(D) Improve the system and mechanism of public geological work.

1. Accelerate the construction of public geological survey team

The public geological work and commercial geological work are operated separately, and the central and local geological work "eat separately" is the requirement of the socialist market economic system. This direction must be adhered to and gradually adjusted according to the actual situation in China. The central and local governments should clearly divide their powers, perform their duties, and cooperate closely in work deployment.

the governments of all provinces (cities, autonomous regions) should attach importance to local commonweal geological work, incorporate it into local economic development plans, support the construction of local commonweal geological institutions, make them echo each other with the central geological survey institutions, and work together to build a national commonweal geological survey system.

according to comrade Wen Jiabao's request, the construction of public welfare geological survey team should be "a high-quality and professional team with lean and relatively stable personnel, well-equipped, supported by high technology, combining investigation with scientific research, capable of undertaking major strategic tasks and being good at tackling tough battles", that is to say, the public welfare geological survey team should be able to recruit, fight and win.

the development of public geological work must attach great importance to the improvement of scientific and technological innovation ability. To solve the long-standing problem that scientific research is divorced from investigation as soon as possible, it is necessary to realize the unity of teams, that is, the public welfare geological investigation and research work are completed by the same team, which is also the direction of team building of China Geological Survey.

The technical personnel of the non-profit geological team must be stable, so as to facilitate the accumulation of knowledge and experience. At the same time, we should pay attention to their training. To train a group of regional geological experts (including experts who are familiar with specialized minerals or have technical expertise), it is necessary not only for the working area to be relatively stable, but also for them to understand the geological conditions outside the working area, enrich their professional knowledge and expand the relevant foundation, so as to become the leaders of regional (or certain) geological work and improve the overall level of the geological survey team.

(1) the direction of the construction of the central public geological survey team

foreign experience shows that although the market economy systems of the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries are perfect, they still need to establish a national geological survey institution (entity) to mainly undertake public geological work. China Geological Survey belongs to this kind of organization. Apart from the corresponding management functions, it should be a powerful entity to carry out public welfare geological surveys (including scientific research) and the main body to undertake national public welfare geological surveys.

due to the regional characteristics of geological survey, the actual ability of field survey has a great relationship with the experience of working in a certain area and the regional geological knowledge. We need not only professionals from different majors, but also regional experts. The central public welfare team also needs to cultivate geological masters who are proficient in the geological characteristics of a certain region or the whole country.

At present, it is necessary to integrate the teams directly under the China Geological Survey, strengthen the team structure adjustment, enrich the front-line technical force, improve the ability to undertake public welfare geological survey, and form the framework of the national public welfare geological survey team as soon as possible. Relying on the six regional institutes, the project will drive the adjustment of professional and personnel structure, attract high-level professional and technical personnel, and at the same time openly recruit a number of professional and technical backbones for the society, enrich the technical force of field first-line geological survey, improve the quality of the team, and build the regional geological survey institution capable of undertaking the national geological survey task as soon as possible.

Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences is not only a part of the national innovation system, but also an important part of the public welfare geological survey team. The Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences should not only undertake certain geological investigation tasks, but also undertake the research tasks of geological science and exploration technology, so as to realize the close combination of geological investigation and scientific research.

integrate the oil and gas investigation power of the directly affiliated units of China Geological Survey, recruit a group of professional and technical backbones for the society, and set up a special oil and gas resources investigation and evaluation team.

in addition, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of marine geological survey team and promote marine geological survey and scientific research.

we should fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties, organize the scientific research strength of relevant scientific research institutions and colleges, and realize the combination of production, learning and research.

(2) the direction of local public welfare team construction

To establish a geological work system adapted to the socialist market economy is to separate public welfare geological work from commercial geological work, and its core is to separate investment subjects, operating mechanisms and teams. For local geological prospecting teams, one of the difficulties in the reform is that it is difficult to divide the existing teams into two different teams, namely, the public welfare geological survey team and the commercial mineral exploration team. Under the planned economy system, all geological work in China appears in the form of planned economy, and all geological work belongs to public welfare geological work. According to the principle of separating public geological work from commercial geological work, the public geological survey needs a high-quality and professional team with lean and relatively stable personnel, well-equipped, high-tech support, combination of investigation and scientific research, and ability to undertake major strategic tasks and be good at tackling tough challenges. Similarly, the commercial mineral exploration team also needs a team that can adapt to global competition and gain a foothold in the market. Within the scope of a geological survey bureau, it is hard to imagine that this team can still break into the market if the backbone personnel are specially deployed to form a public welfare geological team and separated from the geological survey bureau, and the non-backbone personnel and even their families are left to the commercial geological survey team. Because human resources are the most important strategic resources in geological work, it is obviously very difficult to separate two teams that are both "elites" from the original team in the process of separating public welfare from commercial geological work. So far, some provincial geological survey institutes have not been able to build solid and strong, which is a strong proof.

