Summary of all knowledge points of geography and biology in 8th grade Hunan Education Edition and Jiangsu Education Edition

1. From the eastern and western hemispheres, she is located in the eastern hemisphere, and from the northern and southern hemispheres, she is located in the northern hemisphere.

Judging from the location of the mainland and the ocean, she is located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean in eastern Asia.

3. From the latitude position, most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few in the south are located in the tropics, with no frigid zone.

China has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian.

5. China has a land border of more than 20,000 kilometers, with 14 neighboring countries.

6. The coastline of Chinese mainland is over18,000 kilometers, and there are six countries across the sea from China: Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.

7. From north to south, the endangered seas in China are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.

8. There are Yanchang Yantian, the largest Yantian in China, in the Bohai Sea, and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, the largest fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea.

9. The administrative regions of the country are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township.

10, China has 34 provincial administrative regions, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions.

1 1, the total population of China is129.5 billion, which is characterized by a large population base and rapid population growth.

12, in order to make population growth adapt to social and economic development and resources and environmental conditions, the Chinese government regards the implementation of family planning as a basic national policy.

13, the population distribution in China is uneven, and the population density in the eastern region is high, especially in the southeast coast; The population density in the western region is small.

14, the population dividing line of China is from Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong City, Yunnan Province.

15, the most populous province in China and the largest Xinjiang province.

16. Among the 56 ethnic groups in China, the Han nationality has the largest population and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population.

17, Han nationality is distributed all over the country, most concentrated in the east and middle, and ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast.

18 residential distribution has the characteristics of large mixed residence and small settlement.

20. China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and establishes organs of self-government, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and ethnic townships.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2 1. The topography of western China is dominated by mountains, plateaus and basins, while the eastern part is dominated by plains and hills. Topographic features: high in the west and low in the east, with a three-stage distribution.

22. The first step The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, which is called the roof of the world.

23. The dividing line between the first and second steps is Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain; The dividing line between the second and third steps is Daxing 'anling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.

24. The four plateaus are: Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; Great basin is: Sichuan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin; The three plains are: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.

25. The characteristic texture of the Loess Plateau is loose, there is no vegetation cover here, soil erosion is serious, ravines are vertical and horizontal, the characteristic ground of the Inner Mongolia Plateau is flat and boundless, the characteristic glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are widely distributed, and the characteristic ground of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged.

26. The common natural disasters in mountainous areas are collapses, landslides and mudslides.

27. To develop mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to the construction of ecological environment.

28. Mountainous areas include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about two-thirds of the national territory.

29. In winter, the temperature in the south and the north of China is quite different. In summer, the temperature is generally high in most places.

1October 30,65438 0℃ isotherm is distributed along the Qinling-Huaihe line.

3 1. The coldest place in winter is Mohe in Heilongjiang, and the hottest place in summer is Turpan in Xinjiang.

32. Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing are the so-called "three furnaces" in China.

33. The main index for dividing the temperature zone is the active accumulated temperature.

34. China is divided into five temperate zones from north to south: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. There is also a plateau climate zone with high terrain, cold climate and vast area.

35. The general trend of annual precipitation in China is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province Province, and the place with the least precipitation is Toksun in Turpan Basin.

37. The contrast between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate there.

38. The division of dry and wet areas is based on the degree of dry and wet climate. The four major dry and wet areas in China are humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area.

39. The main reasons for the large temperature difference between north and south in China are latitude position and winter wind.

40. The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area is Daxinganling, Yinshan, Helan, Bayan Kara and Gangdise.

42. The biggest advantage of monsoon climate is that rain and heat are in the same period, but it will bring some disastrous weather such as cold wave, flood and drought and typhoon.

43. Tarim River, the largest inland river in China, mainly comes from the melting water of ice and snow in Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain. Flowing rivers, such as the Yangtze River, mainly come from natural precipitation.

44. The longest and earliest artificial river in the world is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.

45. Bayan Kara, the birthplace of the Yellow River, flows into the Bohai Sea.

46. Ningxia Plain has the reputation of "Jiangnan in the world".

47. The dividing line between the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River is the estuary, and the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches is Jin Meng.

48. The riverbed of the lower Yellow River gradually rises and becomes an "overground river".

49. After the Yellow River flows through the middle reaches, it produces the most sediment, because the terrain it flows through is the Loess Plateau.

