Xie wrote the Geological Records of Western Hills in Beiping.

(Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources)

I. Introduction

Geological Records of Xishan in Beijing (published in 19 1920), edited by famous geologist Ye, is one of the earliest regional geological records in China, which has played a very important role in promoting the geological research of Xishan in Beijing. There is probably no one in the older generation of geologists who doesn't know this geological record of Xishan.

After the publication of Ye's Geological Records of Western Hills in Beijing, the geological research in Beijing has been deepened, and many famous geologists have made geological investigations in Western Hills and achieved many important results. For example, 1923 has the Sinian stratigraphic paleontology in Nankou, the structure of Zhao Yaceng in Nankou area, the mountain topography near Yangnankou, and 1924 has the geological age of Fangshan marble and its magnesium content. 1927 Cambrian and Ordovician strata in Xishan, Beijing, fossil strata in Zhoukoudian, Lijie, and contact between Yangfang granite in Huanghe and Zhuiji Mountain in Zhu Sen 1928, Brief report on Zhoukoudian cave strata in Derijin and Yang 1929. 1930 contains abnormal paleontological fossils from Zhoukoudian of Yang, tortoise fossils from Zhoukoudian of Yang, 193 1 Pei Wenzhong's The Age of Cave Strata in Zhoukoudian and Other Paleogene Strata, 1932 contains many works by Pei Wenzhong and others on cave accumulation and archaeological discovery in Zhoukoudian. 1933 thanks to the geology in Tuoli, Changxindian, southwest of Beiping, the double spring beds and Triassic plant fossils of Ji Rongsen and Pan Zhongxiang in Beiping Xishan, the Cretaceous plant fossils of Pan Zhongxiang in Fangshan, Hebei, and the coalfield geology of Wang Zhuquan and Ji Rongsen in Mentougou, Xishan, Beiping. 1934 has Sinian Strata in Northern China by Gao Zhenxi, Xiong Yongxian and Gao Ping, Cave Strata in Late Paleolithic Period in Zhoukoudian by Pei Wenzhong, and Dust Research in Beiping by Ma; 1935, You Shou's preliminary observation of bird fossils in Zhoukoudian, it is found that the rich is the endocarp fossil of Pu Shu in Zhoukoudian, and there is Chen Kai. In addition, in the first half of 1930s, students from Peking University and Tsinghua University went to Xishan for geological mapping practice. All these have greatly improved the degree of geological research in Xishan area, and the original geological records of Xishan are obviously inconsistent with the new achievements. In this way, it is natural to write a new geological record of Xishan.

According to Geological Review 1936, No.4 Geological News, Volume I, "Professor Peking University, Xie, Technical Director of Geological Survey Institute of the Ministry of Industry, Zhang Xiluan, Professor of Tsinghua University, and Gao Zhenxi, Assistant Professor of Peking University, went to Qinglong Bridge, Miaofengshan, Qingshuijian, Zhaitang, Baihua Mountain and Da 'anshan before July 7 to re-investigate geology for compilation. " [ 1]

However, the world has not seen this new geological record of Xishan.

In 2005, in the process of collecting and sorting out Xie's manuscripts and preparing to publish Xie's Anthology, we found the manuscript of New Geological Records of Xishan in Beiping signed by Xie, with the words "Unfinished Manuscript" printed in type (see photo).

Second, the structure and content of Beiping Xishan Geological Records

Open the handwritten manuscript "Geological Records of Xishan in Beiping". After the title page is a table of contents with four pages, four chapters and sixteen chapters. The full text is as follows:

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The first overview

Chapter I Stratigraphic System

I. Before the Sinian Period

(1) Hengling system

Second, Paleozoic

(2) Sinian (3) Cambrian (4) Ordovician (5) Carboniferous (6) Permian

Third, Mesozoic

(7) Triassic (8) Jurassic (9) Cretaceous

Fourth, the new generation

Chapter II Geological Structure

Nail structural facies

Folds and overthrust faults. Fault three. Other structures

Trends and dynamic periods

Tectonic area C (1) Qiankou area of Kangzhuang Mountain (2) Boundary layer area of Nankou Town.

(3) Baihua Mountain Area of Miaofeng Mountain (4) Dian Wei District on Xiangfengling (5) Long 'en Temple in Jiulongshan District (6) Huamuling Red Coal Factory (7) Beiling District of Hua 'an Mountain (8) Changxindian District of Tori.

Chapter III Topography and Geomorphology

I. Topography (1) Mountains (2) River valleys (3) Basin land

(4) Terrace (5) piedmont area (6) Beiping Plain

Second, the relationship between topography, lithology and structure

Three. River development

Fourth, the geographical period

Verb (abbreviation for verb) A bird's eye view of geography, literature and history.

