On the constitution of yellow race, black race and white race

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Source: China Sports Science and Technology 200 1 No.6 Author: Li Liyan

Based on the study of historical documents, this paper analyzes the distribution, ethnobiological characteristics and sociological factors of human race in the world, and probes into the influence of human race differences on sports performance. Keywords: race; Sociology, anthropology and history; Sports; Relationship; Classification number of influence diagram: G80-05

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1 Preface Competition rules, like social "legislation", should fully embody "fairness". Generally speaking, sports rules are fair to both sides of the game, but they cannot be absolutely fair. The reason is that this kind of sports "legislation" only considers the absolute differences between people, but does not consider the relative differences. Therefore, the national characteristics caused by evolution have, to a certain extent, become a direct factor in determining the quality of sports performance. This paper discusses this phenomenon.

2. Human race constitutes a product with profound evolutionary characteristics, and different races have different morphological characteristics. Generally speaking, human beings can be divided into three major races and several branches (table 1). There are several transitional races from "black race" to "Europa race" and then to "Mongolian race" (Table 2). Race is the product of "nature" and "nation" is the result of "culture", and the distribution of race also has its important characteristics. A country is not evenly distributed with various races and nationalities, and there are different races in different geographical spaces. For example, Africa is ruled by blacks; Europe is dominated by Europa; Asia, especially East Asia and North Asia, is dominated by Mongols. Among the more than 5 billion people in the world, Mongolians account for about 4 1% of the total population, Europa accounts for about 43%, and nigro-Australians only account for 16%. In every adult or branch race, there are many ethnic groups, and some ethnic groups are formed by the fusion of two or more ethnic groups. The regional distribution of population is extremely uneven, with Asia accounting for 58%, Europe accounting for 17%, America accounting for 14%, Africa accounting for 10.5% and Oceania accounting for only 0.5%.

3 Different races have different "heights" because of different "regional differences". Anthropological research draws the conclusion: "The geographical difference of the arithmetic average height of the world population is 40 ~ 465,438+0 cm, and the shortest is the black people in Congo Basin (African pygmies), with an average height of 65,438+0,465,438+0 cm; The highest is the black people in the southeast of Lake Chad in Africa, with an average height of 182cm. The shortest ethnic groups in the world are the pygmies in Central Africa, the pygmies in Southeast Asia and the Bushmen in South Africa. The highest groups are some black groups north of the tropical forest boundary, Scots and Polynesians in the Marquesas Islands. "

[1] With regard to the distribution of human height, the famous anthropologist Roginski and others drew from a large number of anthropometric data: "The average height of the whole human being is about 165cm for men and 154cm for women, and the average height difference between men and women is 8 ~1kloc-0/cm." He also said: "Short stature (less than 160cm) is the characteristic of the northernmost people in Europe, Asia and America (Littles, Mansi, Handi, Ancient Asians and Eskimos), and many groups in East and Southeast Asia (many ethnic groups in Japan, India, zhina and Indonesia), Central America and South America are also short stature. Tall people (above 170cm) are also found in northern Europe (Norwegians, Swedes), the Balkans, the Caucasus, northwestern India and North America. "

[1] Obviously, in anthropology, different races have different characteristics and different heights. The highest race is black, Europa and their variants, while Asians are of medium height. The height of a nation is formed by differences in geography and climate. Since the Neolithic Age, due to the continuous migration of population and mixed blood, the geographical characteristics of human height began to blur. Migration leads to the same morphological characteristics of ethnic groups, and the result of mixed blood is the emergence of various varieties. For example, the Ethiopian race is the highest in Africa. Although the skin color of this race is black, it contains red components, which makes it reddish brown. According to textual research, this is a special race on the African continent. Anthropologists pointed out: "Ethiopians live in Ethiopia and Somalia in the northeast of Africa and the Horn of Africa. They are a mixed type of Europeans and blacks, that is, whites and blacks."