on the other hand, after the territorial management of provincial geological prospecting teams, these teams mainly undertake the central public welfare geological work because the provincial public welfare geological management work has not been fully put in place. Due to the limited funds invested by the central public welfare geological work and the different regional structure and layout of geological work, it is difficult for many provincial public welfare teams to survive solely by the central public welfare geological work, and they have to undertake market projects to make up for the lack of funds.

Figure 8-2 Relationship Diagram of Basic Geology, Mineral Geology and Environmental Geology

Due to the unbalanced economic development and different geological conditions and resources in various provinces, it is not appropriate to adopt the same model for the construction of provincial public geological survey teams, but to adjust measures to local conditions and determine the scale and management methods of public geological survey teams according to the actual conditions of various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). For provincial public welfare work, it is necessary to combine the actual situation of each province (city, district) and coordinate the work of basic geology, mineral geology and environmental geology (hydraulic environment). Figure 8-2 simply shows the relationship between the work proportions of basic geology, mineral geology and environmental geology in public welfare geological work. In different provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), the proportion of the three may be quite different. For resource-rich provinces, mineral geology can reach a higher proportion, such as 5% ~ 6%; For areas with developed economy and poor mineral resources, environmental geology (hydrogeology, engineering geology and environmental geology) can account for a higher proportion, for example, Beijing, Shanghai, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. Basic geological work can account for a higher proportion in the areas where the geological survey is low and basic research is needed.

At present, some provincial public welfare geological survey teams are affiliated to the Provincial Department of Land and Resources, and some are affiliated to the Provincial Geological Survey Bureau. In order to enhance the stability of the teams, the adjustment of the affiliation can be ignored first. China Geological Survey implements the principle of project contact and business guidance for local public welfare geological survey teams.

Column 8-2 Scale of public geological survey teams in major foreign countries

The US Geological Survey has maintained a geological survey team of nearly 1, people and set up about 2 offices throughout the country. In addition to the Federal Geological Survey, every state in the United States has its own geological survey (belonging to natural resources departments, such as the Geological Survey of Hawaii and Utah; Environmental protection departments, such as Florida Geological Survey, are "local forces" engaged in geological survey.

from 1987 to 21, Russia made a large-scale adjustment and streamlining of geological institutions and personnel. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the number of geological workers in the country has been decreasing, from more than 36, in 1991 to more than 2, in 1999. By the year 2, the number of geological exploration teams of enterprises affiliated to the Russian National Geological Department had been reduced to 9,, which was almost 3/4 in 1 years. In 22, there were 76, people working in geological exploration institutions of Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, 13, people working in scientific research institutes, and 89, people working in scientific research institutes.

The number of employees of Geological Survey of Canada has changed greatly in recent years, with nearly 1, employees in 1995 and more than 6 employees in 1999. In addition, each province has its own independent geological survey bureau, with a total of nearly 1 employees.

In p>1994～1995, the Australian Geological Survey had 52 employees, and in 1999-2, it had 4 employees. In addition, each state has an independent geological survey agency.

Take Europe as an example. In 22, the 32 countries involved in the Forum of Directors of the European Geological Survey had a total land area of 5154767km2 and a population of 52,851,. The number of regular employees of the Geological Survey was 11,496, equivalent to 22.3 geological employees per 1, km2. There are 22.9 geological workers per 1 million population.

China's land area is more than 9.6 million km2, with a population of about 1.3 billion. If the number of geological workers per unit area in Europe is calculated, there should be 21, public welfare geological workers in China. If calculated according to the number of geological workers in the unit population, the number of public welfare geological workers in China is 3,.

based on the scale of geological survey institutions in European countries, the number of public geological survey teams in China can be controlled at 2, ~ 3,, taking into account factors such as population and land area.

