Write about a car. The number of words is about 200~300.

The car (invented by karl benz) is a modern means of transportation, which means "automatic car" in English and is also called "automatic car" in Japan (the car in Japanese characters refers to our train). Other languages are also called "automatic cars", except China.

Motor vehicles with four or more wheels are mainly used for:

-transporting people and/or goods (articles);

-Towing vehicles carrying goods (articles) or special-purpose vehicles;

-Special Operations Group.

The term also includes:

A) Vehicles connected to power lines, such as trolleybuses;

B) The whole vehicle shall be equipped with a three-wheeled vehicle with curb weight exceeding 400kg without cab;

C) The whole vehicle shall be equipped with a three-wheeled vehicle with a cab, and the curb weight shall exceed 600kg.

2 development history

Jet propelled

1680, Newton, a famous British scientist, conceived a scheme of a jet car, which used steam from a nozzle to propel the car, but failed to make it into a real object.

steam power

1769, a Frenchman, N·J· Juno, built a three-wheeled car driven by steam generated by gas combustion, and wanted to use it to replace horses to pull a cannon for Napoleon's army. However, the speed of this kind of car is only 4 kilometers per hour, and it is very troublesome to stop and add coal to the boiler every 15 minutes. Later, the car crashed into a brick wall during a trip and broke into pieces.

Steam car (3)

1769, Frenchman N·J· kugnot made the world's first steam-driven tricycle. 1879, German engineer karl benz successfully tested the two-stroke experimental engine for the first time. 1June, 883, founded "Ben Ci Company and Rheinland Gas Engine Factory". 1in June, 885, he manufactured the first Ben Ci patented motor vehicle in Mannheim, which was a three-wheeled vehicle with a two-stroke single-cylinder gasoline engine of 0.9 HP. This car has some basic characteristics of modern cars, such as spark ignition, water cooling cycle and steel tube frame. 18861On October 29th, German engineer karl benz applied for a patent for his motor vehicle. In June 5438+10 of the same year, Karl Benz's three-wheeled motor vehicle obtained a German patent (patent number: 37435a). This is considered to be the first modern car in the world. For the above reasons, people generally take 1886 as the first year of automobile, and some scholars take the year when Carl Benz made the first three-wheeled automobile (1885) as the year when the automobile was born.

1829, James of England invented a steam car with a speed of 25 kilometers per hour, which can be used as a large car. This kind of car is equipped with a heavy boiler, adding a lot of coal, emitting black smoke, polluting streets, making rumbling noise and frequent accidents.

1860, French worker Lou Noel invented the internal combustion engine, and used a gas engine with a horsepower of about/kloc-0 to drive the car, but the effect was not good. However, cars are produced under the influence of this internal combustion engine. Since then, many people want to improve the internal combustion engine and use it in cars. From 65438 to 0882, German engineer William Daimler began to study internal combustion engines. He invented an automatic ignition device that uses electric spark to ignite the engine. Then, on the basis of this invention, he made an excellent gasoline engine. This kind of engine rotates 900 revolutions per minute, which is simple and compact in structure and can generate great power. 1883, Daimler completed this gasoline engine, and the next year began to assemble it on two-wheelers, tricycles and four-wheelers to make a gasoline-powered car. In particular, the gasoline engine four-wheel truck manufactured by 1886 is equipped with an engine horsepower of L.5 and an hourly speed of 18km.

gasoline car

1885 is a decisive breakthrough in automobile invention. Ben Ci, who was in the same factory as Daimler at that time, was also studying cars. 1885, he and Daimler built a gasoline engine almost at the same time, installed it on a car, and drove at a speed of 12 km/h, which was successful. This year, the British housekeeper also invented a car with a gasoline engine. In addition, Bernard of Italy also invented the automobile, and Puchilov and Vorobov of Russia invented the internal combustion engine automobile.

force

The world's first research on electric vehicles was conducted by Hungarian engineer Anush Jedlik? Telex device completed by nyos Jedlik in 1828 laboratory. The first truly manufactured electric car was invented by American Anderson between 1832 and 1839. The battery used in this electric car is relatively simple and cannot be charged. 1899, the German Porsche invented the hub motor, which replaced the chain drive that was widely used in cars at that time. soon

Lohner-Porsche electric vehicle is developed, which uses lead-acid battery as power source and is directly driven by front wheel hub motor. This is also the first car named after Porsche. At the 1900 Paris World Expo, the car made its debut under the name of Toujours-Contente, which caused a sensation.

