What is bitter orange? Does anyone know? Chinese herbal medicine

The source is the fruit of Rutaceae plant Citrus grandis, Citrus aurantium, Xiangyuan Citrus aurantium or nearly ripe Citrus aurantium. Amarangi

Harvest in July, when the peel is still green, cut in half from the middle and dry in the sun or at low temperature.

Bitter, pungent, sour and warm in nature. Spleen and stomach meridian.

The main function is to control the gas width, stagnation and expansion. Used for chest and hypochondriac qi stagnation, fullness and pain, dyspepsia and phlegm; Gastroptosis, rectocele, genital prolapse.

Usage and dosage: 3 ~ 9g.

Pay attention to pregnant women with caution.

Store in a cool and dry place to prevent moths.

Remarks (1) Cultivars mainly include' Huangpi' and' Fructus Aurantii Immaturus'. Dai Dai', Zhu Luan Zhi' Chu Luan', Tang Cheng Zhi'.

prepare

Fructus Aurantii: remove impurities, wash, fully moisten, cut into thin slices, dry in the air, and sift out broken pulp. This product is an irregular arc-shaped thin slice with a length of 5cm and a width of 1.3cm. In the section, the mesocarp is brown to brownish, yellow-white to tawny, with 1 ~ 2 rows of dotted oil chambers near the outer edge, and a small amount of purple-brown pulp in some parts.

Stir-fried Fructus Aurantii with bran: Take pieces of Fructus Aurantii and stir-fry them with bran (Appendix II D) until the color becomes dark. This product is an irregular arc-shaped strip sheet with dark color and some focal spots.

Character; Role; letter

This product is hemispherical with a diameter of 3 ~ 5cm. The exocarp is brown or brown, with granular protrusions and concave oil chambers at the top of the protrusions; There are obvious traces of style residue or fruit stalk. On the profile, the peel is yellow-white, smooth and slightly raised, with a thickness of 0.4 ~ 1.3 cm. The margin is scattered in the 1 ~ 2 oil drainage cavity, and there are 7 ~ 12 valves in the medullary sac, with a few to 15 valves. The juice sac is brown to brown and contains seeds. Hard and not easy to break. It is fragrant, bitter and slightly sour.

distinguish

(1) The powder of this product is yellowish white or brownish yellow. Mesocarp cells are round or irregular, and most walls are unevenly thickened. The surface of epidermal cells in pericarp is polygonal, square or rectangular, and the pores are nearly annular, with a diameter of 16 ~ 34 microns and 5 ~ 9 accessory cells. Side view of stratum corneum. The juice sac tissue is yellowish or colorless, membranous, and the epidermal cells on the surface are long and narrow, shrinking and interlaced with the lower cells. There are square crystals of calcium oxalate in pericarp and juice sac cells, which are rhombic, polyhedral or biconical, with a diameter of 3 ~ 30 μ m. The threads, reticular ducts and tracheids are very small.

(2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 65438 00 ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 65438 00 minutes, filter, take 65438 00 ml of filtrate, add about 5mg of potassium tetrahydroborate, shake well, add a few drops of hydrochloric acid, and the solution is cherry red to purple red.

Content determination

According to high performance liquid chromatography (appendix ⅵ d).

Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as a filler for chromatographic conditions and system suitability test. Acetonitrile-water (2 1.5:80.5) (pH adjusted to 3 with phosphoric acid) as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 283 nm. The theoretical plate number should be no less than 2000 calculated by naringin peak.

Preparation of reference solution Accurately weigh the naringin reference substance 15mg dried under reduced pressure to constant weight, put it in a 50ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake it evenly, accurately measure 5ml, put it in a 25ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake it evenly, and get the finished product (60μg of naringin per 1ml).

To prepare the test solution, take about 0.2g of coarse powder of this product, weigh it accurately, put it in a conical flask with a stopper, add 50ml of methanol accurately, plug it, weigh it, heat and reflux it for 65438±0.5h, let it cool, plug it, weigh it again, make up the weight loss with methanol, shake it evenly, filter it, accurately measure 65438±00ml of continuous filtrate, and evaporate it. Inner diameter 1.8cm, packed in column by wet method), eluting with 25ml water, discarding aqueous solution, eluting with 50ml methanol, collecting eluate, transferring to 50ml volumetric flask, adding methanol to scale, shaking well, filtering with 0.45μm microporous membrane, and collecting filtrate.

