What is the historical origin of the non-cooperative movement?

The Indian Movement and the outbreak of Gandhi's World War I are another important transition period of British-Indian relations. In wartime, Indians supported British actions on the one hand and demanded autonomy on the other. These two things seemed contradictory, but they were related at that time. It turned out that most Indians at that time had the following idea: loyalty to Britain in wartime in exchange for post-war autonomy. However, Britain's hypocrisy about Indian autonomy was soon exposed. After World War I, Britain no longer needed the support of Indian manpower and material resources, and its attitude became tough. 19 19 In March, the Indian Legislative Assembly ignored the opposition of Indian legislators and passed the Rollat Act, according to which the Indian governor-general can arrest or punish rioters in India without due process of law. Since the promulgation of the Rolland Act, there have been many tragedies of vendetta between the British and Indians. Many British local officials were assassinated by angry Indians, and many Indians involved in the riots were shot and killed by military police, the most serious of which was the Amritsar massacre. 19 19 On April 13, a group of angry Indians held an anti-British rally in a square in Amritsar. A British officer led his troops to attend the rally, but when he arrived at the square, he indiscriminately ordered to shoot at the unarmed crowd, resulting in a huge tragedy of about 400 deaths and about 1200 injuries. That is to say, when the British and Indians were killing each other and blood and rain enveloped India, one person rose up to lead the Indians, gave up the means of revenge and went to another new road. This person was Gandhi who advocated non-violence and non-cooperation (1869- 1948). Gandhi was born in Pobonde, western India. At the age of eighteen, he went to England and studied law at London University. After graduation, he went to South Africa and worked as a lawyer among Indian expatriates in South Africa. His business is quite good and he has become the leader of the local Indian diaspora. Indian expatriates in South Africa often work as coolies and are often discriminated against and abused by whites. During the Boer War, Gandhi organized an ambulance team to rescue the wounded British army. He hopes to win the sympathy of the British and improve his attitude towards Indians. But later, white South Africans treated Indians more harshly than before. 1907, South Africa forced Asian immigrants to register their fingerprints and restricted the entry of Indian immigrants. Gandhi called on all Indian expatriates to refuse to register their fingerprints and would rather go to jail than give in. Many Indian expatriates accepted his advice and would rather go to jail than register their fingerprints. So Gandhi went to prison three times, never gave up and continued to struggle. Of course, his fame spread back to the motherland, and later South Africa had to cancel the fingerprint registration law, which was the first time Gandhi used non-violence as a means of resistance to realize his wishes. Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 19 14, spent about a year visiting and studying everywhere, then actively participated in the work of the National Assembly and gradually became the leader of the National Assembly. Gandhi insisted on the autonomy of India, but he opposed it by means of terror or violence. He believes that for Indians who lack the support of force, the best way to achieve autonomy is non-violent and non-cooperative movement. Gandhi advocated non-violent and non-cooperative movement, including the following points: calling on Indians to resign from their posts appointed by Britain and not to join India led by Britain; Don't bring a lawsuit to a court presided over by the British. Disputes between Indians should be settled by Indians themselves. Do not accept British education, take children back from public schools and transfer them to schools run by Indians; Indians' money is not deposited in British banks, but transferred to Indians' own banks; Do not join the army, do not pay taxes; * * * British goods, switch to Indian homemade items, wear homespun, etc. After Gandhi's idea was approved by the National Assembly, this organization composed of leaders from all walks of life in India authorized Gandhi to launch the non-violent and non-cooperative movement he advocated in 192 1 year1February. After Gandhi launched the non-cooperation movement, most Indians acted according to his instructions, which made the institutions, courts and schools run by the British neglected, the income of the British plummeted, and many factories, banks, companies and lines invested by the British were crumbling. On the contrary, Indian-run factories and banks are increasingly developed, and Britain has lost India's vast market, which has severely hit the economy. It is because of Gandhi's uncooperative movement that the British are at a loss. 1922 in February, there was a village in the territory of the United Republic of Ukraine, whose residents were encouraged by anti-British elements, besieged the local police station and