What is MPA?

The emergence of MPA education is closely related to the development of public administration (or management). Public management, as a kind of professional education, came into being in Germany in the18th century, and trained specialized management talents to meet the needs of Prussia's national management and economic development at that time. But it is the United States that put public management into practice as a professional degree education.

As early as the beginning of19th century, the United States began to brew public administration or management education. By 1887, Wilson published his paper "Research on Administration", which is generally regarded by academic circles as the beginning of American public administration education. 19 1 1 set up a "public service training school" in new york, USA, which trained staff for the research bureau of new york City and inspired a large number of universities to offer public management courses. 1924 "Public Service Training School" moved to Syracuse University and merged with the newly established Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. At the same time, BB America's first MPA project was launched to offer comprehensive education and training courses in public management.

Following the initiation of MPA education by Syracuse University, Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University and Wood Wilson School of International Affairs of Princeton University also launched MPA education programs in 1930s and 1940s to carry out MPA education and training. MPA education in the United States has a history of 80 years since the American public service training school.

Second, the development process of MPA

1. the development of MPA education in the United States

The development of MPA in the United States can be divided into three stages:

(1) The establishment and development period was before the 1950s.

During this period, the development of public management education in universities was slow. By 1960, only 50 universities in the United States offer courses in public administration or management.

(2) The 1960s and early 1970s were periods of rapid development.

During this period, due to the increasing demand of American governments at all levels for civil servants' vocational training, the teaching of public administration courses in universities began to develop rapidly. By 1973, there are10/institutions in the United States offering public management courses. Diversification is a remarkable feature of American MPA education in this period.

(3) After 1970s, American MPA education entered a period of standardized development.

During this period, with the continuous expansion of the scale of MPA education, by 1995, the number of institutions offering MPA education in the United States has grown to 232. The main feature of MPA education in this period is that related colleges and universities began to strengthen contact and learn from each other, and established a unified M PA curriculum standard.

1978, the national association of administrative colleges and universities (NA SPAA) was established, which was composed of all institutions providing MPA education. An academic committee is established within the Association to determine the same or core courses of MPa education. The academic committee of the Federation also regularly evaluates the MPA education of its member institutions. The evaluation results were published by US News and World Report, which is the ranking of American MPA educational institutions. There are three kinds of evaluation results: qualified, unqualified and improved within a time limit. This result not only has social influence, but also has been recognized by the government. Those who fail will lose the right to continue to hold MPA education, and those who improve within a time limit will stop enrolling students for one year and reserve their qualifications for re-evaluation.

2. Development of 2.MPA in China

Starting from 1998, the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee Office, together with the Civil Service Management Department of the Ministry of Personnel, began to organize experts to study and demonstrate the necessity and feasibility of setting up and trying out the professional degree of Master of Management (MPA) in China, and inspected the training of high-level talents in public administration in European and American countries. 1999 In May, the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee deliberated and adopted the Program of MPA Specialty in China and its Explanation at its17th meeting.

In August, 2000, the Office of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee issued a notice about carrying out MPA pilot work, and approved 24 universities including Peking University and Tsinghua University as the first batch of MPA training pilot units. In order to promote the smooth development of MPA professional degree education, the State Council Academic Degrees Committee, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Personnel decided to set up a national MPA professional degree education steering committee.

At the17th meeting, the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee deliberated and adopted the professional degree training program for master of public administration, and pointed out that according to the requirements of modernization, scientificalness and specialization of public administration under the new situation, in order to establish an efficient, coordinated and standardized public management system that meets the needs of the socialist market economy, improve the training system for public affairs and administrative cadres, and build a high-quality professional public management team.

China MPA started enrolling students from 200 1. At present, there are 100 MPA enrollment and training institutions (including those newly approved this year) in China, with more than 36,000 MPA graduate students studying and about to graduate.

The personnel department and relevant departments attach importance to MPA work.

With the rapid development of China's economy and society, it is necessary to cultivate a high-quality and professional public management team, especially the administrative management team, establish and improve a public management system with efficient operation, coordinated operation and standardized behavior, and promote the modernization, scientificity and specialization of public management. Therefore, the Ministry of Personnel and relevant departments attach great importance to MPA work.

1.In 2004, the Ministry of Personnel issued the document [2004] No.60, Notice of the Ministry of Personnel on Issues Related to Civil Servants Studying for MPA. The circular requires that "all localities and departments should actively create conditions to encourage civil servants to pursue a master's degree in public administration on the job",

2. In 2005, the Ministry of Personnel issued a document again (Guo Ban Fa [2005] No.29) "Notice on Training the Core Contents of Public Management among Civil Servants in China". The circular calls for training civil servants in the core content of public administration.

