What is the oldest building on the ground in China now?

The earliest existing above-ground building in China is the Han Que in Shu.

Zhongshu Ancient Building 1 Hanque

"Tomb-Sweeping Day is in Leyuan Scenic Area, and the ancient Xianyang Road is soundless and dusty. The sound of dust died out, the west wind still shone, and the Han family lost. " In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai's poem "Yi" became a beautiful image in China's classical poetry with the broken Han tomb and the bleak west wind setting the sun. Lingque in Ci is the oldest above-ground building in China. There are 29 Han Ques in China, of which 20 are located in Sichuan and distributed in Xindu, Ya 'an, Lushan, Zitong, Mianyang, Deyang and Quxian. Approaching them is like opening the oldest architectural history.

Saying that Han kui

Ya 'an and Quxian are two concentrated areas of Han Que in Sichuan, and there were many Han Que on the former Jinniu Ancient Road, such as Xindu, Mianyang and Zitong. Xinduwang Tomb is located 5 miles northwest of the town. It is said that the tomb in front of the tomb of Yanzhou Secretariat King did not want to be destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. According to the rubbings in Zhao Mingcheng's Jin Shi Lu in Song Dynasty, there are official script inscriptions on the tomb of Wang Junzhi, the counselor of Hanoi County in Han Dynasty, and the tomb of Wang Junzhi, the secretariat of Yanzhou County in Han Dynasty. Young Wang Huan is a new urbanite. He used to be the county magistrate of wen county, Henan Province, and was promoted to Yanzhou Secretariat because of his outstanding achievements. He died in the first year of Yuanxing (105) and was buried in his hometown. There were two tombs in front of the tomb. From Xindu to the north, Jiangjiaba, Xuzhen and Deyang, not far from baoji-chengdu railway, there is a Sima Mengtai Que, which is also called Gaobei or Hanbei by the locals. Now there is a right pavilion, and there is still the word "Shang Yongchang" in front of it. This song "Han Que" attracted the attention of epitaphs in Song Dynasty. In Lishi, it is recorded that the right que has eleven characters of "Tomb of Emperor Gaozu Sima Mengtai", while the left que has no load, which seems to have collapsed as early as the Song Dynasty.

Near Xianren Bridge, 4 kilometers north of Mianyang, there is a Yangjia Shuangque, which is 27.2 meters apart. The height of the left que is 5. 14m. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Buddhists dug dense shrines in the Que, and the inscription of "Master Guanyin" can still be seen today ... Xu Shan, a disciple of the 23rd leap month in the third year of Datong (55 1), which also added a bit of Sanskrit flavor to ancient Chinese architecture. The right copper deficiency is 5.2 1 m high.

Zitong has four pavilions, namely Liye Que, Yangjia Pavilion, Jiajiating Pavilion and Wuming Pavilion. Li Yeque is located at the foot of Changqing Mountain, about 2 kilometers south of Zitong County, and his body is engraved with the official script of "Han Shi Shi Yu/Gong Li Zhique". Ye Li's deeds are recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. He is from Zitong. "At the beginning of the yuan dynasty, was cited, except for lang. Wang will be photographed, and the industry will go to the official due to illness. Dumen should not be ordered by the county. The satrap Liu Xianqiang called it, and the industry was a disease. ..... Wang Mang takes his career as a drunkard, and he is not an official when he is ill, so he will never hide his name. " Its integrity has always been praised by future generations.

Jiaque is located in Taiping Township, about two kilometers south of Zitong County, and 0.5 kilometers west of Liye Que. Both of them exist, but the roof and the building have been destroyed, which looks like two stone piles from a distance. Locals call it "Book Box Stone", which is the tomb of Shu Han general Deng Zhi. "Zitong County Records" records that "the tomb of Deng Zhi in Shu Han Dynasty has two stone pagodas in the southwest of the county. Levin's people, Shi Shu is a general riding a car ",which is quite consistent with this position; Wumingque is located beside the Sichuan-Shaanxi Highway, and the locals call it "Nine Stones". The existing Zuoque is said to be the tomb of Bianshao who lived in Zitong in the Han Dynasty.

The west wind still shines on Han Jialing.

20 13 April, on the third day of "Lushan Earthquake", the streets of Lushan were still littered with rubble, and rescue trucks roared towards the epicenter. /kloc-next to the 0/08 national highway, there is a yard with iron gates locked. I asked the driver to stop and look in through the crack of the iron gate: the ancient Fan Minque still stands in the courtyard, and the mighty beasts of the Eastern Han Dynasty are guarding this aura-filled courtyard.