Based on the data of Liu Shuchen et al. (23), slightly revised

(3) Scale of public welfare geological survey teams

The scale of national geological survey institutions varies from country to country, but there is a regularity in the scale of different types of national geological survey institutions, that is, in terms of unit area and population, the ranks of CIS countries are particularly large, followed by Finland, Portugal, Greece, France and other countries, and then India and France. Further down are Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia and other eastern European countries with high degree of economic transition, several ASEAN countries and South Korea, some western European countries and Japan, the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries.

China is a developing country with a large population and rapid economic development. Generally speaking, it is similar to developing countries such as India and Brazil, with strong comparability. China should establish a relatively strong geological survey institution to calculate the scale of China's national geological survey institution according to the relationship between foreign land area, population and the number of geological workers (Box 8-2). Taking the situation of European countries as a reference, China needs 21, public welfare geological surveyors if calculated by land area, and 3, public welfare geological surveyors if calculated by population. Therefore, according to the demand of China's current economic and social development for geological work and referring to foreign experience, it is appropriate to control the size of China's national public welfare geological work team at around 2, ~ 3, (Box 8-2).

(4) Establish a mechanism for the effective growth of investment in public geological work

China is in the process of industrialization, with a sharp increase in resource consumption and serious environmental pollution. Strengthening geological work is of great historical and strategic significance. The nature of public welfare geological work determines that it must be funded by the state finance and undertaken by a professional institution. Therefore, the geological survey funded by the state should be deployed in a unified way, and manpower and financial resources should be concentrated to narrow the gap between China and developed countries in geological work as soon as possible.

At present, the funds invested in public geological work in China are insufficient. As far as solid minerals are concerned, the investment in public welfare geological work is pitiful. It is reported that in Canada, Australia, the United States, Brazil, South Africa and other countries, the exploration expenses invested by the government in various stages account for 5% ~ 8% of the value of mineral products, while Russia only accounts for .2%. China's mineral output value in 23 was 735.6 billion yuan, including oil and gas resources of 234.8 billion yuan, coal of 224.6 billion yuan and other solid minerals of 276.2 billion yuan. According to the investment ratio of 5%, the government's investment in solid minerals should be 13.8 billion yuan. At present, the situation in our country is that the large-scale investigation is 8 million yuan (not just mineral exploration), the resource compensation is 4 million yuan, and the central government subsidizes 8 million yuan, which is 2 billion yuan. According to the above thinking, the exploration cost invested by the Chinese government in various stages only accounts for .14% of the output value of mineral products.

according to Liu Shuchen (23), the budget of Indian Geological Survey in the early 199s accounted for about 25×1-6 (2.5/1) of its GDP, that of Greek Geological Survey in 1992 was about 44×1-6 (4.4/1), and that of Brazil was 13. From 199 to 2, the United States was (84 ~ 1) × 1-6 (about one in ten thousand). From this point of view, in some large developing countries (such as Brazil and India), the investment of geological survey institutions accounts for a relatively high proportion of their GDP.

at present, the investment management system of China's national public welfare geological work can not meet the requirements of the development of public welfare geological work. First of all, the government did not compile the national public welfare geological work as an independent budget, which was out of step with the reform of geological work and the management system of geological prospecting team, and did not really reflect the actual use direction of the central financial funds. Secondly, public welfare geological work is misplaced with team reform in fund management, and mixed with social security funds, business expenses and other geological work funds. The geological exploration funds in the geological exploration fees funded by the central government have not been used uniformly and effectively.

therefore, it is necessary to establish a unified and effective fund budget and management system that is not only in line with China's reform process, but also conducive to the public welfare geological work funded by the central government. It is suggested that the central and local governments should include the relevant funds of the public welfare geological team in their respective financial budgets.

(5) Reforming the management of geological survey projects

In order to closely combine geological survey with scientific research, first of all, the team directly under the China Geological Survey undertakes both scientific research tasks and investigation tasks, and gradually realize that geological survey and scientific research are undertaken by the same team. Secondly, it is necessary to reform the existing management mode of geological mapping. First, start the pilot work of geological mapping, explore the geological problem-oriented geological mapping method, and gradually turn the geological mapping specification into a guide.

reform the system of acceptance, evaluation and evaluation of achievements, and the principles of fairness, fairness, openness and innovation should be embodied in the investigation and evaluation of scientific and technological achievements, improve the peer expert evaluation mechanism, strengthen the monitoring of the evaluation process and expand the openness of evaluation activities.

Reform the evaluation and reward system of scientific and technological achievements, change too many complicated evaluations, simplify procedures, standardize scientifically, and avoid quick success and short-term behavior.

(6) establishing inter-departmental cooperation