50. The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula Mountain and flows into the East China Sea. It is the longest river with the largest amount of water and the widest drainage area in China, and is known as "water treasure house" and "golden waterway".

5 1, Yichang, the dividing line between the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Hukou and the middle and lower reaches.

52. The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. Yibin city is navigable in the following four seasons.

53. Jingjiang River is known as the "nine-bend ileum", which is the regulation measure of this river section, that is, cutting and bending to get straight.

54. The three major sources in the plain area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the main tributaries above Yichang, the two major water systems of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Han River in the north.

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

55. For renewable resources, if we use them rationally and pay attention to their protection and cultivation, we can achieve sustainable utilization. We should cherish and economize on the use of non-renewable resources.

56. China's natural resources are characterized by abundant gross and insufficient per capita.

57. Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land according to land use and land use status.

58. China's per capita land resources are few, and the proportion of various land resources is not reasonable. Mainly there are less cultivated land, more forest land and insufficient land that is difficult to use, especially the contradiction between reserve land resources and people and cultivated land is particularly prominent.

59. China's cultivated land and forest land are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region with humid climate, and grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland area with annual average precipitation less than 400 mm.

60. Man-made destruction of land resources includes soil erosion, land desertification and indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land.

6 1, a basic national policy of land resources is to cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.

62. The water on the earth is 97% seawater and 2.5% fresh water.

63. Most of the fresh water resources on the earth are glaciers at poles and mountains, and most of the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

64. China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russian Federation, Canadian, American and Indonesian, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated per capita, it is only 65438+ 0/4 of the world average.

65. In terms of time distribution, precipitation is concentrated in summer and less in winter and spring. Take measures to effectively adjust the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity and build reservoirs;

66. In terms of spatial distribution, China's water resources are abundant in the south and deficient in the north, especially in North China and Northwest China, which further aggravates the water shortage in the north. One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions is inter-basin water transfer.

67. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is to transfer water from the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China, where water shortage is serious.

In view of the serious shortage of water resources in China, saving water is particularly important.

Chapter IV Economic Development of China

69. The "vanguard" of economic development is transportation.

70. The four famous "rice markets" in the history of China are Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.

7 1. Among all kinds of transportation routes, railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. The railway that passes through Tibet Province is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

72. Most valuable or urgently needed goods are transported by air in small quantities.

73. Goods that are easily damaged or deteriorated are mostly transported by road.

74. For bulk heavy goods and long-distance transportation, waterway transportation and railway transportation are generally selected.

75. Agricultural production sectors include planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries.

76. Agriculture is the basic industry that supports national economic construction and people's development.

77. Natural grasslands are widely distributed in the western region, and there are four pastoral areas in China: Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet.

78. Forestry is concentrated in northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most accessible areas for freshwater fisheries in China.

79. The announcement of rice and wheat in food crops presents a pattern of "rice in the south and wheat in the north".

80. Oil production has formed two major producing areas: the Yangtze River rape belt and the Huanghuai peanut area.

8 1, sugar crops show obvious distribution characteristics of "Longnan and North Sweet".

82. Cotton production is mainly in the north, forming three major cotton regions: southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin.

83. Industry is the leading industry of the national economy.

84. Zhongguancun is the earliest high-tech experimental zone in China.

85. Main features of high-tech industries 1. Among the employees, scientific and technological personnel account for a large proportion. 2。 In sales revenue, R&D expenses account for a large proportion, 3. Product update is fast.

86. High-tech production is an industry dominated by electronics and information industry.

87. China's high-tech industrial development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the distribution characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

88. To develop agriculture according to local conditions, on the one hand, we should consider the differences of natural environment, on the other hand, we should consider the constraints of social and economic conditions.

1. What are the advantages of China's geographical location? P3

2. How much do you know about the living customs of ethnic minorities? P 17

3. What influence does the topography have on the climate, river flow direction and east-west traffic in China? P23

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mountainous areas? P30

5. What are the effects of different temperature zones on our production and life? P34

6. What impact does the difference between dry and wet areas have on our production and life? P37

7. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of land resources in China? P67

8. Problems and countermeasures of agricultural development in China? P 105

9. What are the geographical conditions for "the developed eastern coastal areas should actively develop export-oriented agriculture"? P 107

10, the characteristics of high-tech industries? P 1 13