I am no stranger to this courtyard called Lushan Eastern Han Dynasty Stone Carving Museum. A few years ago, I participated in an investigation of ancient buildings and went to Lushan Mountain. I vaguely remember that it was dusk, when the administrator opened the mottled iron gate, and a world of Han Dynasty came into view: soft sunshine fell on the que body, emitting yellow golden light, the que body covered with moss was full of stone flowers, and the broken roof was like an eaves that had been in disrepair for a long time.

This is Fan Minque. In Modern Chinese Dictionary, the word Que is interpreted as "buildings on both sides in front of the gates of ancient palaces" or "stone carvings erected in front of temples and tombs". The first kind, also known as "City Que", often appears in classical poems, such as "Farewell to Du DuDu's appointment" and "Through the fog, through this wall around the third district of Qin, five rivers are merged into one river". "The Book of Songs Zheng Feng" "I am so big, at the city gate, I haven't seen it for a day, like March."

The other is the ancestral hall or mausoleum, which is the building in front of the ancestral hall and temple. Mausoleum que stands on both sides of the tombs of emperors, generals and officials, which is a symbol of the identity and status of the tomb owner. Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, saw the broken tomb in Baqiao and wrote this song "Qin Yi E". "Tomb-Sweeping Day is in Leyuan Scenic Area, and the ancient Xianyang Road is soundless and dusty. The sound of dust died out, the west wind still shone, and the Han family lost. " Fan Min's tomb is in front of Fan Min's tomb. Fan Min is a native of Qingjian County, Shu County. During the Jian Peijun period (149), Fan Min became Guo Cheng of A Qiang in Qingyi. In the second year of Yan Xi (159), 40-year-old Fan Min was promoted to Xiaolian, and the following year he was transferred to Yongchang County as a long history. In 2003, Fan Min died, and his subordinates buried him in Lushan Mountain, and built a stone que to show their respect for the officials of the Han Dynasty.

During the Han dynasty, with the establishment of counties and counties in the Han dynasty, magnificent city que spread all over the Han dynasty, but it has rarely been preserved so far. There are 29 Han people in China, including 4 in Henan, 4 in Shandong, 1 in Beijing/kloc-0, and 20 in Sichuan. Except for Taishige, Quemen and Qimu Pagoda in Shao Shi, which are ancestral halls, the rest are tombs. Sichuan Hanfu is widely distributed in Mianyang, Ya 'an, Lushan, Quxian, Zitong and Zhongxian.

A month later, news came from Lushan that the earthquake caused Fan Minque to break above the second floor and the top of the bird was facing collapse. The adjacent Ya 'an Gaoyi Que body was also shattered, and the parts fell to the ground. These buildings, which have stood for more than 2,000 years, stand in the wilderness of Sichuan Basin like white-haired old people. Being close to them is like opening a yellow architectural history of the Han Dynasty.

Powerful atmosphere and exquisite carving.

Fan Minque is 495 cm high and consists of abutment, abutment, building and roof. Hanque is an antique building. Generally speaking, abutment is equivalent to the foundation of a house, abutment is like a wall, and roof is like a roof. Fan Minque's abutment and body were repaired in the 1950s. In contrast, the Gao Yi Que in Ya 'an has completely preserved the left and right double Ques, and you can intuitively feel the architectural form of the Han nationality.

The left que of Gaoyi que has only one seat, the que body is an old thing of Han dynasty, and the top cover was added later. At the bottom of the abutment is a row of columns, on which girders are erected, similar to dry column buildings. There is plenty of rain in the Yangtze River basin, and the Chengdu Plain was even called "the lowland land" in ancient times, with heavy humidity. The ancients cut down trees, sharpened one end, rammed them into the soil, tied criss-crossing ground beams and laid boards on them. Results There was a gap of 10-30 cm between the room and the ground. This building structure is vividly called "dry fence type", 6544. The platform base of Gao yique is the embodiment of "dry column style"

Que's body is made of four layers of stone, with four lines of 16-character official script engraved on the back: "Yizhou Magistrate/Five Seal Order Officer/Xiaolian Official in Han Dynasty". Que dominated the noble ceremony, showing filial piety, and later became the Yizhou magistrate. In the 14th year of Jian 'an (209), he died in August.

