cold. Therefore, in order to resist the attack of the north wind, pedestrians wrapped their coats tightly. The south wind blows slowly, and the sun shines suddenly. Pedestrians feel that spring warms their upper body, unbutton their buttons at first, and then take off their coats. Nanfeng won. This fable vividly illustrates a truth: warmth is better than cold. The application of "south wind effect" by business leaders in business management means respecting and caring for subordinates, giving more "human touch" based on subordinates, trying their best to solve practical difficulties in daily life, so that subordinates can really feel the warmth given by leaders, thus stimulating their enthusiasm for work.

4. "barrel effect"

The "barrel effect" means that the amount of water in a barrel with uneven bottle mouth is not the longest board on the barrel, but the shortest board on the barrel. If you want to fill more water-improve the overall effect of the barrel, don't increase the length of the longest board, but try to fill the shortest board in the barrel in turn. The enlightenment of "barrel effect" to enterprise leaders is that we should pay great attention to the weak links in the process of enterprise management, otherwise. The overall work of the enterprise will be affected. People often say "learn from each other", that is, the purpose of learning from each other is to learn from each other. It is difficult to improve the overall effect of the work only by learning from each other's strengths.

5. "seesaw effect"

There is a company in Japan that takes a special exam when recruiting employees: they take the candidates to a farm. Divide every two people into several groups at random, then give each group a saw and cut a piece of wood into two parts. When sawing wood, some people can't work together in pairs, and it takes a long time to saw wood. In some groups, two people run in quickly and can cooperate with each other. It took a short time to saw the wood. Therefore, this enterprise regards "whether it can cooperate with each other to cut logs quickly" as an important indicator of whether to hire. People call it. The "seesaw effect" means that an excellent talent must be good at cooperating with others to play its role, otherwise it will be difficult to achieve something. According to the "seesaw effect", enterprise leaders should manage an enterprise well, and all aspects should be coordinated among enterprise leaders, subordinates, and between enterprise leaders and subordinates, forming a situation of 1+ 1 > 2, thus promoting enterprise education to a new level.

6. "Butterfly Effect"

One day in the 1960s, American meteorologist Lorenz solved the 13 equations simulating the earth's atmosphere by computer, and accurately predicted the weather. In order to make the weather forecast more accurate, he took out the solution of an equation to improve the accuracy and put it back. When he came back from eating snacks, he was surprised: only a little change was made. The result has deviated from 108,000 miles! Lorenz checked the computer carefully to make sure there were no problems. He came to the conclusion that in some equations that simulate the earth's atmosphere, some small changes in its initial state can be predicted in the short term, but the long-term results cannot be predicted because great changes may occur. In other words, any long-term forecast of the weather is impossible. This is the famous "chaos theory", and Lorenz made a vivid metaphor for it: "A butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil or Australia may cause a tornado in Texas." So "chaos theory" is commonly known as "butterfly effect". The "butterfly effect" tells us that any little loss under the initial conditions may turn into a thousand-mile fallacy. The enlightenment of "butterfly effect" to enterprise management construction is that enterprise leaders must always pay attention to any minor changes in the enterprise, make good use of minor changes, and pay attention to nip in the bud. Because any small change, after a period of evolution, may have a great impact on the overall work of enterprises.

7. The flying geese effect

Wild geese fly in the sky, generally in herringbone formation or oblique formation, and their left and right positions are regularly exchanged. Biologists have come to the conclusion that the flying formation of geese is the fastest and most labor-saving way for them to fly, because the wings of the last geese can save labor by using the aerodynamic force generated by the wings of the previous geese. After a period of time, they switch positions left and right, so that the other wing can also use aerodynamic force to relieve fatigue. Management experts apply this interesting flying principle of geese to management research. It is vividly called the "flying geese effect". The "flying geese effect" reveals the relationship between departmental behavior and overall behavior in management: these two behaviors influence and promote each other, and the efficiency of overall behavior can not be improved without the cooperation of departmental behavior. Connecting with enterprise management requires that all departments of the whole enterprise should not only obey the requirements of the whole enterprise behavior, but also have the spirit of cooperation among departments, and achieve the purpose of improving work efficiency by pursuing the harmony between departmental behavior and the whole enterprise behavior.