[2] According to the determination of human fossils in North Africa, "the most important fossil material was found in Algeria-Farokh. The absolute age of Folad's bones is 8850 BC. TaFolard people and Afalus people are similar to farmers in Kroma. They are both very tall. The average height of the Afalos is 177.7cm, and that of the people in Folard is 173.3cm. "The human skeleton discovered by anthropologists near Ashlille fortress in South Sahara (north of Niger River bend) has an important enlightenment to the height characteristics of early blacks:" The skull is very long, very high and narrow (skull index is 70.9), with a straight forehead and eyebrows. According to the measurement, the height is 175 ~ 180cm and 180cm respectively. The skeletal characteristics are "high and narrow face, slightly prominent chin, narrow nose, long head and tall figure." In short, these nearly 654.38+00000 ~ 654.38+000000-year-old bone fossils "have some characteristics of Ethiopian race and are heavy."

[1] There are many different morphological characteristics between different races, such as face shape, nose height and eye socket. The morphological characteristics of human race are the result of long-term adaptation to the natural environment. Different natural environments produce different forms of race, and different forms determine the adaptability of race to the environment. For example, the white race and its high nose bridge come from the alpine region of northern Europe, which is conducive to the acceptance of sunlight and the resistance to cold air; Black people's wide nose and thick lips come from the equatorial high temperature environment, which is beneficial to exchange air and radiate heat; Another example is that the "shovel-shaped teeth" of Mongolians come from temperate zones, which is conducive to relying on plants (fruits, leaves, stems, etc. ) make a living. All the above hints show that we can't ignore ethnic differences, and we can't ignore ethnic differences in form and behavior. Every individual has his own ethnographic foundation, and everyone's form and behavior must obey his ethnographic regulations, especially sports. The ultimate ability limit is always the ability limit of his race.

The influence of climate on height is due to the difference of "environment", and the "environment" factor is "temperature". No matter in Europe or East Asia, there is a trend that the average height increases with latitude from south to north. For example, the height trend of Europa race is Nordic >; East and west Europe > southern Europe > Arab region. South American Indians and Africans have opposite physical characteristics. The farther south the equator is, the higher the average height is. The correlation analysis made by Stinson (1990) shows that temperature, humidity and rainfall are negatively correlated with body size (height and weight), while sunshine and annual maximum temperature are positively correlated with body size. In other words, the more people live in warm and humid areas, the lower their physical fitness; The more people who live in areas with cold, large annual temperature difference and abundant sunshine, the higher their physique. Zoology has the same proof. For example, the study of tigers shows that "different geographical populations need to cope with different climatic conditions and other conditions, and they often show some adaptability differences." "Tigers in China, which used to be distributed continuously, have now been divided into two subspecies: North Tiger and South Tiger. The northern tiger is mainly distributed in the northeast, and is occasionally found in Liudaomu. It's big and marked. South Tiger is mainly distributed in South China, with small size and light markings. At least part of the variation of expression in different regions and different populations is adaptive. As far as warm-blooded animals are concerned, individuals distributed at high latitudes tend to be larger, while individuals distributed at low latitudes tend to be smaller, which has adaptive significance. The surface area of an individual is increased by one square, and the volume is increased by one cubic. That is to say, the ratio of area to volume decreases with the increase of animal body. In this way, warm-blooded animals distributed in cold areas can relatively reduce body heat loss when they are large, which is conducive to survival. "

[3] Animals are like this, so are humans, which is not difficult to be confirmed from the data in Table 3 and Table 4. Why the northern race is higher than the southern race has been reasonably explained here. Because only tall people can keep warm and live, which is also the reason why Europa people are tall and white, with light eyes and fur. People in cold areas can only keep their body temperature by increasing their volume, and only white skin and light color can absorb sunlight. The data in Table 3 and Table 4 are noteworthy, that is, China people lag behind Americans in many indicators such as height and weight, but they are higher than Americans in sitting height and head width. This situation determines the ability of China people in sports: it will affect the competitive ability of China and other Mongolians in speed (track and field) and resistance (swimming), and of course it will also provide convenience in balance. It is the great difference between geography and climate that makes human beings have racial characteristics and morphological differences (tables 5 and 6).