The right pavilion is basically intact and the building is the most exquisite. Architecturally, the building can be divided into two floors: the vertical and horizontal square building and the bucket arch building. The building in Gaoyique is composed of four layers of stones, carved with tourist maps, drums, dances of birds and animals, swords presented by Ji Zha, treasures presented by foreigners and so on. The scene of the Yi people offering treasures is spectacular. A woman with a double bun leaned out of the door. Outside, a man with a high crown and robes knelt on the ground, holding a bird, followed by a naked, bald and big-eyed Yi. Gao Yi used to be the secretariat of Yizhou, and most of his territory was in Yunnan Province. Perhaps the "Man Zi" carved on the tomb is the reappearance of Gao Yi as an official. Three-legged, nine-tailed fox and other patterns symbolize the kingdom of heaven in the eyes of Han people, suggesting that the tomb owner will get the elixir of immortality from the western queen mother and go to fairyland. In this way, life and death, reality and myth constitute the spiritual world of Han people in Hanque.

Standing under the stone que and looking up, you will find a circle of wishful structure under the top cover, which is a bucket arch. The "bucket" is a bucket-shaped wooden pad, and the "arch" is an arched short wood. The arch is built on the bucket, picked out outward and placed at the end of the arch to form a bracket with a big top and a small bottom, which is interlocking. Bucket arch is usually located between the columns and beams of large buildings, and its appearance solves the damage problem of shear stress to beams; However, they are also works of art, whether from the artistic or technical point of view, the bucket arch is enough to symbolize and represent the spirit and temperament of classical architecture.

China's wooden buildings have a long history. Column net structure and mortise and tenon technology are common in Neolithic sites. The roof of Erlitou Shang Palace site in Yanshi, Henan Province adopts the style of double eaves and four slopes, and the prototype of a bucket arch can also be seen on the bronze puppet Fang Yi unearthed from the good tomb of Yin Ruins. By the Han Dynasty, a complete architectural pattern had been formed. The Han Dynasty is an era of stability and prosperity, and it is also an era of great construction. Weiyang Palace built during the reign of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty and Zhangjian Palace built during the reign of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty are among the representative works. Weiyang Palace has a history of 28 miles, and there are more than 80 famous destination palaces that can be verified.

Weiyang Palace and Zhangjian Palace in the Han Dynasty have long been in ruins in the long world, and it is difficult to recover. Gao yique carved the shapes of various components in an accurate proportion, which enabled future generations to have a glimpse of the architectural style, proportion and skills of the Han people and provided a basis for the restoration of Weiyang Palace and Zhangjian Palace. Judging from the stone que, the bucket arch in the Han Dynasty is larger than that in later generations, and its solid and honest style is in harmony with the vigorous architectural design of the Han people. The maximum length of the top cover of the stone que is more than one meter, which shows that the craftsmen in Han Dynasty have solved the stress problem caused by the big eaves.

Chen Mingda, a scholar, pointed out in the preface of the book "Stone Que in Han Dynasty in Sichuan" that Han Que is the earliest and best-preserved ancient building above the ground in China, which provides a reliable basis for future generations to understand and even restore the architecture of Han Dynasty, is of great significance to the study of ancient wooden structures in China, and also preserves the long history and aesthetic feeling of ancient buildings to this day.

After the double gate, it is Tianmen.

In the endless dynasty changes, Han Que was also ill-fated, lost in the long river of history and neglected for a long time, and was not known to the world until 100 years ago. 1965438+In February 2004, a French expedition led by sinologist Segalan set out from the capital for an eight-month expedition to the west and arrived in Gaoyi Que in June of the same year. Seigland never imagined that the building in front of him actually came from the Han Dynasty two thousand years ago-an era he praised as "full of vigor and humanity". 1923, Seigland released the photos of the tits to the world, which surprised Europeans and almost triggered an adventure fever.

Before coming to Ya 'an, Sai Garan also visited several Han Que in Quxian County. In 20 12, I came to Quxian, which is called "the hometown of Hanque". There are 29 Han Ques in China, and there are 6 here, which is really worthy of the name. Hanque in Quxian County is located beside the road from the county seat to Tuxi. Feng Huan Que, Shen Fujun Que, Wang Jiaping Wumingque, Pujiawan Wumingque, Zhao Jia Village Wudongmingque and Xi Wumingque are all unique except Shen Fujun Que.