8. "28 effect"

The "228 effect" refers to the quantitative distribution law in the world, that is, everything exists in a ratio of about 80 to 20. For example, the ratio of water to other substances in human body is about 80 to 20; When the square area is 100 units, the inscribed circle area is about 80 units, and the remaining area is about+units. If you carefully observe the life phenomenon around you, you will find that the "28 effect" is everywhere: 80% of social wealth is owned by 20% of people; 80% of the work in the unit is done by 20% people; 80% traffic jams usually occur at 20% intersections; 80% of the questions that subordinates ask students in class often come from only 20% of the students. The enlightenment of this wonderful "February 28th effect" to enterprise management is that in the actual management process, enterprise leaders should not do everything by themselves. As long as they grasp the key points and keys, they can achieve the effect of pulling one hair and moving the whole body, and they can also get rid of busy affairs and do what they want to do and need to do most. For example, since 80% of the work in an enterprise is done by 20% people, it is necessary to focus on cultivating these 20% business backbones, and then use these 20% minority people to drive 80% majority people.

9. Matthew effect

In Chapter 25 of the Gospel of Matthew, there are several passages: "If you have anything, give it to him to make it redundant;" No, even what he has will be taken away. " 1973 Merton, an American researcher in the history of science, summed up a social phenomenon with these words: "More and more honors are awarded to scientists with considerable reputation for their scientific contributions, but the achievements of those unknown scientists are not recognized." Merton named this social phenomenon "Matthew effect". Obviously, "Matthew effect" has a self-evident negative effect: celebrities and unknown people have achieved the same results, the former is often praised by superiors, while the latter is ignored and even criticized and envied. The enlightenment of "Matthew effect" to enterprise management is that "Matthew effect" has negative effects, but it is a universal objective phenomenon after all. On the one hand, business leaders should pay attention to overcoming the negative influence of Matthew effect, for example, no matter whether they are excellent subordinates or ordinary subordinates, their achievements should be treated equally. On the other hand, we should also make good use of Matthew effect. For example, you can give full play to the existing advantages of your company in some fields. When these existing advantages become more and more obvious in this field, it is easier for us to get twice the result with half the effort.

10. "Non-zero-sum effect"

"Non-zero-sum effect" comes from "zero-sum effect". "Zero-sum effect" means that only when two parties with equal strength make roughly equal concessions in the negotiation can the negotiation succeed, that is, the algebraic sum of gains and losses of all parties is roughly zero. But the development of human society is more and more "non-zero-sum", which is what we now call "win-win". Therefore, the "non-zero-sum effect" has replaced the outdated "zero-sum effect". Now Many people often refer to "non-zero-sum effect" as "win-win effect". The enlightenment of "non-zero-sum effect" to enterprise management is: to instill the importance of "cooperative behavior" in subordinates, especially in the process of enterprise reform, to vigorously advocate the spirit of "cooperation" and strive to achieve "win-win" results. Leaders and subordinates, subordinates and subordinates learn from each other and help each other, and often they can make progress and become talents together. Be sure to remember: a win-win situation will have the best of both worlds, and both sides will lose. Especially as a business leader, we should also pay attention to strengthening sincere cooperation with other enterprises, learn from each other's strengths, and let our own enterprises continuously improve the effectiveness of their work.

What are the greenhouse effect, butterfly effect, Matthew effect, Doppler effect, Hall effect, hutcheson effect, tear effect and catfish effect? (Excerpt, the following website has a comprehensive introduction)

Greenhouse effect (Spanish Efecto Invernadero) refers to the heat insulation effect caused by the lack of heat exchange between the enclosed space transmitting sunlight and the outside world, that is, the short-wave radiation of the sun can penetrate into the ground through the atmosphere, but the long and short radiation released after the ground warms is absorbed by substances such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thus producing the effect of atmospheric warming. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is like a thick layer of glass, which makes the earth a big greenhouse. It is estimated that if there is no atmosphere, the average surface temperature will drop to -23℃, while the actual average surface temperature is 15℃, which means that the greenhouse effect will increase the surface temperature by 38℃.

The greenhouse effect, also known as the "greenhouse effect", is a common name for the atmospheric heat preservation effect. The increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere prevents the loss of heat on the earth and makes the earth feel the rise of temperature. This is the famous "greenhouse effect". Destroy the normal relationship between the atmosphere and the ground, absorb the infrared radiation released by the earth, just like a "greenhouse", and the gas that raises the temperature of the earth is called "greenhouse gas". Carbon dioxide is the largest greenhouse gas, accounting for about 0.03% of the total capacity of the atmosphere. Many other trace gases also produce greenhouse effect, some of which are stronger than carbon dioxide.

greenhouse effect

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The butterfly effect was put forward by meteorologist Lorenz 1963. A butterfly flapping its wings occasionally in the tropical rain forest of Amazon basin in South America may cause a tornado in Texas within two weeks. The reason is that the movement of butterfly wings leads to the change of the surrounding air system, producing weak airflow, which in turn will cause the corresponding change of the surrounding air or other systems, causing a chain reaction, which will eventually lead to great changes in other systems. This effect shows that the result of the development of things is extremely sensitive to the initial conditions, and the smallest deviation of the initial conditions will cause great differences in the results.