The athletic ability of different races is the only cultural form to test the most primitive and basic biological ability of human beings. Sports competition is the most typical "talent" competition. Take the Olympic Games as an example. The Olympic Games is the largest sports event in the world, and it is also the extreme competition of racial ability. Different races, different abilities and different natural achievements.

5. 1 Europa race and sports achievements Only by analyzing the achievements of the 25th Olympic Games can we see the racial differences. At this Olympic Games, the sports level in Asia, represented by Chinese mainland, was far lower than that in Europe and America (Table 7). The proportion of Asian athletes who won medals was only 16.93%, far lower than that of Europe (54.48%) and America (20.49%), and the performance of Asia was only higher than that of Africa and Oceania. Asia has a vast territory and a large population, accounting for about 50% of the world's total population, while the combined population of Europe and America is only about 654.38 billion. That is to say, among the 8 15 medals, nearly 3 billion Asians can only get 16.93% medals, while Europeans and Americans, who account for only 20% of the total population, took 74.97% medals. Europe has a small population, but outstanding sports achievements. According to statistics, in 1975, the population of Europe was about 700 million, among which the Europa race was dominant and other races were less (Table 8). This characteristic of European race is very helpful to explain why we have achieved excellent results in sports. Europa, which accounts for 95.2 1%, has natural advantages in track and field, ball games, swimming and strength (such as throwing) because of its big body. The mixed-race population of the Asian branch of Mongolian and Europa (there is such a population in eastern Europe) ensures the advantages of its "absolute strength" projects (such as weightlifting and wrestling). Few blacks shine in sports, such as British sprinters and French black football players.

5.2 Mongolian race and sports achievements Most of the world's population is in Asia. The vast majority of ethnic groups in Asia belong to Mongolians. Compared with European races, Asian races have outstanding problems: low stature and light weight, absolute strength and speed are not dominant, and talents are mainly concentrated in projects related to dexterity, skill and mind. In order to find out the relationship between sports performance and competition, we can analyze and discuss the development of competitive sports in China. From 1984 to 1996, Chinese mainland has always won the most Olympic gold medals among Asian countries. China's competitive advantages include table tennis, gymnastics, diving and women's volleyball. They are all ethnographic, that is, skill-based events and occasional lightweight physical events. China has achieved great success in world sports, but weightlifting is indispensable. European athletes are generally strong, so China athletes can only play an advantage in lightweight weightlifting. Table tennis and shooting are both events that require high intelligence and technology, but not high physical quality. China athletes' performance in the Olympic Games reflected their national characteristics to the greatest extent (Table 9). At the 23rd Olympic Games, China won medals in 65,438+00 events, of which the first six events won 65,438+05 gold medals. At the 24th Olympic Games, he won gold medals in nine events, including five in the first three events. At the 25th Olympic Games, he won medals in 15 events, among which the first 7 events won 16 gold medals. Table 9 reveals the following characteristics: China's dominant events are mostly single events with little physical consumption, mainly non-confrontational events, including some events with less antagonism and indirect forms of confrontation, and some lightweight physical events, which are quite different from those in Europe and America. South Korea, like Japan and China, is hard to catch up with Europe and America in absolute strength and speed due to the restriction of human race. It can be seen that the level of sports performance is related to whether a country's science and technology is developed and its economy is rich, but it is not necessarily related, but more related to race.

Black people in the arena can't talk about the relationship between race and competitive sports without talking about black people. Black people are a special phenomenon in ethnology and sports. Black people's talent in sports is amazing. From track and field to ball games, from speed to endurance, from jumping to boxing, a number of bright stars have emerged, which makes other events far behind. In addition to long-distance running, the sports talent of black people is increasingly concentrated on African-Americans, especially African-Americans. Louis in track and field, Michael Jordan in basketball and Tai Sen in boxing all represent the highest level of contemporary human sports.