Section 2 Regional Geology

Chapter IV Regional Division

Chapter V North District I and Terrain II. Strata distribution. structure

Chapter VI Central District

Chapter VII Southern District (the author changed the pencil to Southwest District, followed by Chapter VIII, Use pencil in Southeast District)

The third article rock minerals

Chapter VIII Classification and Occurrence of Igneous Rocks

Chapter 9 Description of Igneous Rock under Microscope

Chapter X Classification and Occurrence of Metamorphic Rocks

The second chapter XI's micro-narration of metamorphic rocks.

Chapter XII Minerals

Fourth economic geology

Chapter XIII Coal I, Coalfield Distribution II, Coal Quality III, Reserves IV, Mining Status

An overview of verb (abbreviation of verb) partition

Chapter XIV Other Non-metallic Minerals Asbestos Talc Lime

Chapter XV Metal Minerals Iron, Copper, Lead, Silver and Gold

Chapter 16 Conclusion

Three. Brief introduction to the first chapter of Geological Records of Western Hills in Beiping.

According to this catalogue, the book should have an introduction, but it is not seen in the handwritten manuscript. Behind the directory is "Chapter 1 Stratigraphic System", without the word "Chapter 1". This first chapter, with 78 pages in total, basically describes all the strata listed in the catalogue from Hengling system before Sinian to Cenozoic (Cenozoic strata only have titles, but no stratigraphic descriptions). This is also the whole content of the existing handwritten manuscript, and the rest of the articles do not have the total content of chapter 15. In other words, the whole New Geological Records of Beiping Xishan only completed the first chapter and the first chapter stratigraphic system.

At the beginning of the first chapter of Xinzhi (hereinafter referred to as Xinzhi), it says: "In the old annals, the Xishan stratigraphic system said that' except Archaean and Proterozoic metamorphic rocks, rock formations of other times can be seen'." As a result of this retest, it is known that metamorphic rocks also exist in Xishan. Although it is still uncertain whether its age belongs to Archean or Proterozoic, there seems to be no big problem before Sinian (according to Ge's new definition). "

According to the order given in the catalogue, Xinzhi describes in detail the strata from old to new in various geological ages in Xishan area, and each stratum is described in the order of lithology, distribution, age and correlation.

Before Sinian, Xinzhi named the gneiss exposed in Xishan Mountain as "Hengling System", which was distributed near Nankou, Fangtou area north of Hengling and southwest of Longbai Mountain. As for its age, the author advocates that it is not so much Archean as Wutai period, and it belongs to the pre-Sinian horizon temporarily before sufficient evidence is obtained.

The Sinian Xinzhi said, "The old records are divided into two layers, the lower layer is siliceous limestone with a thickness of about 1000 meters, and the upper layer is the Xiamaling layer with a thickness of about 700 meters. There is also a cloud that' there is quartzite under the siliceous limestone in the south exit of Kaohuahua, which has not been seen in this area'. In this survey, there are quartzites on gneiss in Longbaishan, Hengling, west of Nankou Town, so the classification of old records should be supplemented. " For Gao Zhenxi et al.' s "Gaoyuzhuang Limestone and Wumishan Limestone in Sinian Strata in Northern China" written in 1934, the author thinks that they have the same lithology, so it is not necessary to divide them into two layers. Gao Zhenxi and others classified Jingeryu limestone into Sinian system. The author said that according to Professor Yuntao Sun's recent research, trilobites were found in the so-called Jingeryu limestone, which proved that it still belongs to Cambrian. Therefore, he divided the Sinian system into Gao Han system, Nankou system and Xiamaling system, and their upper boundaries were consistent with the old records.

The distribution of Cambrian strata is only "from Maoerya in the north to Qingbaikou in the southwest", which is not very extensive. According to the recent investigation, the platform area of dome structure is under Ordovician limestone, and Paleogene stratum is no exception. "The Cambrian strata in the old strata are divided into five types: lower shale, middle limestone, upper shale, light gray or dark gray oolitic limestone and bamboo-leaf limestone. Xinzhi is divided into three Cambrian strata: Shantou shale, Zhang Xia limestone and Chaomidian limestone. It is considered that the lithology and fossils of CAMBRIAN in Xishan can be compared with the standard sequence of CAMBRIAN in Shandong.

Ordovician is divided into upper and lower parts, the lower part is massive limestone containing flint, belonging to Ordovician, and the upper part is dark blue thick layered limestone, belonging to Middle Ordovician, which can be compared with Majiagou limestone.

