What kind of social problems did the population growth in Qing Dynasty cause?

First, the population expansion leads to the intensification of the contradiction between man and land.

Although the amount of land increased from more than 600 million mu in the 24th year of Kangxi to more than 900 million mu in Guangxu, an increase of 50%, it was far from meeting the needs of the rapidly growing population. The Qing government's series of measures with the nature of national oppression aggravated the contradiction between man and land.

In addition, the Qing government also mobilized a lot of manpower and material resources to set up wicker border crossings in the northeast, forbidding Han Chinese to enter the northeast, in order to protect the so-called Long Mai of the dynasty and the special products such as ginseng and Oriental Pearl produced by the royal family in the northeast. All this further led to the waste of land resources, aggravated the contradiction between man and land, and ignited the fuse for the next series of contradictions.

Second, population expansion has intensified various contradictions.

1, social contradictions intensified

This is mainly reflected in the increasing number of civil disputes, mainly in the increase of civil judicial proceedings. Among them, most of them are about competing for mountains, buying and selling land, and competing for land.

2. The intensification of class contradictions.

Once social contradictions increase and are not solved, they will easily rise to class contradictions and become powder kegs of peasant uprisings. The increase of unemployed refugees and the prosperity of gang organizations caused by population expansion have provided manpower and material resources and created favorable conditions for frequent peasant uprisings. In 268 of the Qing Dynasty, various peasant uprisings broke out one after another.

3. Population expansion has led to the intensification of ethnic conflicts.

The rapid increase in population has also caused many Han people to flood into ethnic minority areas and compete with them for living space, thus triggering ethnic conflicts. After the return of the Miao nationality in southwest China, the so-called Hakkas, the bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen of the Han nationality, constantly encroached on the land of the Miao people, turning "Miao Di" into "civilian land".

In the northwest, the large grassland originally grazed by nomadic people was gradually occupied, and the living space was further squeezed, which also caused the resistance of local ethnic minorities. From Kangxi to Qianlong, after three generations of emperors, with the help of the whole country, Xinjiang was basically stable.

Therefore, Emperor Qianlong had to implement the policy of genocide after putting down the rebellion, which left a great stain on history.

Third, population expansion leads to environmental deterioration.

The expansion of population makes people demand more and more ecological resources, which leads to the deterioration of the ecological environment. The deterioration of ecological environment, in turn, aggravated the deterioration of people's living environment, forming a vicious circle.

In southern China, excessive reclamation and deforestation around lakes have aggravated soil erosion. Taking Dagongwei in dangtu county, Anhui Province as an example, over-exploitation leads to the imbalance of ecological environment in the polder area, which is directly manifested as follows:

1, frequent disasters;

2. The affected area is large. Dagongwei is low-lying. In case of flood, the whole polder area is often covered by Wang Yang.

This disaster is devastating. On the one hand, disasters have reduced crop production and destroyed the basic living facilities in wei ren; On the other hand, disasters have also polluted the water environment, leading to the epidemic of plague.

However, in the northwest frontier area, overgrazing, over-reclamation and over-logging make secondary salinization prominent. A large oasis has been opened up as farmland, but it has become a desert due to lack of protection; At the same time, excessive water irrigation leads to land salinization, and rocky desertification also occurs in southwest China. All these have aggravated the degree of desertification.

In addition, although corn, sweet potato and other crops imported from America have increased grain output, the damage caused by their promotion in northwest China to the local environment should not be underestimated.

Fourth, the population expansion intensified social competition and led to the corruption of the Qing government.

Due to the increasingly tight living space and resource allocation, governments at all levels have become more and more attached to the imperial examination professional army, administrative agencies at all levels are full of redundant staff, and the reserve team (including official donors) is still queuing outside the official yamen, which seems to have no end in sight.

In the Qing dynasty, even if you passed the imperial examination and obtained the qualification of being an official, you might not be able to take office immediately. Theoretically, whether or not to be an official is arranged by the relevant departments in turn. Therefore, most people have to pay a lot of money to "honor" their superiors in order to really get official positions.

Many people just exist in name only, holding the position of "alternate" in vain, and may even be deprived of the imperial salary for the rest of their lives. And those who spend a lot of money to get official positions collude with the local gentleman's land as soon as they take office, fish the people and fool the village.

Reasons for the rapid population growth in Qing dynasty;

1. The unprecedented expansion of territory provides space for population growth.

The Qing Dynasty has a vast territory, which is much larger than that of the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty in its heyday, and Song and Ming Dynasties can't compare with it. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was larger than that of the Qing Dynasty, but different from the captive rule of the Yuan Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty established effective rule in a huge territory.

Unprecedented territorial expansion has also brought the upsurge of large-scale frontier development. The Qing government reclaimed a large amount of land within the new rule, enriched the frontier through immigration and eased the population pressure in the mainland, which greatly expanded the living space of the Chinese nation.

Second, the development of agriculture has laid a material foundation for population growth.

Although new agricultural production facilities, such as deep ploughs and high-overturned cars, were used for water conservancy in the Qing Dynasty, compared with the Ming Dynasty, there was basically no change in technology, but the cotton planting area was expanded and increased. During this period, the introduction of high-yield crops is an important manifestation of agricultural development. The introduction and large-scale cultivation of corn and sweet potato from the United States has made great contributions to population growth.

During the Qing Dynasty, corn, sweet potato, potato and other American food crops were introduced into China, which played an important role in promoting agricultural production and social and economic development in China.

Third, the basic stability of social order and a series of policies of the Qing government cleared the way for population growth.

As we all know, war will not only lead to long-term social unrest, but also bring huge losses to people's production and life, which is the main obstacle to the population growth in ancient China.

Since Kangxi pacified San Francisco in Qing Dynasty, although wars were still frequent according to historical records, during this period, these wars were characterized by small scale and little influence, and were mainly concentrated in border areas. The disappearance of large-scale ethnic wars has stabilized social order and created a good external environment for people to live and work in peace and contentment and reproduce their descendants.

More importantly, during this period, the creative tax policy of the Qing government completely lifted the red line entrenched in people's heads and stimulated the rapid growth of population. Its demographic impact has three aspects:

1, because Dingyin no longer collects according to population, the population growth rate is accelerated;

2. Population statistics tend to be accurate, and the situation of concealing population is reduced;

3. In the aspect of population flow control, it has changed from manual control to tax policy regulation, which has reduced population flow.