killed 22 policemen. Gandhi felt very sad after this incident. He believes that Indians have not fully understood the non-violence she advocates. Without this understanding, the non-cooperative movement will once again embark on the wrong road of vendetta between Britain and India. Therefore, after this incident, he ordered to stop the non-cooperative movement. However, the British used this incident as an excuse to arrest Gandhi and put him in prison on charges of inciting people to riot, which led to Gandhi's imprisonment for two years. In the four or five years after Gandhi was released from prison, he turned to social work, regardless of actual politics. During these four or five years, he led a few faithful believers and took spinning machines to various villages, not only persuading local farmers to revive their spinning career, but also advocating abandoning the class concept under the caste system and promoting tolerance among different religions. That is, during the four or five years when Gandhi was engaged in rural work, India's national fortune changed again. At that time, the National Assembly split into two factions. One faction advocates India's autonomy and keeping in touch with Britain, while the other advocates that India should be completely independent in the future. The two factions argued with each other because of many practical delicate issues and could not reach an agreement. Later, the National Assembly invited Gandhi to lead again. 19291February, in Kolkata, the National Assembly, as the chairman of the parliament, synthesized the opinions of all parties and passed the following resolution: Britain must grant India autonomy before 19301February 3 1 for one year. Assuming that Britain fails to do this within this time limit, the National Assembly will adopt the target instead and launch a non-cooperation dispute again. Within one year after the adoption of the above-mentioned resolution, due to the opposition of the Conservative Party, Britain did not take appropriate action on the issue of Indian autonomy. By the beginning of 193 1, the National Assembly decided that Britain would not grant India autonomy within the time limit, and should aim at adopting the above-mentioned resolution, and authorized Gandhi to launch the non-cooperation movement again. Gandhi launched the second non-cooperation movement in April of the same year, which was more powerful than the first one. In addition to British goods, there are many people lying on the main roads to stop vehicles from passing. Later, although the British used this as an excuse to arrest more than 60,000 people (including Gandhi) who participated in the movement in various places, the Indians have always been unsettled, and the British high-handed means have never been able to restrain the continuation of this movement. At that time, Indian Governor Ihlwan was forced to release Gandhi and reached the following agreement with Gandhi. On the condition that Ihlwan agreed to release patriotic prisoners, Gandhi promised to stop this uncooperative movement and participate in the "round table" held in London to discuss and solve Indian political problems on an equal footing with Britain. This agreement is usually called "Delhi Agreement" (referred to as "Delhi Agreement"). 193 1 year, when Gandhi's second non-cooperation movement was still going on in India, Britain invited representatives of Indian kings, liberals and representatives of the * * * alliance to hold a round table meeting in London to discuss how to solve India's political problems. After the establishment of the Delhi Agreement, Gandhi attended the round table. It's already the second round table. Later, the British drafted an Indian Constitution in 1935, which was the basis of political reform in India. This constitution has three main points: India's provinces and local states form a federation, and the provinces are autonomous. The governor representing the federation still holds the power of national defense and foreign affairs. After the promulgation of this constitution, the Congress Party only supported provincial autonomy and opposed federal organizations. 1937, the provincial councils elected members, and the national assembly won a great victory in the election, and the provincial government fell into the hands of the national assembly. Although there was no local autonomy in India at that time, it was an important step on the road.

Reference: Gao, Chapter 14 of New World after World War I and General History of the World (Volume II), (Taipei: Printing, 2006), pp. 163- 168.

Non-cooperative movement (Non-cooperative movement) refers to a civil movement that opposes * * * laws and forces * * * to make concessions by adopting non-cooperative non-violent behaviors such as refusing to pay taxes, * * *, * * paralyzing * *. It was first initiated by Gandhi in history and successfully made Britain give up colonial rule. Movement may involve breaking the law, but it is regarded as the last resort to fight for justice, so it needs persistence and general support from society to have a chance to see the results.

Reference: General Studies/Daily _ Concepts/Index? word=892

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