The determination method accurately absorbs 20μl of the control solution and the test solution, and injects them into the liquid chromatograph for determination.

I see.

The content of naringin in this product shall not be less than 4.0%(c 27h 32 o 14).

pharmacokinetics

After intravenous injection of l4.8MBq/kgN- methylcold amine in rabbits, the plasma concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay, and the process in vivo conformed to the two-compartment open model. T 1/2a is 0.3 minutes, and t 1/2B is 5.6 minutes. The tissue distribution test of mice proved that it was rapidly and widely distributed. A large amount of radioactivity can be detected in organs after 2 minutes of intravenous injection. The content of kidney and liver is the highest, followed by lung, small intestine and heart. Metabolites appeared in the blood within 0.5 minutes after administration. Metabolites excreted in urine within 1 hour account for more than 80%.

pharmacological action

1. Effect on tracheal smooth muscle: Synephrine has a strong dilating effect on trachea and bronchus. Intravenous injection in anesthetized cats can completely resist bronchial contraction induced by histamine, and has the same effect on isolated trachea of guinea pigs.

2. Anticoagulation: Taking hesperidin from Fructus Aurantii in rats can inhibit platelet aggregation and has obvious antithrombotic effect on rats. The dose of 3.2mg/kg is obviously stronger than heparin (132 unit /kg).

3. Anti-cancer effect: The effective dose of hesperidin is 3-28μg/ml for nasopharyngeal carcinoma KB cells, and it is also effective for Lewis lung cancer and Wacker's cancer 256 in mice.

4. Anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects: The anti-inflammatory ED25 of nobiletin was 20mg/kg and the anti-inflammatory intensity was 50 units /g measured by Ungar method. It has a strong inhibitory effect on fungi of genus Hemifungi.

5. Effect on uterus: Fructus Aurantii decoction has obvious exciting effect on isolated uterus, in situ uterus and uterine fistula of non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits, which can increase the uterine contraction rhythm. But it can inhibit the pregnant or non-pregnant part of mouse uterus in vitro.

Pharmacological effects of processed products;

Inhibitory effect of bran-fried Fructus Aurantii decoction on isolated intestine of rabbits: The exciting effect on isolated uterus and gastrointestinal peristalsis of mice is similar to that of raw Fructus Aurantii, but the intensity is milder than that of raw Fructus Aurantii. It is suggested that fried Fructus Aurantii with bran can reduce or remove the harmful components with strong irritation, while retaining its effective components.

1. Effects on cardiovascular system;

N- methyl ethylamine contained in Fructus Aurantii can increase coronary flow and renal hemorrhage, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, and has obvious diuretic effect. Intravenous injection of 0.02-0.5mg/kg in anesthetized dogs has pressor effect, with large dose and obvious pressor effect. Intravenous infusion of 0.2 mg/kg per minute; Renal blood flow increased by 75% and urine volume doubled. It has a strong effect on inducing myocardial rhythm, and its intensity is equivalent to adrenaline, but stronger than dopamine and synephrine. Synephrine contained in Fructus Aurantii is an adrenergic A receptor agonist, and it also has a certain exciting effect on cardiac B receptor. It can constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure.

2. Influence on blood flow of heart, brain and kidney:

Intravenous injection of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus injection (per kloc-0/ml = 4g crude drug) can significantly increase cerebral blood flow in anesthetized dogs. After injection, cerebral blood flow increased by 82.6 20.56 ml/65438 000 g brain weight/min (P

3. Diuretic effect:

Intravenous injection of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus injection and N- methyl ethylamine in dogs can significantly increase urine output, blood pressure and renal vascular resistance. Its diuretic effect may be produced by inhibiting renal tubular reabsorption. Another study thinks that Fructus Aurantii Immaturus can constrict renal blood vessels by strengthening the heart, increase the filtration pressure, and play the role of sodium excretion and diuresis.

4. Effect on gastrointestinal smooth muscle:

The decoction of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus has inhibitory effect on the isolated intestine of mice, while the isolated intestine of rabbits has inhibitory effect. This effect can be antagonized by acetylcholine. However, for dogs with stomach flaccidity and intestinal flaccidity, oral administration of 100% Fructus Aurantii Immaturus has an exciting effect and can increase the contraction rhythm of gastrointestinal movement. After oral administration of 100% concentrated solution of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus 1ml/kg to dogs, it can be seen that the period and duration of phase I of EMG of small intestine in digestive period are shortened, and the duration of phase II is prolonged. It shows that Fructus Aurantii Immaturus can enhance the tension and phase contraction of small intestinal smooth muscle.

