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Mining

Gangue Discharge

The solid waste with the largest discharge in coal mine production is also the solid waste with the largest output and accumulation in China industrial solid waste, and the output is generally about 1% of coal production. The annual discharge of coal gangue in China is about 15 million to 2 million tons. By the end of 22, the national coal gangue storage was about 3.4 billion tons, covering an area of 26, hectares, which was the largest solid waste in China. In 24, the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in China was 135 million tons, with a utilization rate of 54%.

mine water discharge

in the process of coal mine construction and production, various types of source water will enter the roadway and working face through different channels. In order to ensure mining safety and prevent

coal

water damage, it is necessary to discharge mine water gushing. According to incomplete statistics, in the process of coal mining, in 24, the national coal mine water discharge was about 3 billion m? The average water inflow per ton of coal is about 2m? . The utilization rate of resources only accounts for about 22%.

gas drainage and mine ventilation

gas drainage before and during coal mining is an important measure to ensure coal mine safety. However, discharging the gas into the atmosphere will have a strong greenhouse effect, and the greenhouse effect of methane contained in the gas is 2 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. In addition, in the production process of coal mines, underground tunnels need hundreds of thousands or even millions of cubic meters of air every second, which is mainly done by mine ventilation, which also contains gas and a lot of dust. According to the relevant evaluation and estimation in recent years, the national coal seam gas resources are 3×16 Mm? . In 22, the coal seam gas output of key coal mines in China was 9773.37Mm? , in which the gas utilization is 517.49 Mm? , the utilization rate is about 5%.

Ecological damage caused by coal mining

Traditional coal mining ignores the mining, processing and utilization of other biogenic and associated minerals, resulting in a waste of resources. There are more than 2 kinds of minerals associated with coal measures in China, but most of them are not used at present. In addition, the random storage and discarding of minerals will also cause environmental pollution and destroy the ecological environment.

coal mining destroyed the original mechanical equilibrium state in the crust. Caused the surface to collapse and the original ecosystem was destroyed. This kind of destruction reduces or loses the original land income, and also causes the destruction of surface water conservancy facilities and the deterioration of ecological environment. The surface subsidence area caused by mining has reached 4, hm2 every year, and the average annual increase rate is 15, hm2.

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Function

Coal has a wide range of uses, which can be summarized into two main uses according to its purpose: (1) thermal coal and (2) coking coal.

the main uses of power coal in China are:

power coal

1) coal for power generation: about one third of coal in China is used for power generation, and the average coal consumption for power generation at present is 37g/(kW? H) around. Power plants use the calorific value of coal to convert thermal energy into electrical energy.

2) Coal for steam locomotives: accounting for about 2% of power coal, and the average coal consumption index of steam locomotive boilers is 1kg/ (1, tons? Km).

3) Coal used for building materials: it accounts for more than 1% of coal used for power, with the largest amount of coal used for cement, followed by glass, bricks and tiles.

4) Coal for general industrial boilers: Except for thermal power plants and large-scale heating boilers, there are many types of industrial boilers for general enterprises and heating, and the coal consumption accounts for about 3% of thermal coal.

5) domestic coal: the amount of domestic coal is also relatively large, accounting for about 2% of fuel coal.

6) Power coal for metallurgy: The power coal for metallurgy is mainly anthracite for sintering and blast furnace injection, and its consumption is less than 1% of the power coal.

coking coal

Although China is rich in coal resources, there are relatively few coking coal resources, accounting for only 27.65% of China's total coal reserves.

Coking coals include gas coal (13.75%), fat coal (3.53%), main coking coal (5.81%), lean coal (4.1%), and others are unclassified coals (.55%). Non-coking coal includes anthracite (1.93%), lean coal (5.55%), weak alkali coal (1.74%), unpaid coal (13.8%), long flame coal (12.52%), lignite (12.76%), natural coke (.19%).

The main purpose of coking coal is to smelt coke, which is made from coking coal or blended coal at high temperature. Generally, about 1.3 tons of coking coal can smelt one ton of coke. Coke, which is mostly used in steelmaking, is the main raw material for steel and other industries at present, and is regarded as the "basic food" of the steel industry.

China is a major producer of coke and a major exporter in the world coke market. In 23, the global coke output was 39 million tons, and that of China reached 178 million tons, accounting for about 46% of the global total. In terms of export, in 23, China exported 14.75 million tons of coking coal, including 4.58 million tons to the European Union, accounting for about 1/3. In 24, China * * * exported 14.72 million tons of coke, accounting for 56% of the global coke trade. The international coke market is still in short supply. In 28, China's coke output totaled about 327 million tons, and from January to September 29, the coke output was 252.7687 million tons.

