How to distinguish between indirectness and generality of thinking?

The indirectness of thinking means that thinking does not know things directly like perception, but knows things through some media on the basis of our past experience.

The indirectness of thinking is reflected in:

1, we can know the internal, inevitable and regular relationship of things through external phenomena, and "infer" the internal essence from superficial phenomena. For example, doctors speculate and diagnose the lesions of patients' internal organs through external means; According to "cows, sheep, donkeys and horses don't enter the circle, but rats move and flee;" Chickens fly on the arches of trees and pigs, ducks don't go into the water, dogs bark, earthquake prediction.

2.？ We can learn about other things through one thing. For example, many fossils of marine life were found in the strata of Mount Everest 40 million years ago, which "inferred" that Mount Everest was a Wang Yang in ancient times. The key to indirectness lies in indirect understanding, but in "inference".

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The generality of thinking refers to extracting and summarizing the common and essential characteristics and laws of a class of things on the basis of a large number of perceptual materials.

It contains two meanings:

1, to extract and summarize the common and essential features of similar things. Such as desk lamps, chandeliers, wall lamps, bracket lamps, ceiling lamps, flashlights, flashlights, etc. They are all for lighting, and we collectively call them "lights"-commonality; Another example is jujube trees, apple trees and pear trees. According to their roots, leaves and fruits, they are collectively called "fruit trees".

2. Summarize the connections and relationships between things that have been perceived many times, and draw the conclusion that things are internally connected. For example, every time you see a "moon halo", it will be windy, and the big stones on the roadside will be "rainy", so you can draw the conclusion that "the moon halo is windy" and "the foundation is wet and rainy"-generality. The key to generalization lies in refining and summarizing.

The relationship between the two

The indirectness and generality of thinking are interrelated and influence each other. Indirectness is based on people's general understanding of things. For example, the working people concluded that "animals have signs before earthquakes, and it is very important to prevent and treat them by groups." Cattle, sheep, mules and horses don't enter the stables, and pigs don't eat dogs and bite people. Ducks don't go into the water and make noise on the shore, but chickens fly up the tree and scream loudly. "Folk proverbs, on the basis of sensing earthquake anomalies many times, find out the internal relationship between these animal anomalies and earthquakes through induction and summary, and make an indirect judgment on future things, which is formally obtained through induction and summary of thinking. 、

Thinking (the attribute, ability and process of logical reasoning of human brain): Thinking is initially a process in which human brain generalizes and indirectly reacts to objective things with the help of language. Thinking is based on perception and transcends the boundaries of perception. Thinking in the usual sense involves all cognitive or intellectual activities. It explores and discovers the intrinsic relationship and regularity of things, which is an advanced stage of the cognitive process? .

The indirect reflection of thinking on things means that it understands objective things through other media and infers unknown things with the help of existing knowledge, experience and known conditions. The commonness of thinking lies in its rejection of the non-essential attributes of a class of things and its reflection of their common essential characteristics. With the deepening of research, people find that besides logical thinking, there are also thinking forms such as image thinking, intuitive thinking and epiphany thinking.

Basic process

Thinking is an advanced cognitive activity possessed by human beings. According to information theory, thinking is a series of complex mental operations on newly input information and knowledge and experience stored in the brain.

Analysis and synthesis: it is the most basic thinking activity. Analysis refers to the process of decomposing the whole thing into its components in your mind, or the process of decomposing individual characteristics and aspects in the whole; Synthesis refers to the process of connecting all the components of an object in mind, or combining all the characteristics and aspects of things into a whole.

Analysis and synthesis are two inseparable aspects in the same thinking process, which are both opposite and closely related. Without analysis, people can't clearly understand objective things, and all kinds of objects will become general and vague; Without synthesis, people's understanding of various parts of objective things, individual characteristics and other organic components is one-sided, and they cannot fully understand things from the organic components of the object.

Comparison and classification: comparison is a thinking process, which determines the similarities and differences between objects in your mind. Classification is to divide things into different ways of thinking according to their similarities and differences. Comparison is the basis of classification.

Comparison is of great significance for understanding objective things. Only through comparison can we confirm the primary and secondary characteristics, similarities and differences of things, and then classify things, reveal the subordinate relationship between things, and systematize knowledge.

Abstract generalization: Abstraction is a thinking process of extracting common and essential features of similar things and discarding non-essential features on the basis of analysis, synthesis and comparison. Generalization is a thinking process that integrates the common ground and essential characteristics of things. Abstraction is the necessary process and premise to form a concept.

Source: Baidu Encyclopedia: Thinking