Montessori immigrants

Character: Zhao Gao

Main deeds:

(? ~ 207 BC) Eunuchs and powerful ministers in the Qin Dynasty. It turned out to be a distant branch of the Zhao family. His mother served her sentence in Qin, so several brothers were born in a secluded palace. Zhao Gao is a civil servant. Because of his ability and legal knowledge, he was promoted to CZ government by Qin Wangzheng. His illegitimate son, Hu Hai, teaches law. After the king of Qin committed a crime, he ordered Meng Yi to try the case and was sentenced to death by Meng Yi according to law. The king of Qin cherished talents, ordered pardon and restored the original rank. Later, he was ordered to be Fu Xi by CRRC. In the thirty-seventh year of the first emperor (2 10 BC), Zhao Gao and Hu Hai traveled with Qin Shihuang. Back in Tianjin Plain, the first emperor was critically ill. He ceded his eldest son, Fu Su, to Xishu, and ordered him to hand over the relieving to Meng Tian and return to Xianyang to preside over the funeral. Thanks to Hu Hai, and considering the Montessori brothers' opposition in power, Zhao Gao conspired with Hu Hai and Qin Ershi Reese, secretly refused to send out obituaries, was cheated by the first emperor's testamentary edict, made Hu Hai a prince, and even wrote to Fu Su and Meng Tian to die. Hu Hai also went to Xianyang and became Emperor II. As a doctor, Zhao Gao often lives in the palace to participate in decision-making. He instructed Hu Hai to reform the law and slaughter the imperial clan and ministers. The grandchildren who disobeyed Qin Ershi's will were handed over to Zhao Gao for trial and treatment. Meng Tian, Meng Yi brothers and other ministers close to Qin Shihuang, as well as sons and princesses, were all executed, and countless people sat together. Zhao Gao was afraid that the minister would report that he was playing in the imperial court, and advised II to stay in the Forbidden City and not to appear before the minister, so as to further specialize in state affairs.

After the uprising of Chen Sheng and Guangwu in July of the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), the internal contradictions of the ruling clique in the Qin Dynasty further intensified. Right-hand Prime Minister Feng Quji and General Feng Jie were forced to commit suicide because they advised II to stop building Epang Palace and reduce the corvee tax. Li Si, the left prime minister, was falsely accused of rebellion by Zhao Gao and beheaded in Xianyang. Zhang Han was also suspected. After the defeat of Julu in World War I, he surrendered to Xiang Yu .. From then on, Zhao Gao became the prime minister of China, and all major issues and minor issues were subject to his will. In order to consolidate his power, he deliberately referred to the deer as a horse in front of II, and all ministers who did not echo the voice fabricated charges of persecution. In August of the third year of Qin Ershi, after Liu Bang captured Wuguan, Zhao Gao, afraid of being punished, conspired with his son-in-law Yan Le and others, took advantage of Wang Yigong's fasting, sent troops to encircle the palace and forced him to commit suicide. Zhao Gao tried to usurp the throne and stand on his own feet, but because of the disobedience of officials, he had to let his second brother Zi Ying become the king of Qin. In September, Zhao Gao was killed by Zi Ying in Zhaigong and Yi tribes.

Han Dynasty

People: Chao Cuo, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing

Main deeds:

Chao Cuo (200 years ago-154 years ago), a think tank of the Western Han Dynasty, was born in Yingchuan (now Nanchaochipu, Yuxian County, Henan Province). During the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, Chao Cuo was outstanding in literary talent, and later served as a prince, a doctor, a prince's commander and a scholar. When teaching the prince, he won the hearts of the people and was eloquent, and was respected as a "think tank" by Qi (later Emperor Jing). He was beheaded in the eastern city of Chang 'an because of the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion.

During Emperor Wen's reign, Chao Cuo not only assisted the Prince, but also expressed his opinions and suggestions on the state affairs at that time. Most of these opinions and suggestions are practical and insightful, which not only played a positive role at that time, but also had a far-reaching impact in the future. For example, talking about military affairs, guarding the border to persuade farmers, valuing millet and giving good advice were all excellent political papers at that time.

In the 11th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 169), the Huns invaded Didao, and the soldiers and civilians in Longxi defeated the Xiongnu army with fewer soldiers. Chao Cuo took the opportunity to talk to Emperor Awen about military affairs, summed up the past historical experience and the facts at that time, and discussed the strategy and strategic thinking of fighting against Xiongnu.