5. Effect on uterine smooth muscle:

The water decoction of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus has obvious exciting effect on isolated uterus, eutopic uterus and uterine atony of pregnant and non-pregnant rabbits, and can increase the uterine contraction rhythm. But it can inhibit the pregnant or non-pregnant part of mouse uterus in vitro.

6. Anti-allergic effect:

The hot water soluble freeze-dried extract of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus was used in the passive skin allergic reaction (PCA) test in rats, and it was injected intravenously at the dosage of 100-3200mg/kg, which had obvious inhibitory ability. In vitro experiments also showed that it had strong antiallergic activity against histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, and its main effective components were lemon yellow, citrus flavonoids and 3,5,6,7,8,3', 4'- heptamethoxyflavone.

Chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine

1. The fruit of lime contains hesperidin, neohesperidin, naringin, synephrine and N-

N- methyl tyramine (N- methyl tyramine). The fruit contains naringin, salidroside, Lonicera japonica glycoside and neohesperidin when it is immature, and the neohesperidin disappears when the fruit is ripe. It is reported that the pericarp also contains hesperidin, namely 5,6,7,8,3', 4'- hexamethoxyflavone (5,6,7,8,3', 4 '- hexamethoxyflavone), hesperidin and 5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone.

(citrinin), 5,7,4'- trimethoxyflavone (5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone), 5,6,7,3', 4'-pentamethoxyflavone, namely citrinin, 5,7,8,4'-tetramethyl. The seeds contain limonin analogues: ichangin limonin, deacetylated nomilin, limonin and naomilin.

(nomilin), obaquinone, deacetylated nominic acid, isocitric acid, nominic acid and its 17-β-D- glucoside, and also contains 19- hydroxy deacetylated amiloride-17-β-d- glucoside (/kloc-0

Glucoside).

2. Naringin -7- rutin in sweet orange fruit is naringin, isonaringin -7- rutin, pilocarpine and pomelo peel.

Keywords naringin -4 '- glucoside -7- rutin, synephrine,

N- methyl tyramine. The pericarp contains hesperidin, naringin, citrinin A, B, C and coniferin.

(coniferin), syringin, dehydroabietyl -4-β-D- glucoside

(dehydrated terpineol -4-β-d- glucoside), 2 "-o-β- xyloside (2 "-o-β- xyloside), 3- hydroxy-5,6,7,8,3', 4'- hexamethoxyflavone. 4 '- Hexamethoxyflavone -3β- glucoside) is nobiletin -3-O-β- glucoside, 3,8-disaccharide pigenin (3 3,8-di -c- glucosyl pigenin), 3,8. 8- di -c- glucosyl dioscin), tcmlibans- carveol -6β- glucopyranoside, a- terpineol-8 β-d-glucopyranoside (a- terpineol-8 β-d-glucopyranoside). 9- hydroxy linalool -9-β- glucopyranoside (9- hydroxy linalool -9-β- glucopyranoside), rauvolanol -9-O-D glucopyranoside (vomifoliol-9-O-β-D-

Glucopyranoside), naringin and other glycosides. It also contains citrinin, nobiletin, 5,7,4'- trimethoxyflavone, 5,7,3', 4'- tetramethoxyflavone and 5,7,8,3', 4'-pentamethoxyflavone, and cyclic peptides of citrus II, III and IV.

3. The fruit of Dong orange contains hesperidin, naringin, neohesperidin, citrinin, palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid.

Oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, octyl

Flynn, N- methyl ethylamine. Immature fruit contains ponceau, isocitrate coumarin (iso-

Ponceau), 7- geranyloxycoumarin, namely grape lactone (aurapten), 6- methoxygrape lactone (6- methoxygrape), bergamot lactone and imperatorin. The seeds contain isopiperin, Puranen, Puranen hydrate, citronellol, imperatorin, grape lactone, 6- methoxygrape lactone and limonin, as well as clomiphene acetate, Yichang limonin and clomiphene acetate.

Pericarp contains volatile oil (0.469%), and its components are α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, caryophyllene and γ-terpinene, which are harmful to skin.

efficacy

Regulating qi and broadening chest; Stagnation and elimination

Do textual research

From "Lei Gong takes fire"

Classification of families and genera

Rutaceae

Pharmacology (toxicology)

N- methyl ethylamine hydrochloride, lethal dose by intravenous injection is 33.9mg/kg. The lethal dose of synephrine bitartrate injected subcutaneously in rats was 800 mg/kg.

