Where is Jiangnan? Historical narration beyond poetry and painting

Jiangnan misty rainy night

Jiangnan is a small bridge with flowing water, misty rain and apricot blossoms, and Jiangnan i

Where is Jiangnan? Historical narration beyond poetry and painting

Jiangnan misty rainy night

Jiangnan is a small bridge with flowing water, misty rain and apricot blossoms, and Jiangnan is the dream lover of China classical culture. In history, where is Jiangnan? How is it formed? Is it really as weak as I remember?

Jianghua wins fire, spring water is like blue, lilac lane, misty rain and apricot blossom, Jiangnan, the spiritual home of China literati. For the ancient literati in China, saving the world was their lifelong ideal, and then they retired to the garden. Jiangnan, with the most prosperous style of writing, constitutes an important pole of China culture. There are poems and songs, winding paths and secluded places, small bridges and flowing water, and ink and wash pastoral.

Tao Hongjing once wrote in the Book of Appreciation:? The beauty of mountains and rivers has existed since ancient times. The mountain peaks soar into the sky and the streams are crystal clear. The stone walls on both sides are colorful and set each other off. Green Woods, green bamboo clusters, four. The morning mist will rest, and apes and birds will sing; As night fell, the scales began to beat. This is really a fairyland on earth. Lingyun in Kasper? in the Southern Dynasties, so far no one can appreciate its wonders. ?

What does it say here? The fairy capital of desire? , refers to the Jiangnan area. Since ancient times, Jiangnan has been praised by literati. Here is picturesque, beautiful and rich, full of artistic atmosphere. This is where people dream.

But misunderstandings are always accompanied by beautiful imagination. For example, because of the beautiful scenery and strong humanistic atmosphere in Jiangnan? Weak? Defining and ignoring the bloody side of Jiangnan culture has become people's inherent thinking over time.

Jiangnan is the back garden of China culture, but where is Jiangnan and how is it formed? Is Jiangnan really so weak?

Jiangnan area with southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang as the core.

As the name implies, Jiangnan refers to the south of the Yangtze River. Jiangnan in a narrow sense refers to the south bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Jiangnan in a broad sense includes the south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Nanling, the north of Wuyishan, that is, the whole territory of Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, and the areas south of the Yangtze River in Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. Some people even put Fujian into this big category.

About Jiangnan, the earliest record that can be seen at present should be Historical Records? Which one is mentioned in Biography of Five Emperors? Jian Yao ascended the throne in the 1960s. In the thirty-ninth year of Emperor Jian, he took office in the southern tour and collapsed in the wild of Cangwu. Buried in Jiuyi, Jiangnan, it is for Lingling. ?

Jiangnan, as a political division, appeared in the pre-Qin period, generally referring to the border of Chu. Historical records? Is it in Qin Benji? In the 30 th year of Qin Dynasty, Shu defended Ruochu, taking Wujun and Jiangnan as Qianzhong County. According to records, Chu belongs to the south of the Yangtze River, which refers to parts of Hunan, southern Hubei and Jiangxi.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Biao supported his troops with self-respect. Legend of Liu Biao:? Jiangnan thieves are the only thieves in Jiangxia, Zhang Zhuang and Chen. According to Xiangyang city, it is predicted that Yue and Pangji will fall and Jiangnan will be pacified. .

Jiangnan Road was set up during Zhenguan period in Tang Dynasty, covering Jiangxi, Hunan and southern Hubei, and Jiangnan Road was set up in Song Dynasty, covering Jiangxi and southern Anhui. In the early Qing Dynasty, there was jiangnan province, including Jiangsu and southern Anhui. The post of Governor of Liangjiang includes jiangnan province and Jiangxi provinces.

But as a cultural concept, the scope of Jiangnan is much smaller. Li Bozhong believes that to define the geographical scope of the south of the Yangtze River, it is necessary not only to have a standard geographical integrity, but also to be a concrete concept in people's minds.

Accordingly, the reasonable scope of Jiangnan should include today's southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, that is, Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Jiangning, Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and Taicang Zhili House designated by Suzhou House later. The land of Bazhou and Yizhou is not only unified in internal ecological conditions, but also belongs to Taihu Lake water system, with very close economic ties, and the periphery is separated from the adjacent areas by obvious natural barriers.

From a historical point of view, some people think that Jiangnan should be the southern part of Jiangsu, the whole of Zhejiang, and parts of Anhui and Jiangxi, such as Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou in the Qing Dynasty, which are the famous six houses in Jiangnan, all concentrated in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Of course, when people mention famous cities in the south of the Yangtze River, they will also include Jiujiang House in Jiangxi, Ningguo House in Anhui and Huizhou House.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Jiangnan gradually became the economic and cultural center created by several southward movements.

There have been several large-scale migrations to the south in history, mostly because of the war. For example, after Yongjia Rebellion (Xiongnu captured Luoyang in the Western Jin Dynasty), Central Plains refugees crossed the river south, and so did Anshi Rebellion (Anshi Rebellion in the Middle Tang Dynasty and Shi Siming Rebellion). After the shame of Jingkang (Nuzhen invaded the Northern Song Dynasty), the southward migration reached its peak, only for more than ten years. Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hunan, Fujian, Guangzhou and Northwest China are all people? .