6. 1 ethnic characteristics of blacks A study on the "metabolism" of blacks shows that blacks have more sweat glands than whites, and blacks "have faster skin cooling rate and better perspiration mechanism than whites." In a room with a room temperature of 37.8℃, after a series of specified actions, blacks sweat less than whites and the rectal temperature is lower. "After staying at high temperature (76.5℃) for 15 minutes, white people sweat 107cm3 and black people sweat 170cm3". According to some data, in the case of overheating, the thermal regulation function of blacks is more perfect than that of whites. In other words, the speed of black people returning to normal body temperature is faster than that of white people, and the sweat glands of African blacks are larger than those of Europeans. It has been proved that the percentage of copper in black blood is higher than that in Europe. This is because copper plays a catalytic role in the formation of melanin. The difference in tolerance to the sudden increase in temperature caused by drought has been revealed in infancy. For example, "the dry and hot wind blowing from the Sahara desert to Senegal and Sudan has brought many deaths to white babies, but it has no special impact on black babies." [1] People's body temperature will inevitably rise during exercise. If a person can't regulate his body temperature well, his internal environment will not be normal, and the destruction of electrolyte balance will affect the normal function of the nervous system. In contrast, Mongolians and Europeans are much worse than black people in nigro in enduring high temperatures. The measurement shows: "The width of black people's mouth fissure is very large (compared with the size of face and head), and the lip mucosa is malleable, which can accelerate the evaporation of water and cool the inhaled air, which is beneficial to living in tropical areas. The narrow and high head shape unique to tropical people is more suitable for the environment with strong sunshine than the low and wide head shape. " [1] On the contrary, Europeans and Mongols did not have this advantage. In football, long-distance running and boxing, the reason why black athletes have so many talents is not entirely because of economic and sociological phenomena, but more because of ethnographic characteristics.

6.2 Before African-Americans immigrated and colonized, there were no African-Americans on the American continent. Black people are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia and Arabia. Indians live in the American plate and belong to the Mongolian race or its variants. Black Americans are African slaves sold by Europeans (table 10). Most black immigrants from Africa are tall black people. European colonists moved blacks to the United States, not for immigration, but to transport labor. After black people came to the United States, they laid a foundation for future mixed-race races, physical types and sports, which is also the reason why black people in the United States are tall, and they all abide by this law from North America to South America. Black people in North America shine brilliantly in basketball, track and field and boxing, while black people in South America are unparalleled in football and jumping. The highly developed economic conditions in the United States have catalyzed the high development of blacks. Speed is inseparable from strength, but it is also inseparable from whether the human body is tall or not. At the same speed, tall athletes must run faster. In addition to weightlifting, the same is true of strength sports.

6.3 Black people's performance in speed events. The result of 100m competition represents the speed limit of human beings. 1988 Canadian black athlete Johnson set a world record of 9.83 seconds 1989 American black athlete burrell, who was only 20 years old, set a good record of 9.94 seconds in 100 meters 1989 American black athlete gold set twice11. 1On July 30th, 989, Sotomayor, a Cuban black athlete, jumped over the bar of 2.44m, setting a world record for high jump. The athletic talent of black people is closely related to their physiological characteristics. Muscle biopsy shows that black athletes have a high percentage of muscle fibers, so they don't consume too much oxygen in sprints. The flexor muscle strength of black foot is about 150 ~ 200 kg, while that of white foot is only about 50kg. If the same leg pedal force acts on the ground, the elasticity of blacks is 3 ~ 4 times higher than that of whites. Therefore, black sprinters are invincible and invincible.

6.4 The performance of black people in endurance events has evolved from origin to evolution. Black people have lived in the African plateau for a long time, which has created the greatest oxygen absorption capacity of this species, and black people are equally excellent in endurance events. Kenyan black athletes have long dominated middle and long distance running events. Allen, a 22-year-old Kenyan athlete, won the men's 800-meter race in the 24th Olympic Games. In the same year, in the world indoor track and field competition, it broke the world record of indoor 800-meter running 1 minute of 44.85 seconds, which was held by British athlete S. Coe for many years. At the Zurich International Track and Field Grand Prix, he created the best result of 1 minute 43.438+06s. Kenyan athletes J.Kariuki and P.Koech won the gold medal and silver medal in the 3000m steeplechase in the 24th Olympic Games. In the track and field grand prix held in Stockholm, Kaluki broke the world record of 8 minutes and 5.40 seconds 1 1 year held by Kenyan athlete Henry Rono. Black athletes from other countries also have extraordinary performances. S.Aouita, a black Moroccan athlete, is called "Morocco Express". He set five world records for middle and long distance running. He not only ran the best result of 3 minutes and 30.63 seconds 1500m, but also set a world record of 7 minutes and 29.45 seconds and 3000m. Endurance exercise is related to people's cardiopulmonary function and the regulation of body temperature by neuroendocrine. Black people have long lived in the high-temperature tropical zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the southern part of the earth, which has the biological advantages of heat resistance and temperature regulation.