Carboniferous and Carboniferous Permian are near Zhoukoudian, and Benxi coal measures of Middle Carboniferous are not integrated on Ordovician limestone, with a thickness of only about 30m. Elsewhere, the Lower Permian (according to Glip's opinion) or the Yangjiatun coal measures of the Upper Carboniferous were pseudo-integrated on the Ordovician, which is collectively called the Carboniferous-Permian because there is no conclusion. According to fossils, Yangjiatun coal series can be divided into three parts, the lower part can be compared with Taiyuan series, the middle part can be compared with Shanxi series, and the upper part is equivalent to Shihezi series.

Permian and Permian-Triassic "This part includes Hongmiaoling system and Shuangquan system. The former belongs to Permian, while the latter mostly belongs to Permian, but the upper part may belong to Triassic. The boundary between Hongmiaoling Formation and Yangjiatun Formation is very vague and gradually changes with the change of lithology. Therefore, all red sandstones are classified into Hongmiaoling series according to their colors. The upper part of Shuangquan system is in pseudo-conformity contact with the lower Jurassic Mentougou coal measures, during which diabase is often produced.

Geological history series

The cover of Xie's new work "Geological Records of Beiping Xishan" is kept in the National Geological Archives, and there is an "unfinished draft" printed in type at the lower right.

Triassic-Jurassic Cenozoic records divide Triassic-Jurassic strata into three parts, namely diabase, Mentougou coal series and Jiulongshan series. Whether a part of the Shuangquan system belongs to the Triassic system is still inconclusive. There are diabase in many places above the Shuangquan system (possibly in the north of the dome layer of Gujishan Mountain). Above diabase is Jurassic Mentougou coal measures.

Diabase mostly occurs between Mentougou coal measures and Shuangquan system, mainly exposed in the north, west and south of Jiulongshan syncline, Longen Temple, Badachu and Moshikou, Qingshuijian and Miaoanling syncline in the southeast wing. The igneous rocks exposed from Wangjiashan, Ling Yao Temple and Duancun in the north of Zhaitang may also be diabase. On the origin of diabase, Weng was quoted in Old Records for a detailed discussion, and it was considered that diabase was intrusive rock. Xiong Yongxian also advocated the theory of intrusive rock in Mentougou Geological Brief, while Yang Jie advocated the theory of volcanic rock flow based on the diabase block and breccia structure similar to volcanic bombs found in Xiyingcun ditch of Biyun Temple in several geological observations in the western hills of Beiping. The author thinks that "a part of Xishan diabase belongs to intrusive body, and the evidence is conclusive (the upper age limit of its intrusive body has not yet been determined). But according to this, all diabase belongs to intrusion, and none belongs to volcanic flow, so it is too early to judge. From Mentougou to the west, diabase has a certain horizon and thickness, stretching for dozens of kilometers. In addition, all almond-shaped pore structures, as well as volcanic bombs and breccia structures seen by Yang, can fully show the signs of volcanic flow, so the editor thinks that intrusion and ejection are both. However, what is the relationship between the two and where they belong will be solved in the future. "

According to the old records, the Jurassic in Beiling syncline is divided into three parts: the lower part is light green shale and sandstone with a thin layer of anthracite, the middle part is dark gray shale, sandstone and hard conglomerate, and the upper part is hard sandstone and conglomerate. Now, the lower part should belong to the double spring system. According to Wang Zhuquan and Ji Rongsen's investigation in Mentougou, Mentougou system can be divided into three parts from bottom to top: black shale, gray sandstone and coal seam interbedded in Xiayaopo system; Upper kiln slope shale mixed with sandstone; Longmen series is 160m thick, and the bottom is about 10m thick gray conglomerate. Xinzhi, based on a large number of plant fossils produced in Mentougou, Sanjiadian, Beizhiyu and Zhaitang, thinks that the age of Mentougou coal measures can be compared with Datong in Shanxi, Daqingshan in Suiyuan and Fangzi in Weixian in Shandong, all of which belong to Jurassic. The old chronicle talked about the unconformity of Mentougou coal measures before, and the new chronicle confirmed the existence of unconformity according to the observations of Gao Zhenxi, Ding Daoheng and the author himself, arguing that "there is at least one false conformity or even unconformity" and "if there is unconformity, its orogenic period should be equivalent to the first phase of Yanshan Movement".