The Butterfly Effect

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Matthew effect refers to a phenomenon that the better the worse, the more and the less. The name comes from a fable in Matthew in the Bible.

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Doppler effect

In our daily life, we all have this experience: when a train whistling passes by the observer, he will find that the tone of the train whistling changes from high to low. Why is this happening? This is because the tone is determined by the different vibration frequencies of sound waves. If the frequency is high, the tone sounds high. On the contrary, the tone sounds low. This phenomenon is called Doppler effect, named after the discoverer Christian Andreas Doppler, an Austrian physicist and mathematician who first discovered this effect in 1842.

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Hall effect Hall effect is a magnetoelectric effect, which was discovered by German physicist Hall 1879 when studying the mechanical properties of current-carrying conductors in magnetic field.

According to the Hall effect, people use semiconductor materials to make Hall elements. Hall elements have the advantages of being sensitive to magnetic fields, simple in structure, small in size, wide in frequency response, large in output voltage variation and long in service life, so they are widely used in measurement, automation, computer and information technology.

Through this experiment, we can understand the physical principle of Hall effect and the basic process of applying physical principle to measurement technology.

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The hutcheson effect is caused by a strange combination of experimental instruments. The electromagnetic waves emitted by them interfere with each other and produce some strange energy. These energies overlap in some special areas. In these areas, objects will float, many materials will be deformed and objects will disappear inexplicably. ...

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Tearing effect

Tears are not necessarily sad moments, but a kind of emotional catharsis, just like a waterfall, which naturally falls due to the gap of mood, an uncontrollable thing. An old song, a picture, a fragment, a scene, a memory … will make people cry. But sometimes I really want to cry, but I can't. I remember that there is a saying that "it is not difficult to say it, but it is not painful to cry". I wonder if people are all Lacrimosa when they encounter great sadness and joy, or if they are shocked and then lose their memory. Heartache is really painful, not only psychologically, but also physically.

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Catfish effect refers to adopting some means or measures to make some enterprises become active and participate in market competition, thus enabling related logistics enterprises to enter the market. Its essence is a negative incentive, which is the mystery of making employees capable.

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When light shines on some substances, their electrical characteristics will change. This photoelectric change phenomenon is collectively called photoelectric effect.

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What are the effects, such as butterfly effect? What do they mean? On the surface, the butterfly effect means that a butterfly flapping its wings slightly will cause typhoons, hurricanes or strong air storms in some places! The extended meaning is: the occurrence of a small matter may have serious consequences! Scientists call this phenomenon the butterfly effect! There are also three movies about the butterfly effect, which will be helpful if you are interested! Very good ~ ~ despise plagiarism

What are the interesting effects in the world? Like the butterfly effect. Overlimit effect

The famous American humorist Mark? Twain once listened to a priest's speech in church. At first, he felt that the pastor spoke very well and made people move, so he prepared to donate money. 10 minutes later, before the priest finished speaking, he got a little impatient and decided to donate only some small change. After another 10 minute, the priest hasn't finished yet and decided not to donate 1 minute. When the priest finally finished his long speech and began to raise money, mark? Because of his anger, Twain not only didn't donate money, but also stole 2 yuan's money from the plate.

Overlimit effect often appears in family education. For example, if a child fails in the exam, his parents will make the same criticism once, twice, three times or even four or five times, which will make the child feel guilty, impatient and finally disgusted. If you are "forced", you will have the rebellious psychology and behavior of "I am determined to do this".

Because once a child is criticized, it always takes some time to restore his psychological balance. When he is repeatedly criticized, he will whisper to himself, "Why do you always do this to me?" Children's feelings of being criticized can't be calmed down, and their resistance will be high.

It can be seen that parents should not criticize their children too much, but should "make a mistake and criticize them only once". If you have to criticize again, don't simply repeat it. We should put it another way. In this way, children will not feel that the same mistake has been "caught", and boredom and rebellious psychology will be reduced.

threshold effect

A study by psychologists J.L.Freedman and S.C.Fraser proves that letting people accept smaller requirements first can make them gradually accept larger requirements, which is the "threshold effect". Psychologist R.B.Cialdini also found that when people refuse to accept bigger requests, cognitive disharmony drives them to establish a new balance, so it is easy to accept smaller requests. When small requirements are obviously related to big requirements and are put forward immediately after big requirements, people are more likely to accept small requirements.

scallop effect

According to the fixed time of reward reinforcement, the peak and low peak of work are formed. The countermeasure is to change the types and time of rewards, thus forming interval rewards.