The toxicity of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus was small, and the cumulative amount of intravenous injection in anesthetized dogs reached 2g/kg within 30 minutes, and no serious reaction was found. A few animals have gastrointestinal swelling and drooling after taking a lot of drugs. The lethal dose of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus injection to mice was 765438 0.8 6.5g/kg. The hot methanol extract of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus was mutated by Ames method, and it was found that it had lethal effect on TA98 strain S-9mix (-).

therapy

Chest septum plump; Pain in hypochondriac ribs; Insufficient food accumulation; Abdominal distension; Severe diarrhea; Rectum; metroptosis

ecological environment

Cultivated in hills, low mountains and along rivers and lakes.

Various exhibitions

1. Zhang: Use Fructus Aurantii to see what meridians are divided, and use meridian-dredging drugs to guide. Fructus Aurantii is also used to break depressed qi, but it will damage the qi in the chest, and can only be taken two or three times.

2. Wang: Fructus Aurantii Immaturus is the main high, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus is the main low, upper main qi and lower main blood. Therefore, it is similar that the shell governs the disease of chest diaphragm coating and the real part governs the disease of spleen and stomach. According to Zhu Mian's Book of Living People, to cure heart mass, the soup of Radix Platycodi and Fructus Aurantii should be used first. If you make a mistake, your anger will sink into the masses. Use your anger first and avoid the masses. If you use it, it will be too late. Not only can it not eliminate the lump, but it will damage the qi in the chest.

3. Outline: Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus have the same smell and function, and there is no difference in the world. Since Wei and Jin dynasties, it has been divided into two functions: solid and shell. Zhang, Dong and Divide and Rule. Generally speaking, all its functions can benefit qi. When qi goes down, phlegm and asthma will stop. The general principle of qi is to stop the pain and then disappear. Therefore, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus will be beneficial to the chest, diaphragm and stomach. However, Zhang Zhongjing treats chest tightness and fullness with Fructus Aurantii Immaturus as the main drug, and various prescriptions treat bloody hemorrhoids and bloody dysentery, and the secret knot of large intestine is followed when it is urgent, and with Fructus Aurantii Immaturus as the general principle, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus is not the only treatment. From the Feimen Gate to the Soul Gate, the cover is dominated by the lung, and the three jiao are interlinked, only in one breath, so the two things can be divided, regardless of injury or not. Du Han's thin fetus drink, Zhang Jiegu's "living method" was changed to taking Zhishu Pill every day to make the fetus thin and easy to live, so it was called Shutai Pill. However, Yan Yi of Kou Zongshuang said, a strong fetus makes a strong child, which makes it easy to live. If you take bitter orange medicine, you will be weak, and your child will be weak and difficult to raise. The so-called abortion is easy to have children, but it is actually different. Based on rational thinking, Kou's theory seems to be better, and it should be used by people who are full of energy before pregnancy. The so-called pregnancy in August and September must use bitter orange and Su terrier to smooth the qi, and there is no stagnation before pregnancy, so there is no deficiency after childbirth. It is inappropriate to be angry with the weak.

4. "Materia Medica": Fructus Aurantii, mainly odor, is roughly the same as Fructus Aurantii Immaturus. But Fructus Aurantii Immaturus is small in shape, full of gas and strong in nature, so just give it; The shape of Fructus Aurantii is large, the qi is scattered, and the nature is slow, so it is a little late, based on the separation of the chest, diaphragm, lung and stomach into the large intestine. It can dispel wind, relieve itching, paralyze paralysis, dredge joints, stop wind and relieve pain, cover lung and control fur, and stomach and muscle. When wind, cold and moisture enter the two meridians, the skin will be itchy, painful or numb. This medicine has the function of relieving bitter and dispersing pungent, and can also induce all kinds of wind drugs to enter the two viscera, so it is necessary to treat the wind, and the wind evil will be relieved naturally and will benefit. It is used to treat fatigue cough, which also means that wind-cold is depressed in the upper jiao, so lung qi is depressed and fatigue cough occurs. "Jing" says: the lung is bitter, and the qi goes up against it, so it is urgent to eat bitterness to vent it, while the bitterness of bitter orange can vent the highest qi, so it is also the main one. Lung and large intestine are exterior and interior, and wind evil enters lung, then it merges with large intestine, and wind and heat contend, resulting in blood flowing out from intestinal wind and gas flowing out from bitter cold, then blood heat is clear and wind is eliminated by itself. Its main principle is to dispel and retain phlegm and blood stasis in the chest and diaphragm, expel water, and eliminate fullness and stomach, which is the same as Fructus Aurantii Immaturus. First, its breath slows down the ears slightly. In this world, it is often used to treat female fetal distress, or it is a natural birth agent in August and September. I don't know that when a woman is pregnant, she relies entirely on qi and blood to raise her fetus. With sufficient qi and blood, the fetus is easy to be born. In August and September, pregnant women suffered from lethargy, weakness of limbs, reduced diet and shortness of breath. Why not use this dissipative drug?

