Qin discussed the politics of China from Qin Dynasty to Qing Dynasty.

First of all, I only talk about political measures, regardless of culture, military and economy.

Qin dynasty: the centralization of feudalism was established, ruled by the emperor, who was supreme and monopolized all military and political power in the country. The central government has prime minister Qiu and imperial envoys, who are in charge of administration, military affairs and supervision, and finally the emperor makes decisions (three posts and nine ministers system). The local county system is implemented, and the world is divided into 36 counties (later increased to more than 40 with development), and there are counties under the county.

Han Dynasty: Western Han Dynasty: The Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system in many systems. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, the national policy of "light luxury and light taxes, rest and recuperation" was implemented, and the parallel county system included enfeoffment system and county system. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he promoted the system of promotion, China-DPRK, secretariat of history, salt and iron official camp, and strengthened centralization.

Eastern Han Dynasty: The Eastern Han Dynasty basically followed the system of the Western Han Dynasty, but there was no prime minister in the Eastern Han Dynasty (Cao Cao was a special case in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty), and the secretariat became a first-class local governor, and the authority of the local army was greatly weakened. The officials of the central government in the Eastern Han Dynasty were divided into three systems: provincial officials, palace officials and foreign officials. The distinction between internal officials and external officials has existed since ancient times, but in the palace, the daily life area of the emperor is called the province (also called "forbidden"), so there are palace officials and provincial officials among internal officials. The eunuch takes care of the emperor's daily life, and all the officials in the province are under the jurisdiction of Huangmenling. The governor was also appointed by eunuchs.

Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty acceded to the throne, and let Guan Fu take charge of the national official assessment. At the end of each year, the grade is evaluated and played to the emperor as the basis for the rise and fall of officers. Reference: The Book of the Later Han Dynasty? The original note of Qiu's article "Hundred Officials" reads: "Take charge of the Sifang military class and play the most rewards and punishments at the end of the year." In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (5 1), Fu Gaiqiu. According to the system of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three governments discussed the major policies of the country. Zhengzhou Foxconn's latest recruitment information Qiu's main way to participate in politics is to discuss the state affairs discussed by the emperor with Stuart and Sikong * *, and then give the topic after the discussion. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, only Mou Rong and Xu Fang recorded historical affairs with Tai Wei and participated in political affairs with Tai Fu. It can be seen that Qiu has no right to decide government affairs unless he is appointed as a senior minister.

Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty acceded to the throne, and placed the official in charge of the education and etiquette of the people. Discuss the affairs of the emperor with Qiu and * * *, and play it after the discussion.

Emperor Guangwu of Han acceded to the throne and placed him in charge of water conservancy projects, Yugoslav capital buildings, palace construction and other affairs. Discuss the affairs of the emperor with Qiu and Stuart * * *, and play it after the discussion.

The composition of the central government in the Eastern Han Dynasty followed the official system in the Western Han Dynasty, and the basic structure was three officials and nine ministers. But the actual political power has been completely transferred to the bookstore. When the Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty acceded to the throne, he often used a teacher or A Qiu to record the affairs of ministers and always took charge of government affairs. The Yushitai system was derogated and became a subordinate official of Shaofu. Shi Zhong changed from an official position in the Western Han Dynasty to a full-time position, and established Shi Zhongdian as Shi Zhong's official office, which belonged to Shaofu.

Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Official Selection System: Cao Pi was founded in Wei Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the peasant uprising attacked the rule of the landlord class, and the warlord scuffle also disrupted the original ruling order. "When Wei Wendi was the king of Wei, the three parties split, and the scholars moved, and the four people (scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen) were mixed and detailed (nuclear)" (Selected Works of Generals) At the same time, some famous people gradually became the pillars supporting Cao Zhi's regime, and Cao Pi needed their support and support to seize power and establish Wei State. In this way, he founded the "Nine-level Clock Administration System". This system stipulates that each state and county has a "Zhong Zheng" who is responsible for visiting and evaluating the Jinshi in the state and county; When evaluating a character, Chiang Kai-shek should "calculate the capital and determine the quality", that is, consider the level of the family office and determine the "quality"; It depends on people's talent and morality, and making comments is called "form"; Zhongzheng reported the quality of the examinee to the official department as the basis for the government to select officials. The implementation of Jiupin Zhengzhi reflects the rapid development of aristocratic forces since the Eastern Han Dynasty. Cao Cao once attacked 1 and refused to submit to his noble family, but he also recruited a group of famous families as support. The implementation of the Nine-grade Zhengzhi system provided legal protection for aristocratic families to manipulate political power for a long time. Especially since the late Cao Wei, Chiang Kai-shek was generally served by bureaucrats with Han surnames, and this system became a tool to safeguard their interests. At first, people paid more attention to evaluating the "appearance" of talents' morality. Later, appearance became dispensable, and "quality" became the only criterion for selecting officials and employing people. In this way, the Jiupin Zheng Zhi system paved the way for the formation of gentry politics. Jiupin Zhong Zheng system is the result of the development of political and economic privileges of powerful landlords since the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was formed in the Han and Wei Dynasties (Jiupinzhong political system), consolidated in the Western Jin Dynasty (the gate system was mature), flourished in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (the Eastern Jin Dynasty was established with the support of the gentry), declined in the Southern Dynasty (the gentry decayed and the common people rose), and disappeared in the impact of the imperial examination system in the late Tang, Sui and Tang Dynasties and the attack of the peasant war in the late Tang Dynasty).

Farming system: the possibility of serious socio-economic damage: at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords scuffled, farmers left their homes and the land was barren. In this case, Cao Cao carried out farming. Later, Wei, Shu and Wu also cultivated. Cao Cao made a promise of farming: the three countries recruited refugees according to the military establishment, stationed dozens of people, reclaimed wasteland and set up officials to manage them. Form: civilian village and military village. Farmers who plow fields should be organized according to the military establishment, and the government should set up officials to manage them; According to different situations, people who cultivate the land should pay the harvest to the government in proportion, but they will no longer undertake military service. Rights and obligations of cultivators: cultivators have the right to use the land and pay the harvest to the government in proportion. Nature: Farming system is feudal state-owned land, and people who farm only have the right to use the land. It tied farmers to the land and made them dependent farmers in feudal countries, namely serfdom. Significance: The implementation of the farming system has placed a large number of exiled farmers. Cao Cao's practice of reclaiming farmland ensured the supply of military grain and provided important material conditions for him to basically unify the north. Exploitation is heavy, farmers have no personal freedom and are fixed on the land. However, because farmers are controlled by the state, the merger of powerful landlords and the competition for labor force are limited to some extent.

Land equalization system: Land equalization system was an influential land system in ancient China. It originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty and was not only followed by later generations, but also borrowed from Japan. Promulgating the land equalization order is one of the important contents of Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It was carried out because since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, there have been many disasters in the north, few peaceful days, scattered farmers and barren fields. This reduced the financial revenue of the Northern Wei government and made it available to the government. It is also possible. Objective: To ensure that the feudal government's fiscal revenue and forced labor expropriation redistributed the land controlled by the feudal state without touching the interests of landlords, rather than distributing the land equally. The state will allocate the land it owns. Dingnan will contact 40 mu of farmland and 20 mu of mulberry garden; Women touch 20 acres of land. Mothers and maids get fields corresponding to cows. Farmers can get a certain number of fields. Land cannot be bought or sold. Old people or dead people will be put back into the open fields, and mulberry fields will be handed down to future generations. Officials can collect land at the nearest government location according to their grades. Farmers who receive land will bear fixed rents and adjustments. A couple will get 2 stones of millet and 65,438+0 pieces of silk or cloth every year. Ding Tian will undertake the corvee. The feudal state-owned land system is a relatively complete land system in the history of our country. It is necessary to change the slave production relations and establish the feudal production relations. The significance of recognizing the land ownership and use right of the land recipients in legal form has changed the chaotic situation of tax collection, made more farmers become households directly controlled by the feudal state, ensured the government's effective control over land and labor, and also ensured the government's financial income and labor needs. The government's public release of land equalization orders, public land grant and determination of rent adjustment amount are conducive to mobilizing farmers' enthusiasm for production and reducing the burden on farmers to a certain extent. It is conducive to the recovery and development of social economy, and some poor people of ethnic minorities have also become farmers who accept land under the equal land system, which has also prompted them to settle down in agriculture, promoted ethnic integration and promoted the feudalization of northern ethnic minorities. Landlords can also obtain public land according to the rules that handmaids and oxen receive land, and their interests are also guaranteed. The rule that land cannot be bought or sold restricts land merger; Xianbei nobles gradually turned into agricultural landlords, which had a far-reaching influence. Even in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they followed the equal land system. 9. Limitations solidified the small-scale peasant economy in China again. In addition, Confucianism advocates instability without agriculture, emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, which is related to the geographical factors in China, and the small-scale peasant economy in China has been strengthened step by step. It did not fundamentally touch the feudal land ownership and could not fundamentally solve the problem of uneven land ownership. The feudal private ownership of land is the main reason for destroying the equal land system.