Wendi appreciated Yan Bing's Poem Book very much and gave it to Chao Cuo as a reward. Chao Cuo went on to tell Emperor Wendi about "guarding the frontier to persuade farmers to be sparse" and "nurturing the people and blocking the people", and put forward the method of emigrating to the frontier instead of taking turns guarding the frontier, which is an extremely important innovative suggestion.

In the fifteenth year of Emperor Wendi (BC 165), Emperor Wendi ordered ministers to recommend virtuous, upright and literary men. Chao Cuo was elected as a sage during the term of the Prince's decree. Emperor Wen personally gave a topic to solicit opinions on important issues such as "understanding the overall situation of the country" (this is called "policy question"). Among more than 100 people who participated in the countermeasures, Chao Cuo's answer was the best. Chao Cuo's "Countermeasures for Giving Virtue" became a famous political paper in the Western Han Dynasty.

Chao Cuo's countermeasures won the praise of Emperor Wen. Therefore, Emperor Wendi promoted him from the rank of the prince to a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine, in charge of political affairs.

In the seventh year of Emperor Wendi (BC 157), Emperor Wendi died and Qi ascended the throne. This is Jing Di. Emperor Jingdi immediately promoted Chao Cuo as the chief executive of the capital Chang 'an. Chao Cuo met with Jingdi alone for many times to discuss state affairs. Jingdi obeyed him and became more popular than Jiuqing. Many laws were amended and made by him.

In the second year of Emperor Jingdi (before 155), Emperor Jingdi promoted Chao Cuo to be an imperial doctor, and since then, Chao Cuo ranked third. Chao Cuo was in a high position, so he suggested to Jingdi to cut the vassals. This is the famous policy of reducing vassals.

As soon as this policy of reducing vassals was put forward, it immediately caused great shock in the imperial court. Jingdi ordered that officials, Hou Hezong consult with each other. Most people know that Jingdi fully supports Chao Cuo, so they dare not express their opposition publicly. Only Dou Ying (the relative of the Empress Dowager) publicly expressed opposition and argued with Chao Cuo. Since then, there has been a hatred between them. Finally, Jingdi decided to win Changshan County in Wang Zhao, Wangliu County in Jiaoxi, Donghai County and Xue Jun County in Wang Chu, Zhang Yu County and Huiji County in Wu Wang. Chao Cuo changed article 30 of the law. As a result, the governors rose up and strongly opposed it.

Chao Cuo persecuted the vassals, took great risks and put himself in a very dangerous situation, and his father also felt it. The old man rushed to Chang 'an from his hometown in Yingchuan to find Chao Cuo. He said to him, "The emperor has just acceded to the throne. You are in power in the imperial court, encroaching on princes, alienating relatives of the royal family, and causing resentment among all. Why are you? " Chao Cuo said to his father, "This must be done! If not, the son of heaven has no dignity and the country has no peace. " Father sighed and said, "Of course the Liu dynasty was peaceful, but our Chao family was in danger. I'd better leave you and go home! " "So, the old man went home and committed suicide by taking poison. Before he died, he said, "I can't bear to watch the disaster happen!" " "In fact, Chao Cuo didn't feel the danger? However, he ignored his own life and death.

The news of the imperial court's proposal to cut the fief of the State of Wu reached the State of Wu, and Liu Bi planned to launch a rebellion. In the first month of the third year of Jingdi (before 154), Liu Bi, the king of Wu, first rebelled in Guangling (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and issued a declaration to the vassal state, attacking Chao Cuo in the name of "Jun Qing side", aiming at illegally treating and insulting the vassal state and not treating Liu's flesh and blood with the courtesy of the monarch of the vassal state. In the same month, Liu Yin, the king of Jiaoxi, took the lead in killing officials sent by the imperial court to the kingdom; Then Liu Xiongqu, the king of Jiaodong, Liu Xian, the king of Miaochuan, Liu Biguang, Liu E, and Liu Sui, the king of Zhao, all set out to attack the west. This is the famous "Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms with Wu and Chu" in history.

Wu Chu and other seven countries jointly rebelled in the name of killing Chao Cuo, and Chao Cuo was in a very dangerous situation. At that time, Chao Cuo himself mishandled two things, which aggravated this danger. One is that he suggested to Jingdi that Jingdi use personal expedition to stay in the capital Chang 'an. One is to investigate the crime of Yuan Ang foreseeing the conspiracy and rebellion of the Prince of Wu and Liu Bi. Yuan Ang was tipped off, and Yuan Ang was terrified. He went to see Dou Ying overnight to discuss countermeasures. They were all enemies of Chao Cuo and decided to protect Yuan Ang by murdering Chao Cuo.