5. "Compendium of Materia Medica": Fructus Aurantii is an old thin-shell person. Since the name is Fructus Aurantii, it must be removed before it can be used. There is no difference between a shell and an ancient one, and there is no difference between sexual use. If the chest and diaphragm are blocked, Fructus Aurantii is not as superior as Fructus Aurantii Immaturus. But tender and tender things like orange peel and cassia twig are particularly important to play with. But in the classics, the main wind is like beans on the skin, bitter and itchy. In addition to cold and heat, it is advisable to remove bitter orange. It is difficult to compete with Fructus Aurantii because it is easy to use Fructus Aurantii because it covers itching with wind, cold and heat with arthralgia, and removes wind arthralgia of skin. This "herbal medicine" of Fructus Aurantii Spinning is also responsible for wind itching and paralysis.

Harvest and storage

From late July to early August, the fruits are picked when they are nearly ripe, and the immature fruits are cultivated.

Allocation of resources

1. It is cultivated in the Yangtze River basin and its southern provinces. Common cultivated varieties are: Zhuluan (Little Red Orange), Goutou Orange, Jiangjin Lime, etc.

2. Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan Province, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan.

Party selection

① Treat five accumulations and six accumulations, regardless of men, women and children, but treat all accumulated gas: three pounds of bitter orange and one croton each. Cook and stew together for a day, reduce the soup and then heat it. Do not use cold water. When the juice is enough, take out croton, slice it and dry it in the sun. Don't fry it. Cook batter balls with vinegar, large ones. Take 30 or 40 capsules each time and rinse with the soup. ("Secret Recipe") 2 Treatment of typhoid fever: half a slice of bitter orange (to remove fishy smell and stir-fry bran), and one yuan of woody. The top is fine powder. Every time the fee is charged, the white soup is mixed once. Unknown, and. ("Skill Prescription") ③ Smooth qi to stop dysentery: licorice (fried) is six yuan, and bitter orange (fried) is two or four yuan. The top is good at the end. You can get a hollow soup every time you charge. ("Baby's Hundred Questions" Wide Intestinal Fructus Aurantii Powder) ④ In recent years, there is a lot of blood under intestinal wind: Fructus Aurantii (charred black ash, fine powder) is five yuan, and sheep's shin charcoal (fine powder) is San Qian. And make it even, drink a cup of rice, adjust, empty your heart, and then take it. ("Bojifang" Wujin Powder) ⑤ Treatment of hematochezia: two money for Fructus Aurantii, five points for San Qian with dark plum meat and five points for Chuanhuanglian. * * * Grind into fine powder and take it with boiling water before meals, and take it twice. ("Compilation of Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Qinghai Province") ⑥ If the intestines are cured, two oranges will not be harvested. Boil the soup for a long time. ("Experience") 7 Treatment of uterine prolapse: five money for Fructus Aurantii and five money for castor root. Decoct with chicken soup twice a day. Or five dollars for Fructus Aurantii and one dollar for Cimicifuga. Decoct with water. (Compendium of Compendium of Materia Medica) 8 Treat infantile convulsion, vomiting, excessive phlegm, choking cough, tenderness of hands and feet, squint: Fructus Aurantii (peeled and fried with bran), fermented soybean, etc. In the end, every time you take a word, even half a dollar, you are anxious. Mint is naturally fruit juice, and you are in a state of slow shock. Schizonepeta decoction enters the wine at three or five o'clock; Take three clothes a day. ("Children's acne rash prescription theory" non-shock pill) 9 Treatment of children's secret astringency: Fructus Aurantii (simmering with slow fire, removing phlegm) and licorice each have a money. Decoct with water. ("Heart of the Whole Child") Indications for treating rubella itching: bitter oranges are three liang, bran is fried, and pulp is the end. It's two yuan each time. If it is not in time, you can take a glass of water and fry it until six points. ("The Experience Behind") ⑾ Treating toothache: soaking bitter orange in wine to gargle. ("Sheng Huifang") ⑿ Treatment of soft furuncle in children: one bitter orange, white and smooth, plastered, furuncle closed, spontaneous bleeding, no scar. (The Good Prescription of Doctors in the World)