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Classification

There are lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite, semi-anthracite and so on.

lignite

is mostly blocky, dark brown, with dark luster and loose texture; It contains about 4% volatile matter, has a low ignition point, is easy to catch fire, gets angry quickly when burning, has a big flame and emits black smoke; The carbon content and calorific value are low (the calorific value varies greatly due to different coal grades in the producing area), and the combustion time is short, so it is necessary to add coal frequently.

Bituminous coal

is generally granular, small and powdery, mostly black and shiny, with fine texture, containing more than 3% volatile matter, low ignition point and easy to ignite; High carbon content and calorific value, fast ignition, long flame, a lot of black smoke and long combustion time; Most bituminous coals are sticky and easy to slag when burning.

anthracite

has two kinds: powder and small block, which are black and shiny with metallic luster. Less impurities, compact texture and high fixed carbon content, which can reach more than 8%; Low volatile content, below 1%, high ignition point, not easy to catch fire; However, it has high calorific value, slow ignition at first, strong firepower, short flame, less smoke, long combustion time, weak cohesiveness and difficult slagging when burning. Appropriate amount of coal and soil should be mixed for burning to reduce the firepower intensity.

in October, 1989, the National Bureau of Standards issued the National Standard for Coal Classification in China (GB5751-86). According to six classification indexes, such as dry ash-free volatile matter Vdaf, caking index G, maximum thickness of colloidal layer Y, Oya expansion degree B, light transmittance P of coal sample, and constant humidity ash-free higher heating value Qgr and maf, coal was classified into 14 categories. Namely lignite, long flame coal, non-sticky coal, weakly sticky coal, 1/2 medium sticky coal, gas coal, gas fat coal, 1/3 coking coal, fat coal, coking coal, lean coal, lean coal, lean coal and anthracite.

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Organic elements

The main elements that make up coal organic matter are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, in addition, there are very few elements such as phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine and arsenic.

Distribution map of coal resources in China

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the main organic matter in coal, accounting for more than 95%; The deeper the coalification, the higher the carbon content and the lower the hydrogen and oxygen content. Carbon and hydrogen are the elements that generate heat during coal combustion, and oxygen is the combustion-supporting element. When coal is burned, nitrogen does not generate heat, but is transformed into nitrogen oxides and ammonia at high temperature, and is precipitated in a free state. Sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine and arsenic are harmful components in coal, of which sulfur is the most important. When coal is burned, most of the sulfur is oxidized into sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is discharged with flue gas, polluting the atmosphere, endangering the growth of animals and plants and human health, and corroding metal equipment; When coal with high sulfur content is used in metallurgical coking, it also affects the quality of coke and steel. Therefore, the content of "sulfur" is one of the important indexes to evaluate coal quality.

the combustible gas produced by the decomposition of organic matter in coal under certain temperature and conditions is called "volatile", which is a mixed gas composed of various hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and other compounds. Volatile is also the main coal quality index, which plays an important reference role in determining the processing and utilization ways and technological conditions of coal. Coal with low coalification degree has more volatile matter. If the combustion conditions are not appropriate, the coal with high volatile content will easily produce unburned carbon particles when burning, commonly known as "black smoke"; And produce more pollutants such as carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes, and the thermal efficiency is reduced. Therefore, appropriate combustion conditions and equipment should be selected according to the volatile matter of coal.

there are few inorganic substances in coal, mainly water and minerals, and their existence reduces the quality and utilization value of coal. Minerals are the main impurities in coal, such as sulfide, sulfate and carbonate, most of which are harmful components.

"moisture" has a great influence on the processing and utilization of coal. When water changes into steam during combustion, it absorbs heat, thus reducing the calorific value of coal. Moisture in coal can be divided into external moisture and internal moisture, and internal moisture is generally used as an index to evaluate coal quality. The lower the degree of coalification, the greater the internal surface area of coal and the higher the moisture content.

"ash" is the solid residue left after coal is completely burned, and it is an important coal quality index. Ash mainly comes from incombustible minerals in coal. When the mineral is incinerated, it should absorb heat, and a large amount of slag will take away heat, so the higher the ash, the lower the thermal efficiency of coal combustion; The more ash, the more ash produced by coal combustion, and the more fly ash discharged. Generally, the ash content of high-quality coal and clean coal is relatively low.