Without rewarding small achievements, there will be no great achievements. However, carrots sometimes don't work, and even cause a storm. Rabbit king's carrots make rabbits passionate and complain. In psychology, carrot is a kind of reinforcement and a reward for rabbits to make some expected behavior. Reward a certain behavior, which will appear frequently. This is called reinforcement. There are many ways to strengthen. One way is regular reinforcement, that is, reinforcement is provided every once in a while to strengthen behavior. Skinner, an American psychologist, found in his experiments on mice that if the mice were reinforced every 20 seconds, the reaction of the mice would stop after the reinforcement, so the reaction speed would be accelerated. Before the next reinforcement, the reaction speed would reach a peak, indicating that it had learned to react according to the reinforcement time. The behavioral efficiency trend of mice is like scallop (scallop line in the picture), so we call it scallop effect.

So in the process of educating children, should we completely avoid this continuous and fixed-time reinforcement? Don't! Although continuous and fixed reinforcement will produce scallop effect in the long term, it is necessary in the initial learning stage of new knowledge, new behavior and new habits, which can make students easily complete the prescribed tasks and get rewards as soon as possible; Then, when students' learning or behavior reaches a certain level, it is necessary to continuously extend the interval of reinforcement until the reinforcement is finally cancelled. In the process of delayed reinforcement, the interval time can be changed, so that students can't find the changing law and avoid waiting for reinforcement.

Xia Xia, in the third grade of primary school, always answers questions without the permission of the teacher, which interferes with the teacher's teaching. The teacher told her that if she could answer this question with the teacher's permission, she would get a small red flower as a reward. Xia Xia was very happy, and sure enough, she made great progress. With the teacher's permission, the number of times she answered questions increased rapidly. After a while, the teacher encouraged her to say, you have done very well. In order to help you form such a good habit, I will observe your behavior for a period of time and reward you. I won't reward you every time this time. If you can always answer questions after permission in the meantime, I will reward you with your favorite prize. If you violate our agreement in the meantime, I won't reward you. The interval between the teacher and Xia Xia's reward is getting longer and longer. Slowly, Xia Xia formed a good habit. Even if there is no reward, she can answer questions with the teacher's permission.

[Edit this paragraph] The origin of catfish effect

Norwegians like to eat sardines, especially live fish. The price of live sardines in the market is much higher than that of dead fish. So fishermen always try their best to get sardines back to the fishing port alive. However, despite all efforts, most sardines still suffocated in the middle. But there is a fishing boat that can always get most sardines back to the fishing port alive. The captain kept the secret strictly. The mystery was not solved until the captain died. It turned out that the captain put a catfish with fish as its staple food in a fish tank full of sardines. After the catfish entered the fish tank, it swam around because of its unfamiliar environment. Sardines get nervous when they see catfish. They ran from side to side, dodging everywhere and speeding up their swimming. In this way, sardines happily returned to the fishing port. This is the famous "catfish effect".

What is the Matthew effect? What is the butterfly effect? Can you give an example from your life? thank you Matthew effect means that the stronger the strong, the weaker the weak,

The butterfly effect refers to a series of chain reactions,

Search Baidu Encyclopedia for details.

What is the butterfly effect? Just a small thing can have huge consequences, a bit like dominoes.

For example, there used to be a war horse whose horseshoe was missing a nail, and then it fell on the battlefield, causing the horse behind it to fall, causing the coach to fall to the ground, and then the enemy killed the coach, leading to the failure of the war.

This is the butterfly effect, a small nail can decide the outcome, that is, seemingly trivial things may lead to unexpected consequences.

Butterfly effect The Butterfly effect refers to a dynamic system, and small changes in initial conditions can drive a long-term huge chain reaction of the whole system. This is a chaotic phenomenon. A butterfly flapping its wings gently in the tropics may cause a hurricane in a distant country.

What is the butterfly effect or bee effect? Butterfly effect means that in a dynamic system, small changes in initial conditions can drive a long-term huge chain reaction of the whole system. This is a chaotic phenomenon. A butterfly flapping its wings gently in the tropics may cause a hurricane in a distant country.

The bee effect comes from an experiment described by Carl Wick, a professor at the University of Michigan. Vic put six bees and six flies in a glass bottle, and then put the bottle flat with the bottom facing the window. As a result of observation, bees keep trying to find an exit at the bottom of the bottle until they are exhausted or starve to death. The fly will escape from the bottleneck at the other end in less than two minutes. Wick concluded: "This incident shows that experiment, persistence, trial and error, adventure, improvisation, the best way, detour, confusion, rigidity and improvisation all help to cope with change."