The southward migration has enabled the Jiangnan area to acquire a large number of labor and advanced technology, make better use of fertile land and develop the economy. Agriculture has become an important grain producing area, a veritable land of plenty, and handicrafts and silk weaving are developing day by day. The population of the famous city Jiankang (now Nanjing) in the Southern Dynasties was 6.5438+0.4 million, and its prosperity can be imagined. Since then, the economic and cultural center of China has gradually moved southward, from Chang 'an to Suzhou and Hangzhou, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, Suzhou and Hangzhou enjoyed unprecedented prosperity.

In addition to several moves to the south, the short Sui Dynasty was also a great opportunity for the development of Jiangnan. After the unification of China in Sui Dynasty, Jiangnan, once the political core of the Six Dynasties, was deliberately suppressed politically, but being far away from politics brought relative stability, which enabled Jiangnan to develop in Sui and Tang Dynasties.

After the Anshi Rebellion, the Central Plains suffered from the war, and the Jiangnan area officially became the economic center. Endowed with the world and Jiangnan 19? Is this the beginning of the Millennium? South-to-North Water Diversion Grain Project? Mode. Even if the disaster in the north is serious, there will be no military disaster in Jiangnan for hundreds of years.

Economic development has promoted the prosperity of culture. Since the beginning of its formation, Jiangnan culture has perfectly integrated the developed economy with beautiful scenery, showing the spirit of beauty everywhere, which is reflected in literature, catering, opera, architectural gardens and other fields.

In literature, since the Six Dynasties, there have been countless poets, poets and dramatists in the south of the Yangtze River, and the style of study is extremely prosperous and innate. I didn't know Dakui was a public instrument in the world, but I regarded Wei Tangke as a relic of my family? Statement. The first scholar in Jiangnan in Ming Dynasty was about1/4; In the Qing Dynasty, this proportion increased to more than half, and it was more common to win the top three.

In fact, the glory in the imperial examination is also related to the overall economic and cultural prosperity in Jiangnan. At that time, Jiangnan had formed a developed urban agglomeration, with many ports and frequent foreign exchanges, and people's horizons were broader. Whether you take the imperial examination or study, you can get twice the result with half the effort. In addition, such as calligraphy and painting, stone carving and so on. Is also an absolute Jiangnan intellectual? Advantages? .

However, if it is only economically developed, what is the granary of the world? And strong style of study are not enough to explain the particularity of Jiangnan culture. If there is money, what did ancient Sichuan have? Land of abundance? As developed as Jiangnan. Qilu area, as the birthplace of Confucian culture, is equally important in ancient times if the style of study and cultural tradition are said. In fact, there are more profound things in the connotation of Jiangnan culture, that is, the exquisite life represented by Zhang Dai's Dream of Taoan and Li Yu's Random Thoughts.

Jiangnan gardens are typical of this exquisite life. The form of natural gardens rose as early as the Six Dynasties. Building gardens requires not only financial resources, but also a deep understanding of aesthetics. When the great times are turbulent, it is even necessary to bear the feelings of literati.

For example, the water painting garden in Rugao County was originally a risky industry, and it was gradually restored and improved after the famous childe ventured across the border. He has built more than ten scenic spots in the park, such as Xianglin, Yi, Pillow Smoke Pavilion and Hanbyeokdang Pavilion. Chen Weisong, a famous scholar, once wrote in Water Painting Garden:? Painters, generals, draw in the water, flowers in the forest, east, west, north and south, if painting is natural. ?

After Ming Taizu's death, disheartened Mao Xiang renamed Shuihui Garden Shuihui Temple and lived in seclusion here. Celebrities have come to sing together. Do all the people crossing the North River and the South River return to Rugao? Say it.

In food and tea ceremony, Jiangnan is also famous for its exquisiteness, which embodies aesthetics everywhere, which is quite different from the rough north. Did Zhang Dai talk about tea? Spoon method, kneading method, moving method, scattering method, fan method, frying method, baking method and hiding method, just like Luo Song. He poured out from the spring, but the fragrance didn't come out. If you boil the spring water and throw it into a small pot, the fragrance is too strong. Mixed with jasmine, repeatedly strive for novelty, put it gently with porcelain, and wait for it to cool; Wash with boiling soup, the color is like a bamboo basket, and the green powder is evenly distributed; Just like the mountain window at the beginning of dawn, it is transparent. Take the princess in white as an example, it tends to be plain porcelain. Is it really like a hundred flowers, orchids and snow peaches? This sentence.

? A pot of swing, talk about it; Half a couch burning incense, * * * period white drunk? This feeling is not just? Petty bourgeoisie? . As a representative of Jiangnan literati, Zhang Dai once had 17 hobbies, including? Prosperous love, good house, good maid, good child molestation, good fresh clothes, good horses, good lanterns, good fireworks, good pear garden, good advocacy, good antiques, good flowers and birds, abuse oranges with tea, abuse poems with books? This in itself is a portrayal of Jiangnan culture.