Subsequently, Porsche also loaded two hub motors on the rear wheel of Lohner-Porsche, thus giving birth to the world's first four-wheel drive electric vehicle. However, the battery of this car is bulky and heavy, with a top speed of only 60 kilometers per hour. In order to solve these problems, Porsche added an internal combustion engine to the electric car 1902, which is the first hybrid vehicle in the world.

3 China market

overseas expansion

20 13 In May, Chery Automobile announced that it planned to invest in building a vehicle assembly plant in Malaysia in the next five years. Just a month before Chery announced the news, SAIC executives also said that SAIC's joint venture production enterprise in Egypt was officially put into production. In addition, Great Wall Motor, Changan, Jianghuai Automobile and other domestic independent automobile enterprises have accelerated the pace of overseas investment and factory construction.

Insight. Zhang Gang (pseudonym), head of overseas investment of a domestic independent brand enterprise, said: "Although China enterprises tend to accelerate the construction of overseas factories, most foreign factories are led by local partners, and China enterprises mainly license products for the purpose of promoting product export."

It is understood that with the increasingly strict "restrictions" of policies and tariffs on imported cars in many countries, China enterprises have also begun to change their export methods, from pure product export to local factories.

"This overseas factory building model has greatly limited the profits of China enterprises due to the low investment," an industry insider pointed out.

Development situation

Foundation laying ceremony of FAW-Volkswagen (3) The declining market situation has caused the European automobile industry to shift its production and sales focus to the growing China market, which has triggered a new round of production capacity and network expansion in China, and more international brands will be produced in China. On May 15 and 16, North and South Volkswagen successively announced capacity expansion. Among them, FAW-Volkswagen held a groundbreaking ceremony in Changchun, which is the second EA2 1 1 engine production base established after Chengdu. Shanghai Volkswagen No.8 Factory officially signed a contract in the south expansion area of Changsha Economic Development Zone.

It is understood that from 20 13 to 20 15, Volkswagen's joint venture company in China plans to continue to invest 9.8 billion euros for capacity expansion and new product development. Volkswagen plans to build 65,438+00 factories around the world by 2065,438+08, including the newly-built Changsha factory, with 7 factories in China. In 2065,438+08, Volkswagen's production capacity in China will reach 4 million vehicles.

In fact, in addition to Volkswagen, multinational car companies such as GM, Toyota, Hyundai and Nissan have also set off a wave of expanding production capacity in China. The insiders believe that this actually reflects the high dependence of multinational car companies on the China market.

Then, several European multinational automobile companies are planning to introduce their products to China for local production. At present, Jaguar Land Rover has reached a joint venture with Chery. With the good momentum of steady growth in global sales and sales in China, Chery Jaguar Land Rover plans to launch its first domestic product in the second half of 20 14.

At the same time, European brands such as Volvo and Renault are also promoting localized production plans in China. In addition, it is reported that British brands such as finidi, Jeep, Acura and Cadillac have also started production plans in China.

In addition, the cooperation between China and Europe in the automobile industry will be closer. The industry expects that Sino-German enterprises will sign economic and trade cooperation agreements covering automobile, machinery, chemical industry, shipbuilding and other fields. Nobert Reithofer, chairman of German BMW Group, said that German automobile industry has traditional advantages in technological innovation, design and brand management, while China automobile industry has made great progress in this respect. I believe that the cooperation between Germany and China in the automobile industry has broad prospects.

However, the National Passenger Car Market Information Association believes that after the expansion of high growth, high investment and high production capacity, it is expected that the fluctuation of China automobile market will be more intense.

Development history

China's first car came out in Shenyang in May, 1929, which was manufactured by Liaoning Mortar Factory headed by General Zhang Xueliang. Zhang Xueliang asked Li Yichun, director of Minsheng Factory, to buy a complete car from Xue Rui as a sample car from the United States. Li Yichun disassembled the whole vehicle, and then redesigned and manufactured other parts except the rear axle of the engine, electrical devices and tires. 193 1 year lasted for two years in may, and finally the first car in China was successfully trial-produced, named Minsheng brand 75, which was the first self-made car in China. This is admirable.