3. In March 2006, Wu, Vice Minister of Education, on behalf of the State Council Academic Degrees Committee and the Ministry of Education, announced the successful completion and formal implementation of MPA education in China, and made a report on "actively developing master's degree education in public administration and cultivating a large number of high-level and applied public management talents".

4. In 2007, the Ministry of Personnel issued the 11th Five-Year Plan for the Education and Training of Personnel Cadres (No.20 [2007] of the Ministry of Personnel). The circular calls for targeted degree education. Encourage personnel cadres to participate in academic degree education and MPA professional degree education related to their own jobs based on the principle of consistency between work needs and learning, further improve the academic degree structure and professional knowledge structure of personnel cadres, and cultivate high-level and compound talents for personnel departments. By 20 10, the proportion of personnel cadres below the city (prefecture) with bachelor's degree or above will reach 70%.

The first batch of 24 MPA pilot colleges:

Peking University, China Renmin University, Tsinghua University, Beihang University, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China Agricultural University, Beijing Normal University, Tianjin University, Northeastern University, Jilin University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Fudan University, Tongji University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, East China Normal University, Nanjing University, Zhejiang University, China University of Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, National University of Defense Technology, Xi Jiaotong University.

A new batch of MPA training units in 2003

Shandong University, Sichuan University, Xiangtan University, Chongqing University, Lanzhou University, Northwest University, Nankai University, Yunnan University, Nanchang University, Zhengzhou University, Hunan University, Suzhou University, South China University of Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Shanxi University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Guangxi Normal University, Anhui University, Central South University, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Inner Mongolia University, Xinjiang University, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Hefei University of Technology.

Third, the characteristics of MPA degree

MPA professional degree is at the same level as other master's degrees in management, but the types are different and the emphasis is different. There are specific requirements and quality standards in training objectives, enrollment targets, curriculum, training methods, knowledge structure and ability structure, which are different from the training requirements of teaching and scientific research talents, and emphasize the implementation of professional degree education directly facing the public management field. For example, students should have some practical experience; Teaching emphasizes case teaching and practice teaching, and pays attention to applying what you have learned; The paper is mainly conducted in the form of high-level investigation report, case analysis report, project planning, and countermeasures research on public management problems. In short, it focuses on the cultivation and training of practical public management ability.

Four, the type of MPA

MPA is a master of public administration.

1, the certificate is tested in the annual 10 exam, and the MPA certificate is easier to test than the double certificate. Its examination subjects: the certificate has comprehensive knowledge of English (Chinese, mathematics, logic) and management political theory, with a total score of 350 points. The document is a degree certificate.

From 20 16, the on-the-job entrance examination of 10 was cancelled and unified into the examination of 10.

2, the double certificate is taken at 1 every year. Double certificate has English and comprehensive knowledge (Chinese, mathematics, logic) political theory, with a total score of 300 points. Double certificate degree diploma.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) What can you get by reading MPA?

Master of Public Administration is a professional degree education for public administrators. Cultivate high-level, compound and applied professionals engaged in public affairs, public management and public policy, and cultivate government departments and non-government public institutions with modern public management theory and public policy literacy and advanced analysis methods. MPA will become an important way to train civil servants in China.

Sixth, with what mentality to learn MPA?

Judging from the current situation, the education level of civil servants in China is not high as a whole. According to the statistics at the end of 1999, among 54 100 civil servants in China, only about 52% have college education or above. At the same time, the knowledge structure is not reasonable, even those who have received higher education are mostly single professional education, and modern administrative knowledge, especially the knowledge of finance, taxation, finance, law and macro-decision-making ability required by market economy, is generally weak.

Judging from the current situation in China, finding a job and studying MPA has no direct practical significance. However, according to the development needs of modern administration of the national government, having a high knowledge of public administration is conducive to conforming to the development trend of national administration; MPA education is a strong proof of academic qualifications to improve the management talent team of government civil servants with higher education.

Seven, who is suitable for reading MPA?

MPA professional degree not only recruits the on-the-job personnel of government departments and government public management institutions, but also welcomes the personnel of non-government departments and non-government public management institutions to register, including qualified applicants from all walks of life. Because MPA professional degree is not only government management, but also involves the management of some large enterprises with strong regulation. There are also civil aviation, railways, transportation, large enterprises, national defense and military enterprises, all of which have management problems. Therefore, MPA professional degrees all over the world do not exclude people who are not managed by the government, because on the one hand, it is necessary for them to learn and master these knowledge and skills, which is the need of work; On the other hand, it also provides opportunities for some of them who are interested in government management and public management. They can participate in social recruitment and look for new job opportunities.