Why are all the houses in Türkiye red?

Hemudu

Six thousand or seven thousand years ago, the Hemudu area was a swamp. When the Hemudu people built their houses, they first laid 1-meter-long wooden piles, and crisscrossed the wooden piles. The keel (ground beam) is then laid on the floor beam with a thickness of more than 10 cm, and then columns, beams, citrons and roofing are laid on the floor. The floor protects against moisture and insects and snakes. It can be used to raise livestock. The living room is on the floor. Judging from the height of the pillars, people cannot yet stand upright in and out, but it is a great improvement compared to nest dwellings. The size and internal structure of the house depend on the number of residents. From the perspective of residential construction, the Hemudu people have mastered the technology of logging and processing into piles, columns, beams, boards and other building components. The beams and columns have been joined with mortise and tenon joints. , the floor is densely assembled with tongue-and-groove boards, and the different mortise and tenon joint forms basically meet the stress requirements. It is roughly the same as the late wooden structure. The wooden components are engraved with decorative patterns such as double circles, straight lines, diagonal lines, plant stems and leaves. Due to tool limitations, the processing appears rough. The use of pins and the invention of tongue-and-groove boards reveal that ancestors were relatively proficient in house construction technology 7,000 years ago, embodying the perseverance of primitive people to conquer nature and transform society, and laid the foundation for the unique contribution of Chinese classical architectural wood structure technology to the history of world architecture. Base. Six wooden oars were also unearthed from the site. One of them is basically complete in appearance and has a clear outline. It is divided into two parts: a handle and a blade. It is made of a single piece of wood and is shaped like a long-handled leaf. The handle is engraved with a combination of lines. It is light and practical, and is similar to the oars. It is roughly similar to the modern pleasure boat oar, and it is the oldest oar found in China. Both oars and a pottery boat prove that the Hemudu people began to use boats and rafts to carry people and loads and collect floating water. More than 200 wooden artifacts were unearthed in the third and fourth cultural layers, including knives, daggers, hammers, shovels, spears, bowls, tubes, sticks, handles, spinning wheels, butterfly-shaped vessels, etc. Many of the artifacts were other Neolithic artifacts. Rarely seen or seen in era ruins. Most of them are used for production. The wooden hammer is a hammering tool for processing, the wooden Yu is a hunting and poking weapon, the wooden bowl is a daily necessities, the wooden handle is an accessory for stone tools to play a greater role, and the small wooden stick is both an agricultural acupoint and acupuncture points. Sowing tools are also tools for digging roots and stems when collecting wild plants. The production of wooden tools mostly requires processes such as cutting, splitting, whittling, stubble, digging, grinding, painting and fire hardening. Among them, bowls, tubes, butterflies, etc. The shape of the utensils is very fine, and the surface has been polished and painted. The oil sheen can be seen when unearthed. The more than 20 wooden tubes unearthed are made of whole sections of wood. They are shaped like moso bamboo tubes. The inner and outer walls are polished and smooth, and there is a shallow groove cut into the inner wall. , stuffed with log cakes, some wrapped with rattan strips, probably used as percussion instruments. The discovery of a wooden square well in the second cultural layer proves that the Hemudu people have mastered the well-drilling technology. Many well-preserved wooden tools have been unearthed, providing physical materials for the study of world wooden tools.

Banpo

The settlement area of ??Banpo type is generally an irregular circle that is longer from north to south and narrower from east to west. Houses, most of the cellars, livestock pens, and children's urns and coffins are concentrated in the center of the settlement, covering an area of ??about 30,000 square meters. There are two residential areas, which may belong to two groups or economic entities within the clan. Each area has a large house, which may be the residence of the clan leader and a gathering place for clan members, surrounded by small living rooms. The two pieces are bounded by a small channel 1.5 meters deep and 2 meters wide. Outside the residential area, there is a large defense trench 5 to 6 meters deep and 6 to 8 meters wide. To the north outside the ditch is the cemetery of the clan father-in-law, and to the east is the kiln site for burning pottery. There are 46 half-slope type houses. Except for a few that are square or rectangular, most of them are round. Each of them is semi-crypt type or ground-built. Its basic feature is: there is a gap between the doorway and the room of the house. There is a square threshold with small walls on both sides. There is a stove pit in the center of the house with 1 to 6 pillars. The living surface and walls are plastered with grass mud. There are 15 square and rectangular houses, with a small area of ??12 to 20 square meters, a medium-sized one of 30 to 40 square meters, and the largest restored area of ??about 160 square meters. There are 31 round houses, generally 4 to 6 meters in diameter. The walls of most round houses are made of dense rows of small wooden posts braided with mud and some are baked very solidly by fire (see Neolithic Architecture in China ). Cellars are scattered among the houses. Both livestock pens are in the shape of long strips. The six pottery kilns are of two types: horizontal cave and vertical cave, both of which are small, with the diameter of the kiln chamber being about 1 meter.