Contraindications to drugs

Spleen and stomach weakness and pregnant women should use it with caution.

1. Gao Li: weakness of qi and blood cannot be persuaded.

2. "Materia Medica": people with lung qi deficiency and weakness should avoid it; Deficiency of spleen and stomach, stagnation of qi in the body, cough and asthma should be avoided: cough is not caused by wind-cold entering lung qi, but it can be used as a play; People who cough due to fire inflammation due to yin deficiency will be critically ill. All prenatal and postpartum, salty should not be taken.

3. "Materia Medica": those with liver and kidney yin deficiency, blood deficiency camp and hypochondriac pain should be used urgently. Don't use it if the diarrhea lasts for a long time, the middle qi deficiency is sleepy, and the lower the diarrhea, the more urgent it is.

4. Compendium of Materia Medica: Pregnant women and people with qi deficiency are prohibited.

Animal and plant morphology

Small evergreen tree of 1. lime. Triangular branches with long spines. Leaves alternate; Petiole with long and narrow or long inverted heart-shaped leaflets, 8- 15 mm long and 3-6 mm wide; Leaf blade is leathery, obovate-elliptic or ovoid, 3.5-10cm long and1.5-5cm wide, with short and blunt tip, tapering or slightly concave, wedge-shaped or round base, entire or microwave-shaped, and translucent oil spots. Flowers solitary or clustered in leaf axils and at the top of annual branches, white and fragrant.

Fragrant; Calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed; Petals 5, rectangular; Stamens over 20; The ovary is superior, the pistil is shorter than the stamen, and the stigma is head-shaped. Citrus fruits are nearly spherical and orange when they are ripe; It tastes sour. The flowering period is April-May, and the fruiting period is June-165438+1October.

2. Sweet orange evergreen small trees, 3-8 meters high. The crown is round, branched, hairless, spiny or spiny, and the young branches have horns. Leaves alternate, simple and compound; The petiole is 0.6-2 cm long, the leaflets are narrow, the width is 2-3 mm, and the top is articulated; Leaf blade is thick, ovoid or ovoid, 6- 12 cm long and 2.3-5.5 cm wide, with short or tapering tip, slightly concave, wide wedge-shaped or round base, undulate all over, or with inconspicuous wavy serrations and translucent oil gland points. Flowers 1 to several clustered leaf sap, white and stalked; Calyx 3-5-lobed, lobes triangular; Petals 5, tongue-shaped, about 1.5 cm long and 7 mm wide, rolled outward; Stamens 19-28, filaments connected into 5- 12 bundles, pistil 1, ovary nearly spherical, 10- 13 rooms, stigma head-shaped, thin style, not falling off. Citrus fruit is oblate or nearly spherical, with a diameter of 6-9cm, orange-yellow or orange-red, thick peel, not easy to peel, pulp of 8- 13, yellow juice and sweet taste. Seeds cuneate-ovate with smooth surface. The flowering period is April, and the fruit maturity is11-65438+February.

Efficacy classification

Drugs for regulating qi; Xiaoshi medicine

job operation

Fructus Aurantii: remove the pulp and core, wash, microbubble, take out, moisten, slice, and dry in the air to the extent that your hands can pinch it in half. Stir-fried Fructus Aurantii: Take bran and put it in a hot pot. When it turns yellow and smokes, add Fructus Aurantii slices, stir-fry until light yellow, take out, sift off bran and let it cool. (Each piece of Fructus Aurantii 100 kg, bran 100 kg)

Identification of raw medicinal materials

Character identification The fruit is hemispherical, with a diameter of 3-5.5cm. The skin is green-brown or brown, slightly rough, scattered in many small oil spots, and there are obvious traces of the base of the style or round fruit stalks in the center. In the section, the pericarp is 0.6- 1.2cm thick, yellow and white, smooth, slightly turned outwards, with scattered vascular bundles and l-2 rows of brown oil spots on the edge. Hard and not easily broken, the capsule has 7- 12 petals, and a few petals reach 15 petals. The juice cells in the capsule are dry, brown or dark brown, soft and contain seeds. The central axis is solid, 5-9mm wide, yellow and white, with a circle of intermittent vascular bundle points. It is fragrant, bitter and slightly sour. The skin is green and brown, the flesh is thick and hard, and the aroma is strong.