Generally speaking, this is a troubled time, an open era, an era of abandoning the old and welcoming the new. With the alternation of the old and the new, the people and the times are constantly choosing, which has laid a solid foundation for future prosperity.

Sui and Tang Dynasties: The system implemented by the central authorities in Sui and Tang Dynasties is three provinces and six departments.

The three provinces are Zhongshu Province, Shangshu Province and Menxia Province. Among them, Zhongshu Province is mainly responsible for drafting government decrees. Menxia Province is responsible for reviewing the decrees drafted by Zhongshu Province. If the review fails, the provincial government will not sign them, and the decree needs to be returned and redrafted. There are six departments in Shangshu province, namely, six departments to govern officials and officials. Shangshu province is only responsible for the implementation of government decrees, and generally does not participate in the drafting and discussion of government decrees.

The local system is the state and county system.

Among them, the highest official of the state is the Secretariat. The county is the administrative unit below the state, and the county magistrate is the county magistrate. However, in order to maintain the notice of the central government, the governors of each state sent special envoys to control the administration and military affairs of a state. It is equivalent to adding a temporary chief officer to the nominal top official of the country. But it later evolved into a permanent position and became the actual chief executive of a state.

Song:

The central organization of the Song Dynasty was the "two-dynasty system", that is, it set up two institutions, namely, the Chinese book and the Privy Council, and "held two handles, namely, the two dynasties". The second government system is characterized by the separation of civil and military powers.

The "Zhongshu" in the Song Dynasty, like the "Zhongshumen" in the Tang Dynasty, is the place where the prime minister works. In addition to Zhongshu, although the names of Shangshu Province and Menxia Province exist, they have all become foreign countries, not prime ministers.

In the early Song Dynasty, the system of the late Tang Dynasty was followed, with the prime minister as "Tong Ping Zhang Shi" and the deputy minister as the participant in politics. From Shangshucheng. Lang can add titles such as prime minister or deputy minister to the third division. The governors of the three provinces, such as Shangshuling, Shizhong and Zhongshuling, are often "not good enough to say."

Yuanfeng was restructured, with Shangshu as the left servant and assistant minister as the prime minister; Take the right servant of Shangshu and assistant minister of Zhongshu as the second phase. In fact, the nominally restored three provinces are more inclined to one province, and the assistant minister who is also a Chinese book is closer to the emperor because of the request. Deputy ministers include assistant ministers under the door, assistant ministers in Chinese books and left and right ministers. During the reign of Hui Zong, the prime minister was once changed to too slaughter, and the second period was less slaughter.

In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Shang Shu left and right servants as prime ministers and Zhongshu assistant ministers. The assistant minister of Zhongshu was changed to the assistant minister of politics, and the officials of Shangshu were abolished. Judging from the rank of prime minister, the three provinces merged into one province. On filial piety, he simply changed the left and right servants of Shangshu to the left and right prime ministers of Zhongshu, and learned that political affairs had not changed (regarding the prime minister, he was the governor of Shangshu and Song was the chief of Zhongshu).

There were also some special prime ministers in the Song Dynasty. At the time of Cai Jing's greatest power, he used to be a "master who always led the way and saved trouble", while Wen Yanbo and Lv Gongzhu took "Pingzhang Military Affairs Importance" and "Pingzhang Military Affairs Importance" as their elders. When Han Tuozhou was in power in the Southern Song Dynasty, he served as the "Pingzhangjun State Affairs". He doesn't need the title of "heavy" military affairs, because the power measured by the word "heavy" is limited and he can only ask about important things; Use "same" to indicate that power is not specialized. Cai's and Han's titles were all a trick for the powerful ministers to play politics, which was not a conventional system in the Song Dynasty.