6.5 Black people's inferior swimming can be described as "track and field" in the water, which is both a competition of speed and endurance. However, in this case, blacks have no advantage. Few black athletes appear in high-level international competitions, and even if there are, they are mostly mixed-race black people with low level. Why is this happening? This is related to the muscle structure characteristics of black people. In water, the muscle weight of white people is only 1.5g/cm3, while that of black people is 1 1.3g/cm3, and yellow people are in between. So the floating problem of black people is not easy to solve. Black people also have no "talent" for weightlifting. There is a simple reason. Black people belong to a race with slender limbs. Lifting heavy objects to the top of your head, slender limbs are equivalent to increasing resistance, which is very painful. This is much less than the Mongolians in Eastern Europe and the Mongolian-Europa mixed race-"five short stature", which is cylindrical in shape, strong in body and easy to lift weights. So is wrestling. Black people are prone to fall down because of their slender figure, high center of gravity and unstable standing.

6.6 Sociological Analysis of Black Phenomenon The performance of black people in sports is really like a mystery, which makes people deeply confused. Because the factors that lead to this black phenomenon with small population but excellent sports performance are really complicated. Facing this problem, try to discuss it here. Sports competitions basically follow the natural laws of "survival of the fittest" and "natural selection". The most direct evidence is that the rules of sports are completely open and open, and the fairness of the rules conforms to the laws of nature to the greatest extent. Only when the laws of human beings are close to the laws of nature can their rationality be fully reflected. Generally speaking, the design of sports competition rules considers "absolute competition" rather than "relative competition". It seems that the problems caused by relative competition are more serious than those caused by "absolute competition". Therefore, everyone in the world never complains about the "absolute" phenomenon of this rule. Moreover, various projects always have advantages and disadvantages for different races. For example, basketball, volleyball and most track and field events, the higher the figure, the better; In gymnastics and weightlifting, the shorter the height, the better. Because of this, the advantages and disadvantages offset each other, making the competition law of "absolute competition" generally accepted by all people in the world. Only by acknowledging this premise can we find the "internal" connection between black phenomenon and yellow problem and understand its close nature. The talent structure of sports is the result of "choice". For example, playing basketball, not anyone who wants to play can be famous, but first of all, who is the most suitable to play basketball can be chosen through this game. As a result of layer-by-layer selection, basketball players are all big men. Accordingly, gymnastics and weightlifting are both small people. American social values are very close to the "survival of the fittest" in animal society and the concept of absolute achievement in sports (such as "1", "success" and "victory"). ) strengthens the "survival of the fittest" of human beings. In this way, all talents who are suitable for a certain sport will get the best "choice" through its racial regulations. It is mainly in this way that black people get the "best election of their kind", which makes them shine in track and field, boxing, basketball, football and other projects that require height, strength and flexibility, while white people who are not bad in height and weight cannot be shaken. This can also explain why "colored people" like Owens won honors for the United States, for humanity and for colored people before Hitler. Other colored people probably want to win honor from Hitler's eyes. But because they are not talented enough, even white people can't beat them, and their dreams naturally can't come true. Of course, it is precisely because blacks are born with such advantages that they are doomed to have corresponding disadvantages. Black people have no advantage in wrestling, weightlifting and gymnastics because of their tall figure, high center of gravity and long limbs. Such disadvantages naturally cannot "favor" such projects, and "preference" can only favor the opposite Mongolian or Eastern European races.