So Dou Ying entered the palace and asked Jingdi to summon Yuan Ang. Yuan Ang said to Jingdi: "The letter said that Chao Cuo seized the fault of the vassal and seized the fief without authorization. So in the name of rebellion, he wanted to kill Chao Cuo and restore the original fief, so he stopped fighting. Today's plan is just to behead Chao Cuo and send messengers to announce the pardon of the seven countries of Wu Chu and restore the seized fiefs, so that we can all stop bleeding and fighting. " After listening to Yuan Ang, Jingdi was silent for a long time, and then said, "Let's see what the real situation is. If it is as you say, I will not love someone in order to be worthy of the world. " This actually agrees with Yuan Ang's statement that he is prepared to beg Wu Chu and other countries to withdraw their troops at the expense of Chao Cuo's life. Emperor Jingdi named Yuan Ang Taichang and sent him to the State of Wu.

More than ten days later, Prime Ministers Tao Qing, Tingwei Ou Zhang and Chen Jia (the military attache in charge of public security in Beijing) jointly wrote a letter to impeach Chao Cuo, accusing Chao Cuo of proposing Jingdi to go on an expedition in person, staying in Chang 'an and giving up some places at the beginning of the war. It is "no courtesy, no rebellion." Chao Cuo should be beheaded and his whole family killed. In order to get temporary peace, Jingdi ignored Chao Cuo's favor for many years and had no conscience, so he approved this paper.

Chao Cuo's murder was a surprise attack. Jingdi sent a lieutenant to Chao Cuo's house to convey the emperor's orders, and tricked Chao Cuo into letting him go to court. Chao Cuo put on royal robes and followed the lieutenant to get on the bus and go. When the horses and chariots crossed the East Side of Chang 'an, the lieutenant stopped. Suddenly, he took out the imperial edict and read it to Chao Cuo. Chao Cuo, who was loyal to the Han family, was beheaded.

In fact, the so-called "Jun Qing side" is a scam. The compromise of sacrificing Chao Cuo and restoring the cut-off fiefs failed to make the seven countries in Wu Chu withdraw their troops, so Jingdi had to resolutely put down the rebellion by military means. Under the attack of Zhou Yafu and other armies, the prince of Wu and Liu Bi were defeated and killed. Some of the other six rebels committed suicide and some were executed. After a long period of rebellion, Liu Bi was completely defeated in less than three months.

Although Chao Cuo is dead, the cause that Chao Cuo fought for continues. After pacifying the rebellion of Wu and Chu, Emperor Jing took the opportunity to carry out some political reforms. He ordered the governors not to continue to govern the country, and the emperor sent officials to them; He also reformed the official system of the vassal States, changed the prime minister to the prime minister, and laid off most officials such as ancient imperial doctors; This makes the princes lose their political power and have to pay taxes. In this way, the power of the central government has been greatly strengthened, while the power of the governors has been greatly weakened. Chao Cuo is a controversial figure in history. However, at that time, he was indeed an outstanding progressive figure and a politician. In the Ming Dynasty, Li Zhi once said: "Chao Cuo can be said to be not good at seeking personal gain, but it cannot be said that he is not good at seeking the country." He warmly praised Chao Cuo for his dedication to national interests regardless of his personal safety.

Huo Qubing Mata Xiongnu 2 was born in a legendary family. He is the son of Wei Xiaoer, a slave in Princess Pingyang's house, and Huo Zhongru, a petty official in Pingyang County. The beadle dare not admit to having an affair with the princess's handmaiden, so Huo Qubing can only be born as an illegitimate child. Father dare not admit illegitimate children, and mother is a slave. It seems that Huo Qubing will never have a bright future. However, a miracle finally came to him.

When Huo Qubing was just one year old, his mother was a child of Wei, and his aunt Wei Zifu entered the harem of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and was soon married, ranking second only to the queen. Huo Qubing's uncles Wei Changjun and Wei Qing were promoted to Shi Zhong. From then on, the Wei family changed their fate-at this time, I'm afraid no one thought that it was not only Wei Qing and Huo Qubing that changed their fate, but also the changes in the offensive and defensive positions of China and Hungary over the years.