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Reserves

Coal is the most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel on the earth. According to the evaluation of the World Energy Committee, the recoverable resources of coal in the world reach 4.84× 14 billion tons of standard coal, accounting for 66.8% of the recoverable resources of fossil fuels in the world. According to the statistics of World Energy Statistics Review 1997, by the end of 1996, the proven recoverable reserves of coal in the world were 13,161× 14 million tons, and the reserve-production ratio was 224 years. The seven countries with the largest reserves were the United States, Russia, China, Australia, India, Germany, South Africa and Poland.

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Origin

Coal is distributed in all continents and ocean islands, but the distribution of coal in the world is very uneven, and the coal reserves in different countries are also very different. China, the United States, Russia and Germany are rich in coal reserves, and they are also major coal-producing countries in the world, among which China is the country with the highest coal output in the world. China's coal resources are in the forefront of the world, second only to the United States and Russia.

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Overview of resources in China

China is rich in coal resources, which are distributed in all provinces except Shanghai, but the distribution is extremely uneven. In the area between Daxing 'anling Mountain, Taihang Mountain and Helan Mountain in the north of China, the geographical scope includes all or most of the six provinces of Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Henan, where the coal resources are concentrated, accounting for about 5% of the national coal resources and more than 55% of the coal resources in northern China. In southern China, coal resources are mainly concentrated in Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, and the sum of coal resources in these three provinces is 352.574 billion tons, accounting for 91.47% of the coal resources in southern China. The proven reserves also account for more than 9% of the proven reserves in southern China.

in p>27, the newly proved reserves of energy minerals in China increased greatly, with 62 new large-scale mineral deposits for 17 major minerals, including 41 new large-scale mineral deposits for coal, including 14 extra-large mineral deposits with a resource reserve of over 1 billion tons, with a net increase of 44.8 billion tons. The verified coal reserves in China reach 724.116 billion tons, of which the occupied reserves in production and under construction are 186.822 billion tons, and the unused reserves are 453.896 billion tons.

from January to December p>26, the total industrial output value of China coal mining and washing industry reached 698,829,619, yuan, an increase of 23.45% over the same period of last year; Accumulated product sales revenue was 79,234,867, yuan, up by 23.72% over the same period of last year, and accumulated total profit was 67,726,662, yuan, up by 25.34% over the same period of last year.

From January to December 27, the total industrial output value of China coal mining and washing industry was 916,447. From January to October, 28, the total industrial output value of China coal mining and washing industry reached 1,155,383,579, yuan, an increase of 57.81% over the same period of last year.

The 11th Five-Year Plan period is the best period for structural adjustment and industrial transformation of coal industry. Coal is the basic energy in China, accounting for about 7% of the primary energy. The "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposal further established the basic strategy of "coal-based and diversified development", which laid the foundation for the prosperous development of China's coal industry. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, it is necessary to build about 3 million tons of new coal mines, of which 2 million tons will be put into production and 1 million tons will be transferred to the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan". China's coal industry will continue to maintain a vigorous development trend, and the development prospects of China's coal industry will be very broad for a long time to come.

Basic information

China has a vast territory and abundant natural products, which is the important material basis for the Chinese nation to survive, develop and grow, and establish itself among the nations of the world. Among the 142 minerals discovered, coal occupies a particularly important position, is rich in resources and widely distributed. The coalfield covers an area of about 55, square kilometers, ranking among the top coal-producing countries in the world.

The geological ages of coal-accumulating period in China are as follows: Early Cambrian of Early Paleozoic, Early Carboniferous, Late Carboniferous-Early Permian and Late Permian of Late Paleozoic; Late Triassic of Mesozoic, Early and Middle Jurassic, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous and Tertiary of Cenozoic. Among them, the late Carboniferous-early Permian, late Permian, early and middle Jurassic and late Jurassic-early Cretaceous have the strongest coal accumulation. Coal-bearing strata in China are all over the country, including Proterozoic, Early Palaeozoic, Late Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and all provinces (regions) have coalfields with different sizes and economic values.

The coal-accumulating period and coal-bearing strata in China are distributed in six coal-accumulating areas: North China, South China, Northwest China, Southwest China (Yunnan and Tibet), Northeast China and Taiwan Province.

distribution of coal reserves

predicted resources of provinces (regions) lignite, low metamorphic bituminous coal, gas coal, fat coal, coking coal, lean coal and lean anthracite

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