It is drizzling and there are few pedestrians on the road. In the teahouse at the entrance of Zhaojia Village in Tuxi, the villagers are holding a bowl of tea, breaking leaves and looking at us uninvited guests. A hundred years ago, when Siegeland broke into the villagers' lives, did they take a look at this busy Frenchman? Opposite the teahouse is Feng Huanque, which is 4.38 meters high and has a broken top cover. The lush moss seems to have dyed it green. The body of the portrait carved in the building has long since disappeared, and the strings in his hand are still playing which movement of the Han Dynasty. Two rows of elegant are carved in the center of the que-"Therefore, the assistant minister of Henan Shangshu was once the secretariat of Yuzhou and Feng Shinto".

Feng Huan, the owner of Que, was from Dangqu, Ba County, Eastern Han Dynasty. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was a magistrate of Youzhou and enforced the law fairly. He hates many officials and strongmen. In retaliation, the strongmen put Feng Huan into prison under the guise of the emperor's will, and Feng Huan died in prison. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "pitied him, gave him 100,000 yuan and accepted his son as a doctor." In A.D. 12 1 year, Feng Huangui was buried in Dangqu, and his subordinates built a stone que for him in front of the tomb in memory of this loyal minister of the Han Dynasty who died.

Leave Feng Huankui and walk along the highway for about 3 kilometers. Rubble beasts can be seen from time to time by the roadside. There is a fence in the rice field. In the middle of the fence, the unknown pavilion in the west of Zhaojia Village stands quietly in the center. A naked man in a flat-topped hat can be seen on the first floor. A big monkey is holding a little monkey in his arms, which seems to be a hunting map. On the second floor, the front is a picture of a fairy riding a deer, and the back is a picture of a fairy riding a deer. The third floor is a memorial picture. In the picture, the door was ajar, and a man with sleeves and clothes stood outside the door, followed by a slave, waiting to be summoned.

The East Wumingque is 300 meters away from the West Que, and the building is carved with a vivid hunting map of the Han Dynasty: one person is hunting, two rabbits are running wildly in the grass, and hounds are chasing fiercely. There are two fierce tigers on it, and one person is pulling the tiger's tail with all his strength. Without sculpture, the Han Dynasty was undoubtedly a regrettable era. Han people carve their feasts, travel, hunting and even imaginary paradise on stone carvings, showing their lives, their attitude towards death and their dream paradise to future generations.

In the paddy field beside the fence, Zhao and his wife are transplanting rice seedlings. He told me that according to the older generation, there was no fence in Hanque in the past. In the rice field, the farmers led the cattle to the ground and held them by the stone gate. Tired of working in the field, the farmers smoked two leaves at the edge of the stone gate. Some people lack a stone mill and don't want to go a long way to knock stones on the mountain, so they chisel the stone que down. What Lao Zhao said may not be much different from what Seigland saw a hundred years ago. Seigland recorded what he saw in Archaeology of Western China: "The terraced fields are surrounded by paddy fields, and the terraced fields are submerged in water, and will soon be submerged. There is a nameless que in Quxian county, which has been tilted and will not collapse for a long time. Even if it doesn't collapse, it will occupy limited cultivated land because of its obstacle farming and become people's millstones, and many historical sites in China will be destroyed. " From temple shrines to farm tools, the fate of Han Que can be imagined.

Feng, a late scholar in Sichuan, believes that only officials with "two thousand stones" can set up stone pavilions after their death. "Two Thousand Stones" is the official rank of the Han Dynasty. There are two kinds of stones in the Han Dynasty, namely, Shu Tai, Wei, Dasinong, Taichang and Dahonglu, Taishou and Taifu. Looking back at these homosexuals in Sichuan, Fan Min is the magistrate of Ba County, and Gaoyi is the magistrate of Yizhou. The queer owner of Sima Mengtai in Deyang was once a scholar in the Han Dynasty, and Shen Fujun in Quxian was a courtier in the Han Dynasty, Sima Zuodu in Beitun and a captain in Xinfengling. Feng's views are undoubtedly quite insightful.

Interestingly, on the sarcophagus of the Han Dynasty unearthed in various parts of Sichuan, you can often see double-que patterns, and even many couples are buried together in cliff tombs, which makes scholars quite puzzled. Were they both "two thousand stones"? On the portrait coffin unearthed from the tomb of Guitouya in Jianyang, the words "Tianmen" are engraved between the two tombs. Scholars suddenly realized that Shuangque is the symbol of Tianmen and the boundary between human beings and heaven. The ban of the Han Dynasty can't stop the Han people from yearning for heaven-crossing Tianmen and becoming a part of heaven, which is the "que" in the eyes of the Han people.

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