Liu Che, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, was the emperor with the highest martial arts in the history of China. At that time, the border of Han dynasty was unstable and was often invaded by Xiongnu. As a nomadic people, Huns almost regarded the Han Dynasty, which made a living by farming, as their own warehouse, burning, killing and looting, and doing everything. Faced with such a situation, countries in the Great Wall have been unable to fundamentally change since the Qin Dynasty, and there are few victories. Qin can only hope to build the Great Wall for passive defense, while the Han Dynasty exchanged a lot of "dowry" property for temporary relative peace.

The talented Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty hoped to change this situation, and he soon found someone with similar interests. He is Wei Zifu's younger brother Wei Qing.

In the fifth year of Yuanguang (BC 130), Wei Qing rode a general, and the other three generals each led an army to the stronghold. During this invasion, the Fourth Route Army was defeated by the Third Route Fort. What is particularly outrageous is that veteran Li Guang was captured by Huns and managed to escape. On the contrary, Wei Qing, the "slave rider" who led the troops out of the village for the first time, went out of the valley to attack Liuzhou and cut the enemy by 700. Wei Qing's military genius impressed Emperor Wu. Since then, he has made many expeditions and achieved fruitful results.

become

While Wei Qing has made great achievements, Huo Qubing has gradually grown up. Under the influence of his uncle, he was good at riding and shooting since he was a child. Although he is young, he disdains to stay in Chang 'an like other princes and grandchildren and enjoy the shade of his elders. He longed for the day when he killed the enemy and made meritorious deeds.

In the sixth year of yuanshuo (BC 123), it was the battle of monan. Huo Qubing, who was under eighteen, volunteered, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named him Captain Yao. Statue of Huo Qubing

On the battlefield, Huo Qubing with his brave blood, with 800 cavalry, galloped hundreds of miles in the vast desert, looking for traces of the enemy. As a result, his "long-distance attack" tactics won the first battle, killing 2028 people, killing the grandfather of Hun Khan and attacking Uncle Guo. And Huo Qubing and others got away with it. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty immediately named him the "champion Hou" and praised his courage in the three armed forces.

Huo Qubing's first battle, with such dazzling results, announced to the world the birth of the most dazzling generation of famous Han families.

The god of war is invincible

In the spring of the second year of Yuanshou (BC 12 1), Huo Qubing was appointed as a general in title of generals in ancient times and led 10,000 soldiers to the Huns alone. This is the Hexi War.

19-year-old commander-in-chief Huo Qubing lived up to expectations and made a beautiful detour in the desert like lightning. In six days, I moved to the Five Huns and made great strides all the way. In Gaolan Mountain, I fought a life-and-death battle with the Xiongnu emperors and Zhelan kings. In this battle, Huo Qubing suffered a crushing defeat, leaving only 3,000 of the 10,000 chosen men. Xiongnu suffered heavy losses-King Lu Hou and Zhelan Wang Shuangshuang died, Prince Xie Hun, Guo Xiang and a captain were captured, and 8,960 people were killed. The Xiongnu sacrificed to heaven and became the trophy of the Han army. After this battle of blood and fire, no one in the Han Dynasty questioned the young Huo Qubing's ability to unify the army. He became a model of a generation of soldiers in the Han army and the embodiment of martial spirit.

In the summer of the same year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty decided to pursue the victory and launch a war to recover Hexi.

In this war, Huo Qubing became the commander-in-chief of the Han army, while veteran Li Guang and others who fought for many years only served as his coordinator. What makes people laugh and cry is that the "old horse" who often runs in the desert, such as Gongsun Ao who cooperates with the battle, is not as good as Huo Qubing, the son of Chang 'an two years ago, who actually got lost in the desert and didn't play its due auxiliary role. Veteran Li Guang and his men were surrounded by Xiongnu Zuo Wang Xian. Huo Qubing went further alone and won again. In Qilian Mountain, Huo Qubing and his men killed more than 30,000 people and captured 5 Xiongnu princes, 59 Xiongnu princes and 63 General Guo Xiang.