Jiulongshan series is widely distributed in Xishan Mountain and consists of purple-green shale, sandstone and conglomerate, which is different from Mentougou coal series because it does not contain coal. The old record is unconformity due to contact with the upper bar-based mountain system, while the new record is "According to recent research, there is no unconformity, and the lithology has changed step by step; There are many tuff or tuff sandstone interlayers in the Gaiben system (especially in the upper part), so it is difficult to delimit the boundary with the Tiji mountain system. "Xinzhi also believes that this series is quite similar to an ancient fan-shaped alluvial layer, so the lithology varies greatly, especially the color. According to the observations of Cheng, Zhang, Zhao, Zhou Zongjun and others, Xinzhi thinks that there is an unconformity at the bottom of the Jiulongshan system. The age of the Jiulongshan series cannot be determined because no fossils have been found, but it is not integrated on the Mentougou coal series of the lower Jurassic, but under the Tiaojishan series, which cannot be newer than the lower Cretaceous, so its age should be roughly in the middle-upper Jurassic, and its horizon can be compared with the Santai layer in Shandong.

Jurassic-Cretaceous strata above Jiulongshan system and below Cenozoic can be divided into Tiaojishan system, Donglingtai system, Xinzhuang system and Tori system from bottom to top. Tiaojishan system consists of conglomerate, shale, massive rock, tuff and extrusive rock (mostly andesite). The old record said that there was lentil anthracite at the bottom, but according to the recent investigation, the new record pointed out that this part never contained coal, and the coal-bearing part was a fault of Mentougou system or Yangjiatun system. The old records include the upper section of Liugonggou in Fujiatai on the northern slope of Tiaoji Mountain and the southern and northern sections of Miaofeng Mountain. Lithology description is quite detailed, that is to say, the thickness of the whole system is about 1500m. The new record is divided into two sections, the upper and lower sections, with a total thickness of about 1600m, according to the newly measured profiles of hoof-track mountain and clear water stream and north and south slopes by Chen Kai and Gao Zhenxi.

Donglingtai system is only exposed in Xishan Mountain: Donglingtai in the south of Yanhe City, Anjiatan in the northwest of Yanhe City, Tanchang in the northwest of Shangweidian, Dagou, Wayao and Zhaojiatai in the north of Miaofeng Mountain, etc. It is a set of aggregate, trachyte, rhyolite and tuff which are more acidic than Tiaojishan limestone or Sinian limestone. Rhyolites exposed in large areas in Yanqing, Huailai and Changping also belong to this series.

Xinzhuang system is purple shale, sand shale and conglomerate, belonging to Cretaceous system, and its lithology is very similar or comparable to that of Nantianmen layer in Zhangjiakou.

Tory system is exposed in the area of Tory ash factory, but not in Xishan. From bottom to top, it can be divided into Tori conglomerate, Lushang siltstone and Xiazhuang layer, and its fossils are defined as Upper Cretaceous.

Fourthly, a preliminary study on the reasons for the unfinished Geological Records of Xishan in Beiping.

The existing manuscript of the first chapter is about 28,000 words, from which it can be inferred that this new chronicle, if completed, should be a masterpiece of hundreds of thousands of words. In the first chapter we have seen so far, when describing the diabase in the Triassic-Jurassic section, the author also said that "the description under the microscope can be found in Chapter 9". In addition, in 1937, the author published an Introduction to the Geological Structure of the Western Hills in Beiping in the Journal of geological society of china (volume 16), and then wrote Xie: An Overview of the Geological Structure in Beiping on August 5 1937, which was published in the second issue of the Geological Review (volume 2). From this, we should be able to see some contents of the second chapter of Geological Records of Xishan in Beiping. In a word, the available data show that the author has a detailed plan and writing outline for this "Geological Records of Western Hills in Beiping", and only needs to put it into words. However, it is a great pity that this book was not written in the end.

Because the Geological Records of Western Hills in Beiping have not been finalized, there is only the first chapter, so this chapter is included in the second volume of Xie Wen's Collection, with the title of "Stratigraphic System of Western Hills in Beiping" and the editor's note: "This article is the first chapter of Geological Records of Western Hills in Beiping written by the author, and the title is added by the editor". In addition, the editor's note also lists the contents of the new records, and speculates on the writing time and the reasons for not being finalized [2], and thinks that its writing time should be 1937. "The July 7th Incident that happened this year, the subsequent fall of Peiping and the author's" going south alone and going to the national disaster together "are likely to be the failure of the geological records of the western hills in Peiping. This is because the author's life track has changed greatly since then, from engaging in geological survey, geological scientific research and geological education to starting mineral exploration in China. Heavy tasks and hard living and working conditions make it impossible for the author to continue to complete the Geological Records of Xishan in Beiping. However, another possible reason is that there may be some geological problems in the compilation of geological records of Xishan in Beiping that require further field work, and the fall of Beiping makes further field work impossible. Of course, these are just speculations.

Take the exam and contribute.

[1] Geological news. Geological Review, 1936, 1 (4): 509.

[2] Thanks. Stratigraphic system of Xishan Mountain in Beiping. Xie Wenji Volume II. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2007,209.