Li Yu likes not only delicious food, but also music, gardens, landscapes and calligraphy and painting. So? Every window, every bed, every piece of clothing, every vessel, every diet and other systems, learning new ideas, people are happy for it, so they are moved for a while. ?

What is most worth mentioning is that the exquisite life in Jiangnan is related to? Pretend to be forced? This word is irrelevant, but? The more famous, the more natural? , is a kind of aesthetics that emphasizes freedom.

The unknown bloody side of Jiangnan, chivalrous intestines, drinking and indulging in Qinhuai moon.

It is precisely because of the exquisiteness and aestheticism of Jiangnan culture that many people misunderstand it, thinking that it is only feminine, even compared with northern culture, and that northerners are masculine and southerners are feminine. This view is superficial and ignores the background of Jiangnan culture.

Jiangnan civilization originated from the Yangtze River civilization, and its first prosperity was wuyue's hegemony at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Spring and autumn five tyrants? . First, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, sent troops to attack Yue, and Gou Jian, the king of Yue, became a hostage. After that, he destroyed Wu and forced Fu Cha to commit suicide, and then he continued to dominate the Central Plains in the north. During this period, Wu culture and Yue culture merged with each other and gradually built the framework of Jiangnan culture. Lv Chunqiu said? Husband and wife Wu Zhi and, neighbors with the same soil, belong to the soil and traffic, the same customs, eloquent? This is also the situation during this period.

In wuyue's hegemony, there were bloody wars and revenge. Even if Fu Cha committed suicide, there was also the tragic death of the monarch, not to mention the story of Zhuan Xu and his departure. It is not only a history book, but also a foreplay of the bloody side of Jiangnan culture.

Although the culture of Wu and Yue is inevitably influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, it still shows great independence. For example, after the King of Yue Gou Jian moved the capital to Langya, Confucius went to an audience to publicize the Five Emperors and Three Wang Zhidao, but Gou Jian refused Confucius on the grounds of different customs and deliberately maintained his cultural independence. Although Emperor Wu was closer to the north than the King of Yue and influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, he also had certain independence.

After Yongjia Rebellion, a large number of immigrants poured into the south and then moved south, which made the political and cultural axis of China move south for the first time. Geographer Chen Zhengxiang once thought? Yongjia Rebellion? 、? An Shi rebellion? And then what? The difficulty of Jing Kang? , is it? Three waves that forced China Cultural Center to move south? . Just at this time, Jiangnan culture had a softer side, but the martial arts style of wuyue period was not eliminated from the bone marrow of Jiangnan culture.

The blood in Jiangnan culture belongs not only to the samurai, but also to the literati sometimes. Scholars in the south of the Yangtze River often combine rigidity with softness and are loyal to their ideals. Although they are usually romantic and elegant, they can show loyalty and integrity when the country is broken, and they still have the heart to save the world under the bad king. There was one in Gao Shiqi in the Qing Dynasty? Yan Yan' s soul disappears with the willows, and the chivalrous intestines drink Qinhuai Moon? That poem? Yan sentence? With what? Chivalrous? At the same time, it is also a true portrayal of Jiangnan literati.

? Jiangnan blood? The concentrated outbreak occurred in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. When Manchu rulers put forward. Hair or hair? As soon as the haircut order came out, Jiangnan people became the most intense anti-Qing forces. Jiangyin Rebellion is the most famous. At that time, the righteous people in Jiangyin fought against the Qing Dynasty and regained their sight, pushing Chen Mingyu, a Canon historian, as the head, and Chen Mingyu gave way to Yan Yingyuan, a former Canon historian. Yan Yingyuan resolutely led the family children to take over the command. At this time, more than 20 local literati and gentry rallied around him. As a result, Jiangyin staged a miracle of sticking to 8 1 day.

The scholar promised to write such a couplet in the besieged Mid-Autumn Festival. On the 80 th, he showed loyalty to the people of the 17 th Dynasty. One hundred thousand people killed the enemy in Qi Xin, leaving Daming three hundred miles? . He spoke the voice of all the gentry in the south of the Yangtze River at that time.

After jiangyin city was attacked by red artillery, the Qing army? Slaughterhouse sealed knife? . The whole city? You're lucky to die first. No one obeyed? 1720,000 people were slaughtered, and only 53 people did not die. There are Jiading, Songjiang, Kunshan, Changshu and Liyang. These small towns in the south of the Yangtze River all shed their last drop of blood in the anti-Qing struggle.

These names will go down in history forever: Feng Houdun, Xia Weixin, Zhang, Huang, Hou Tongzeng, Gong Yongyuan, Tu, Zheng, Xu Shiqi, Shen Youlong, Xia Yunyi, Xia Wanchun, Chen Zilong, Xu Fuyuan, Zhang Mi, Wang Yongyou, Zhu Tianlin and so on.

The mountains and rivers were broken, and these Jiangnan people stepped forward. Although their death can't reverse Gan Kun, they have been written into history together with Jiangnan culture.