Microscopic identification of cross section of pericarp: epidermal cells 1 row, small, surrounded by cuticle, with pores.

The thin-walled cell wall of mesocarp is unevenly thickened, and the cell gap is large. Some cells on the outer side contain calcium oxalate square crystals, which are as long as 35 microns. The oil chambers are irregularly arranged in 1-2 rows, oval or oblong, with a radial length of 325- 1560μm and a tangential length of 260-715μ m; Vascular bundles are scattered vertically and horizontally. The intermediate cells are elongated tangentially and arranged closely.

Powder characteristics: grayish yellow. ① Epidermal cells of pericarp are polygonal or irregular rectangular with a length of 7-20μ m; The stomata are round, with a diameter of 65438±07-27 μm m and 5-8 accessory cells. ② Mesocarp cells have different shapes and uneven wall thickening, with a thickness of 7- 17μm (measured without heating). ③ Calcium oxalate crystals are rhombic, rhombic or polyhedral, with a length of 6-35μm, which mostly exist under the epidermis and in the thin-walled tissue of the capsule. ④ Catheters and tracheids are mainly threaded, with a diameter of 65438±07 μm..⑤ ⑤ The juice sac tissue is yellowish or colorless and film-shaped. On the surface, epidermal cells are long and narrow, atrophied and staggered with lower cells. ③ Debris can be seen in the oil chamber.

Drug application identification

1. It is sharp in anger and slow in frying.

2. Fructus Aurantii and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus are the same thing, with similar effects. However, when the bitter orange is small, it is bitter and fast, and when it is big, it is warm and slow. Qi is used in the chest, qi is used under the chest, and qi stagnation is used, which is different.

Sexual taste

Bitter; Acid; Minor Cold

Chemical identification of traditional Chinese medicine

Physical and chemical identification (1) Take 0.2g of this product powder, put it in a test tube, add 5ml of ethanol, boil it in boiling water for 3min, take the supernatant, add 2 drops of hydrochloric acid and appropriate amount of magnesium powder, and heat it in boiling water bath for several minutes, and the solution turns red. (check flavonoids)

(2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 65438±00ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 65438±00min, and filter. Take 1ml filtrate, add about 5mg of potassium tetrahydroborate, shake well, add a few drops of hydrochloric acid, and the solution will become cherry red and purple red. (Check two kinds of red flavonoids)

(3) Take 65438+/-0g of powder of this product by TLC, add 5ml of methanol, soak it in cold water for more than 48h, and then filter it, and use it as test solution; P-Hydroxy-Flynn (synephrine) was used as control.

Dot on the same silica gel G thin layer plate, and use chloroform-acetone-ethanol-ammonia water (5: 3

: 1.5:0.5) spread 20cm. Spray ninhydrin (ninhydrin 0. 1g, dissolved in acetic acid 2.5ml and n-butanol 47.5ml) and bake at 105℃ for 5min. In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same red spots appear in the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control sample.

Product specifications: first-class, cross-section, oblate. The diameter is more than 3.5cm, the meat thickness is more than 0.5cm, the surface is green-brown or brown, and there are granular protrusions. Tangent plane of tangent plane

Yellow-white or light yellow, with thick meat and small flesh. It's hard. The breath is fragrant, and the taste is bitter and sour. The second category: lean meat. The diameter is more than 2.5cm, the meat thickness is more than 0.35cm, and the rest are the same.

Pharmaceutical technology of traditional Chinese medicine

[Product Specification] Fructus Aurantii Immaturus is divided into two grades. First class: above 3.5cm in diameter and above 5 mm in meat thickness; second class: above 2.5cm in diameter and above 3.5 mm in meat thickness.

Source of medicinal materials

It is the immature fruit of Rutaceae plant Lime and its cultivated product.

dosage

Oral administration: decoction, 3-9g; I still took the pills and dispersed them. External use: appropriate amount, decocted in water or scalded.

Excerpt from China Pharmacopoeia