The origin of the Privy Council is also unusual. There were left and right ambassadors in the Tang Dynasty, with eunuchs as generals. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Privy Council had another province besides the three provinces, and its internal envoy had a prime minister besides the prime minister, which was a redundant institution besides the normal state institutions and the product of the eunuch's authoritarian power under the absolute monarchy. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, before Zhu Wen seized power, he killed all the eunuchs who held the real power of the imperial court and replaced them with the officials of the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, the Tang Dynasty changed from full power to military affairs. The Song Dynasty inherited the system of the Five Dynasties, and also established the Privy Council in charge of military affairs and the official system of the Tang Dynasty. The establishment of the Tang envoy under the two-government system divided the power of the prime minister and formed the separation of civil servants and military and political affairs; At the same time, it usurped the power of the Ministry of War, which was originally in charge of military affairs. In the Song Dynasty, the Privy Council Chief called himself "this soldier".

The official of the Privy Council said that in the early Song Dynasty, he was an envoy of the Tang Dynasty, or he knew about the Privy Council, knew about the Privy Council together, and signed books together. The reform of Yuanfeng was called Privy Council and Privy Council. During the restructuring, it was discussed whether the Privy Council would continue to exist, and it was suggested that the power should be merged into the Ministry of War. Zongshen emphasized the ancestral system. He said: "The ancestors did not belong to the department with the handle of soldiers, but only appointed officials to unify and safeguard each other's systems. How can they be abolished? " Therefore, when Yuanfeng was restructured, only the Privy Council was retained. As usual, the Tang envoys and Privy Council officials in the Song Dynasty were filled by literati, and the adjutants sometimes used military personnel, which fully reflected the political characteristics of valuing literature over martial arts.

In the Song Dynasty, there was a term called "domination", which was a general term for prime minister and ruling. Slaughter refers to the prime minister, which is limited to the prime minister and deputy prime ministers, just like Pingzhang, Shangshu Zuo Servant Shooting and Assistant Minister, Shangshu Right Servant Shooting and Assistant Minister of Chinese Books, and Shangshu Zuo Servant Shooting and Assistant Minister of Chinese Books in Southern Song Dynasty. Deputy ministers include assistant ministers who participate in politics, assistant ministers under the door, assistant ministers in Chinese books, ministers around Chinese books, and deputy chiefs of the Privy Council, collectively referred to as "ruling".

In the early Song Dynasty, Zhongshu and Privy Council were in charge of civil and military affairs, and their powers could not be combined into one, so there was no such thing as a prime minister and a Tang envoy. Later, because Xixia used troops, the prime minister was at odds with the Privy Council chief, which was not conducive to military command, so he was once appointed as prime minister and Tang envoy in the Qing Dynasty. Xixia ended the war and returned to its original state. Part-time job has not formed a system. In the Southern Song Dynasty, some high-ranking ministers, such as, Shi, Jia Sidao, etc. Once served as prime minister as a Tang envoy, but it was not customized. After Ningzong, the Prime Minister and the Tang Dynasty became a custom. The prime minister can't be an envoy of the Tang Dynasty at the same time, which is to prevent the power of ministers from threatening the imperial power. Later, the powerful minister held two positions, which really affected the imperial power.

Yuan:

The political system of the Yuan Dynasty, like that of the Jin Dynasty, inherited the system of the Song Dynasty and adopted the system of separation of civil and military powers, with the prime minister of Zhongshu Province in charge of government affairs and the Privy Council in charge of military power. However, in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhongshu Province became the highest administrative organ of the central government. There were no subordinate provinces in Yuan Dynasty, and Shangshu Province was established in different periods, only in Yuan Shizu and Yuan Wuzong, so the power of subordinate provinces and Shangshu Province was handed over to Zhongshu Province.

