Comprehensive management of small watershed

Management should be coordinated with the ecological environment, optimize the utilization of resources at multiple levels, make overall planning, unify management, optimize allocation and develop in an all-round way.

① According to the present situation of water and soil resources and social and economic conditions in small watersheds, correctly determine the direction of production development, rationally arrange the position and proportion of land for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, actively build basic farmland with high and stable yield, increase the grain yield per unit area, promote the conversion of farmland to steep slopes, and create conditions for expanding the area of afforestation and grass planting;

② Soil and water conservation should serve the adjustment of agricultural production structure, the promotion of commodity production development and the realization of agricultural modernization;

(3) When arranging control measures, combine engineering measures with forest and grass measures and agricultural farming measures, and combine slope control measures with gully control measures. In areas with less land and more people, the area ratio of forest and grass measures can be smaller;

(4) In the order of implementation, generally, the slope is first followed by the ditch, the branch and the ditch are first followed by the main ditch, and the upstream is first followed by the downstream;

⑤ Pay attention to actual results, increase grain output and economic income, and solve the problems of feed, fertilizer and drinking water for people and livestock. Mainly includes: ① soil and water conservation agricultural tillage measures, also known as soil and water conservation tillage method;

(2) Soil and water conservation measures for forest and grass, namely soil and water conservation afforestation measures and grass planting measures;

③ Soil and water conservation engineering measures: terraced fields, slope water storage projects (water cellar, waterlogging pool), slope intercepting ditch, etc. Including hillside soil and water conservation projects, valley workshops, sand dams, ditch water storage projects, mountain torrents and debris flow drainage projects, etc. Included in the gully control project.

Taking small watershed as a unit for comprehensive management is the fundamental way to effectively carry out soil and water conservation in hilly areas. Many countries in the world combine the management of small watersheds with the development, management and utilization of natural resources such as water and soil resources, and set up management institutions according to watersheds to speed up management and improve management effects. 1 Comprehensive analysis refers to the in-depth investigation and analysis of the components of the eco-economic system for harnessing small watersheds, focusing on the present situation of water, soil, gas, animals and plants in the ecosystem and the temporal and spatial distribution of major eco-environmental problems. The socio-economic system should focus on the investigation and analysis of population (quantity and quality), means of production, means of subsistence, capital and scientific and technological level. On the basis of comprehensive analysis, the population carrying capacity of the basin eco-economic system is defined. In some areas where the contradiction between population, resources and environment is really difficult to solve, "ecological migration" measures should be taken.

Comprehensive planning refers to the rational utilization planning of renewable natural resources focusing on small watershed land resources. Planning is an important part of small watershed management and development. Macroscopically, the scientific and reasonable optimization scheme is made for the proportion of agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry production land and industrial structure, so that the overall function of small watershed eco-economic system can be fully exerted. At the micro level. Arrange various control measures in suitable places, formulate detailed control implementation plans, and guide the management and development of small watersheds. Before 17, the planning methods used in the Loess Plateau included empirical programming, linear programming, multi-objective programming and nonlinear programming. Although the above four planning methods have different planning methods, their planning procedures and steps are the same. In 1980s, it was put forward by the School of Soil and Water Conservation of Beijing Forestry University in combination with the soil and water conservation planning of the Loess Plateau. The application of small watershed land resource information base in soil and water conservation planning is still the basis of various planning methods. Because, without accurate information of small watershed land resources, it is impossible to make a reasonable planning scheme and realize the sustainable management of eco-economic system. Ensuring the implementation of comprehensive planning is an important task of soil and water conservation supervision and management.

Comprehensive management refers to the allocation of soil and water conservation measures, engineering measures and agricultural technical measures on each plot on the basis of land use planning with small watersheds as a unit to form a comprehensive prevention and control system.

(1) Soil and water conservation measures. Soil and water conservation measures can integrate the management and development of small watershed. In small watersheds, building an eco-economic shelter forest system combining arbor, shrub and grass is the fundamental measure to realize the sustainable management and development of small watersheds. Establishing eco-economic shelter forest system in small watershed can not only give full play to the unique function of forestry, but also provide more forest products for the society and improve economic benefits. At present, the shelterbelt system in small watershed management in the Loess Plateau mainly includes watershed shelterbelt, slope shelterbelt, ridge planting shelterbelt (ridge planting), erosion gully shelterbelt, bank protection beach forest, mountain orchard and economic forest. According to the natural and historical conditions and the needs of disaster prevention, ecology and economic construction in this area, all kinds of forests with many landslides are arranged together in their respective suitable areas to form a multi-forest, multi-tree and efficient protection whole.

(2) Soil and water conservation engineering measures. Soil and water conservation engineering measures are the basis of small watershed management and development, which can create conditions for forest and grass measures and agricultural production, and are important management measures to prevent soil erosion, protect, improve and rationally utilize water and soil resources, give full play to the economic benefits of various resources, and establish a good ecological environment.

(3) Agricultural measures for soil and water conservation. In farmland with soil erosion, measures to achieve the purpose of water conservation, soil conservation, fertilizer conservation, soil improvement and yield improvement by changing small topography and increasing vegetation coverage, land coverage and soil erosion resistance are called soil and water conservation agricultural measures. Soil and water conservation tillage measures mainly to change small topography include furrow and ridge tillage, contour tillage, pothole tillage and so on. Measures aimed at increasing farmland coverage include stubble, monthly straw, plastic film or gravel. It can prevent soil moisture evaporation and increase precipitation infiltration. Measures to increase soil erosion resistance include no tillage, less tillage and improving soil physical and chemical properties. Combining the control of soil erosion with the comprehensive development and utilization of natural resources, an eco-economic system of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry or a composite eco-economic system of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry based on the principle of eco-agriculture and aiming at efficient, high-quality and sustainable development has been established in some small watershed management.

Comprehensive development and utilization refers to the process of increasing local people's economic income, promoting the development of commodity economy and accelerating people's poverty alleviation and well-off life on the basis of comprehensive analysis of local resource advantages and aiming at the characteristics of basin ecological economic system and market economy.

Comprehensive Benefits All small watersheds that have made great progress in metallurgical development have achieved remarkable ecological, economic and social benefits and improved the sustainable management level of small watersheds.