Since1July, 1953, the first automobile factory started construction, and1July, 1956 was put into production. 1In July, 1957, China produced the first fully loaded Jiefang car.1In May, 1958, China No.1 Automobile Factory independently developed, designed and produced the first car that fluctuated with the political situation at that time. For decades, China's automobile industry has developed rapidly. Especially since the reform and opening up, automobile production has adopted various high-tech, humanized safety and convenience facilities and absorbed the essence of foreign automobile research. It not only takes the traditional three-dimensional modeling, but also has the soft and charming style of fashionable cars, with smooth lines and comfortable driving. The new favorite of "car" is constantly born.

Automobile1983 On May 5, Beijing Automobile Factory and representatives of American automobile companies signed the Operation Agreement and the Joint Venture Articles, and the first joint venture of China vehicles was born in the capital. 1in March, 985, after Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of the reform and opening up, Shanghai Volkswagen, the first car joint venture in China, was formally established. It marks the end of the low-level wandering history of China automobile industry behind closed doors, and opens up the road of utilizing foreign capital, introducing technology and accelerating development.

1986 From March 25th to April 12, the fourth session of the Sixth National People's Congress was held in Beijing, which adopted the seventh five-year plan for People's Republic of China (PRC)'s national economic and social development, and "automobile manufacturing as an important pillar industry" was written into the seventh five-year plan.

1987 August 12, heads of relevant departments of the State Council gathered in Beidaihe. At the meeting, the decision to build three automobile bases in China was finally made clear, and the automobile industry was defined as Shanghai, FAW and Second Automobile, forming a pattern of "three big and three small". The most important significance of this meeting is to get out of the whirlpool of "whether China should develop the automobile industry" and make clear the decision to develop the automobile industry.

Audi 100 was launched on 1988. At the moment when China and Germany signed the Audi 100 technology transfer agreement, "FAW Audi 100" profoundly affected the China automobile market and even the car industry.

199 1 On February 8, 2008, FAW-Volkswagen Automobile Co., Ltd. was established in Changchun with an investment of 4.2 billion yuan, and the shareholding ratio between China and Germany was 6:4. Its establishment marks the birth of the largest automobile joint venture in China.

199 1, Shanghai brand cars stopped production, and China automobile industry bid farewell to "independent products" temporarily under the pressure of joint venture models. However, after more than ten years of development, Shanghai Automobile has once again returned to the "independent era". At the Shanghai International Auto Show in 2007, the Shanghai brand car that stopped production 16 was reborn on the first fuel cell car independently developed by SAIC.

1997 Guangzhou Peugeot production suspension liquidation. The failure of Guangzhou Peugeot is a tragedy, which has changed the pattern of "three small" in China, but the development of China automobile industry has not stopped. Peugeot made a comeback in 2003 and developed smoothly in China. 1999 12 18, Chery's first car, Fengyun, rolled off the assembly line, which opened the curtain for Chery to build a car and also fired the first shot of its own brand car.

During the 20 years from 1980 to 2000, China automobile has developed by leaps and bounds. 1992, the annual output of automobiles in China exceeded 1 10,000, and in 2000 it exceeded 2 million. The development of automobile production, from 5400 cars in 1980 to 6 10000 cars in 2000, all these figures prove the leap-forward development at this stage. As people often say, the wheel of history is unstoppable. There may be twists and turns or even retrogression, but from a historical point of view, the development of automobiles is obviously making great strides.

China's Entry into WTO (3)

At the end of 200 1, China officially joined the WTO, and taking this opportunity, China's automobile industry ushered in a new period of rapid development. In 2009, China's automobile production and sales were 137965438+ 10,000 and136448,000 respectively, which surpassed the United States in one fell swoop and became the largest automobile production and sales country in the world. In 20 12, the annual automobile production and sales in China were 1927 1800 and 19306400 respectively, ranking first in the world for four consecutive years.

After ten years of rapid development, the technology of China's own brand passenger cars has made great progress. In the first half of 20 13, FAW Hongqi, BAIC SIBO, Changan Ruicheng, Geely Emgrand, BYD Sirui, and SAIC Roewe and GAC Chuanqi, which were listed one after another before, launched a group charge against the joint venture brand, gradually rewriting the status quo that self-owned brand passenger cars can only seize the market at the middle and low end.