Zhongshu Province was in charge of six ministries, presided over the national government affairs, and formed the pioneer of cabinet system in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Its organizational structure inherited the system of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the titles of Prime Minister * * * include secretariat command, official command and government affairs of Prime Minister. , the crown prince often concurrently. The next point is about the Prime Minister. If China's book order is missing, it will always dominate China's book affairs. The political affairs of Pingzhang are secondary, and all military affairs are important, and they all participate in the decision. Vice minister, political participation and so on. Six departments * * * include official department, fact department, Ministry of War, Ministry of Punishment, Ministry of Industry, and ministers and assistant ministers. Shangshu province is mainly responsible for financial affairs, but it is out of date.

The Privy Council is in charge of military affairs, and the censorate is in charge of supervision, which is roughly the same as that of the Song Dynasty. However, there are provincial offices, Privy Council offices and review offices in local areas. In addition, there are Jixian College in charge of the school, Xuanhui College in charge of imperial catering, Tong Yuan College in charge of later generations, Taichang Etiquette College, Taishi College, Taiyuan Hospital, and Jiudian Supervisor who will serve as the college. Finally, the newly established Zheng Xuan Institute (formerly known as the General Institute) is responsible for the military and political affairs of Buddhism and Tubo (now Tibet), which was not available in the previous generation.

Ming:

Before the Ming dynasty, the dynasties generally followed the framework of the monarchy system founded by Qin Shihuang, but the form and authority of the prime minister were slightly different. In the early years of Ming Dynasty, it basically followed the old system of Han and Tang Dynasties and directly inherited the old system of Yuan Dynasty. There are three central governments: Zhongshu Province, with six departments in charge of administrative affairs; The governor's office is in charge of the military; Yu Shitai, in charge of supervision affairs. The local government has set up a provincial secretariat and a political branch to take charge of local affairs. However, Zhu Yuanzhang was not satisfied with this. He personally designed and formulated several important political systems, and made bold changes and innovations to the previous political systems.

In the 13th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang rebelled against Prime Minister Hu, so he abolished the post of Prime Minister, and his descendants could not be reinstated. The prime minister system, which has been implemented for more than 1,600 years since the Qin and Han Dynasties, has been abolished. The six departments are directly responsible to the emperor, and the relative power and monarchical power are combined into one. Ming Chengzu monopolized the power. In the history of world politics, only I am a country in the period of Louis XIV can be compared with it. In the political history of the world, the political system of the Ming Dynasty also belongs to a rare autocratic regime, and it is a national system in which military power, administrative power and supervision power are separated. Later, due to the abolition of supervision, the imbalance between the state and the system declined rapidly. Due to various state affairs, the emperor could not handle it. In September of the fifteenth year of Hongwu, he stopped serving as the fourth assistant official and set up a pavilion in imitation of the Song Dynasty Palace. Later, most of the Qing Dynasty inherited the political system of the Ming Dynasty. The cabinet is only the adviser of the emperor, which is equivalent to the position of staff (but later the status of the cabinet gradually improved and the cabinet record became the de facto prime minister. "Although there is no prime minister, there is a prime minister").

The approval of the throne is the emperor's task. In North Korea, the positions of cabinet university students are mostly held by masters, scholars and ministers. They are written according to the emperor's will and called "government orders as pens". Their power and status are far less than those of the prime ministers in the past. They only have black market status and no legal status. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (Zhu Zhanji), with the accession of Yang Pu, Yang Shiqi and Yang Rong to the Cabinet, Emperor Xuanzong approved the cabinet to state its opinions on the throne in the form of articles, which was called the "vote draft" system and awarded the eunuch institution "Li Jian". The method of drafting tickets can remedy the disadvantages of the monarch's reluctance to meet with cabinet ministers, but the communication between cabinet ministers and the emperor depends entirely on eunuchs. So it opened the door to the eunuch dictatorship in the Ming Dynasty. In order to strengthen the surveillance of the national subjects, Ming Taizu also set up a special institution-Royal Guards. Ming Chengzu set up the East Factory and Ming Xianzong set up the West Factory (which was later cancelled). Together, they are called "factory guards" and are led by eunuchs. Since then, the power of eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty has never been seen again.

Qing:

(1) Clan privilege makes the privileged class of society grow unprecedentedly.

Since the Qin Dynasty, the hierarchical privileges of the Han Dynasty are not obvious, mainly imperial power and bureaucratic privileges. However, the Manchu dynasty combined the hierarchical privilege with the abnormal imperial power, which made the social privileged class grow unprecedentedly, and the constitutional reform of abolishing social privilege was extremely difficult. The main performance is that the reform carried out by the emperor after the Sino-Japanese War was unsuccessful. Constitutional monarchy means that imperial power is restricted by law. How can the constitutional reform promoted by the emperor not work? This sounds strange, but if we analyze the political structure of Manchu national privileges, it is not difficult to see the clue. The clan privilege and ministers who held heavy power (especially military power) in the Qing Dynasty were all Manchu, which made almost all the dignitaries in the court conservative and made the constitutional reform in the Qing Dynasty much more difficult than expected. If it was the Ming Dynasty, the constitutional reform would not be hindered at all. What is the reason why the constitutional reform that the emperor is willing to promote won't work? As the saying goes, there is no military expenditure to run the navy. Why does the Ministry of Internal Affairs spend tens of millions of taels of silver every year to those children of the Eight Banners who are useless to the country?

(2) Maritime prohibition

Although the Qing dynasty once liberalized the sea ban, it always adopted a repressive attitude towards overseas trade. There was a maritime ban in the Ming dynasty, which had to be abandoned later. The reason is that the maritime ban has turned coastal residents into bandits. After the development of overseas trade, the power class shared the benefits brought by trade. Unable to re-ban the sea, they adopted a repressive attitude, resulting in a large-scale inflow of silver in the late Ming Dynasty. If it is true that the rulers of the Qing Dynasty completely liberalized the sea ban, how can we explain that a large amount of silver inflow in the late Ming Dynasty was interrupted during the Qing Dynasty? For the rulers of the Manchu Dynasty, as foreign rulers, the means were cruel, and there was no problem that the power class could share the benefits of overseas trade. Moreover, the formation of overseas anti-Qing forces is fatal, and you can do it hard.

(3) Abnormal official appointment system

In the late Qing Dynasty, the main officials were appointed by standard-bearers, whose internal hierarchy was strict and he had strong personal dependence, which made the whole bureaucratic system generally look at the superiors with new eyes, and it was almost impossible for the concepts within the bureaucratic system to update themselves, let alone restrict the imperial power. This is in great contrast with the ability of Ming Dynasty officials to restrict imperial power, which is a great retrogression of history!

(4) Literary inquisition

There is a fundamental difference between the literary inquisition in the Manchu Dynasty and the literary inquisition in the early Ming Dynasty: the literary inquisition in the Manchu Dynasty was aimed at the whole Han nationality, and its scope of attack was infinitely extended to the people. However, it was only implemented for a period of time in the early Ming dynasty, and the scope was also within the ruling group. As for Fang Xiaoru's tragedy, it was the victim of the royal family's seizure of power. Both are different in scale and nature. The Manchu literary inquisition not only completely lost the achievements of ideological emancipation in the late Ming Dynasty, but also enslaved and ignorant the whole Han people's thoughts, making it difficult to accept new ideas, making the western learning in the late Qing Dynasty have no folk ideological foundation, and China's western learning is even more whimsical!

(5) Military slavery

Some people deny that slavery was still practiced in the Qing Dynasty. However, in fact, the Eight Banners system in the Manchu Dynasty was slavery, and the Eight Banners system prohibited the Banners from engaging in agriculture, industry and commerce, which made them basically divorced from the Manchu nobles and unable to survive, and almost completely attached to them. The difference between slavery, feudalism and capitalism is human autonomy, in which slavery is the lowest and capitalism is the highest. In the Eight Banners system, the Banners have almost no autonomy, which is not essentially different from slavery. If there is any difference, it is that ordinary slavery relies on coercion, and the Eight Banners system relies on the temptation of getting something for nothing and great privileges! The effect is to make slaves completely attached to their masters! Maintaining this deformed slavery wastes huge social resources, makes the whole society proud of being a slave, and has an immeasurable corrosive effect on the personality of the Han nationality!

Well, there are too many elements in the Qing dynasty, which are basically copied. Most of the elements in other dynasties are arranged by themselves. I hope the landlord will adopt them!