Sui dynasty

Character: Su Yang

Main deeds:

Su Yang (544—606.8.3 1). Han nationality, Hongnong Huayin (now Shaanxi). A powerful minister and poet in the Sui Dynasty, an outstanding strategist and commander in chief. Born in the Northern Dynasty, General of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He took part in the battle to pacify Beiqi. He has deep feelings with Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was the emperor, and Su Yang was appointed as an ancient consultant. After that, he led the accompanying marshal of the water army to attack Chen from the east. After the destruction of Chen, Jin Jue became the king of Yue and served as the minister of internal history. Yang guang acceded to the throne, worshipped Stuart and changed his name to Duke Chu. He died in Jason Wu.

the Tang Dynasty

Character: Wei Zhi

Main deeds:

Kang Youwei (1859— 1927) is a native of Tang Yin, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province. He was born in a feudal bureaucratic family. His grandfather Kang Zanxiu was a juren during the reign of Daoguang. His father, Kang Dachu, is a magistrate in Jiangxi. Kang Youwei received strict feudal education from childhood and studied Confucius and Mencius' works. From 65438 to 1970s, China faced a serious border crisis, and the emerging national bourgeoisie began to brew bourgeois reform ideas. Kang Youwei began to vaguely realize that he should explore new knowledge. From 65438 to 0879, Kang Youwei came into contact with the western bourgeois culture, and read books such as The Recent Situation of Western Countries and New Records of Global Travel, only then did he know that there was a country ruled by law in western countries. Under the influence of western learning, he eagerly sought the truth from the west. 1882 Kang Youwei went to Beijing to take the rural examination in Shuntian, but failed. On my way back to the south, I passed through Shanghai and bought many western books to study. He absorbed western evolutionism and bourgeois political views, and initially formed the ideological system of bourgeois reform and reform.

1888, he went to Beijing again to take the rural examination in Shuntian, took the opportunity to write to Emperor Guangxu and demanded political reform, but was blocked. 189 1 year later, he founded the "ten thousand mu thatched cottage" in Guangzhou, and studied under Liang Qichao, Chen and other disciples. 1895, he went to Beijing to take an exam, heard the news of the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, joined 1300, and wrote tens of thousands of words, that is, "writing on the bus", but failed to achieve it. At the end of May that year, he wrote a letter for the third time and was praised by Emperor Guangxu. In July, he and Liang Qichao founded the World Bulletin, and soon they organized a strong society in Beijing. 1897, when Germany occupied JIAOZHOU bay, Kang Youwei wrote to ask for political reform again. In the second year of 65438+ 10, Emperor Guangxu ordered Kang Youwei to put forward opinions on political reform, and presented the book Ying Zhao as a whole, as well as two books, namely, the Meiji Reform in Japan and the Reform of Peter the Great in Russia. In April, he and Liang Qichao organized to defend the National Assembly and called for saving the country and strengthening the country. /kloc-in June of 0/6, Emperor Guangxu summoned Kang Youwei in the Qin Zhengting Hall of the Summer Palace, and appointed him as Zhang Jing, the Prime Minister's yamen, to make preparations for political reform. The measures of the Reform Movement of 1898 were generally planned by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.

After the failure of political reform, Kang Youwei fled to Japan, established a royalist society, advocated "enlightened autocracy" and opposed the revolution. 19 13 returned to China to edit the magazine I can't stand it and advocated the restoration of Confucius. 19 17, Zhang Xun failed to recover. 1927, died in Qingdao.

Song dynasty

Character: Wang

Main deeds:

Wang (735 ~ 806) was born in Tangshan. A famous political reformer. When he was in Tang Dezong, he was the teacher of the Crown Prince, and often discussed state affairs with the Crown Prince of Song Li, which won the appreciation and trust of the Crown Prince. In the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), Dezong died and Song Li succeeded to the throne, which was Tang Shunzong. Shunzong appointed Wang as a bachelor of Hanlin to participate in the decision-making of major policies of the imperial court. In order to crack down on eunuchs and get rid of political abuses, Wang carried out a series of reform measures, which was called "Yongzhen innovation" in history. Although his reform of state affairs lasted only 146 days and ended in failure, his innovative spirit has always been praised.

tomorrow

Character: Wei Zhongxian

Main deeds:

Wei Zhongxian, formerly known as Li Jinzhong, was born in two years (AD 1568) in Suning (now Suning County, Hebei Province). Wei Zhongxian was born a rogue. He never reads, does nothing, does nothing, but he is smart and good at flattery. When I grow up, I like drinking and drinking, and I am more addicted to gambling, fighting odds in casinos. Once, he lost the bet, which was very humiliating. In a rage, he castrated himself and married his wife. In order to get rich, he decided to take the "golden road" of eunuchs.

Wei Zhongxian was elected to the palace in Wanli 17 (A.D. 1589) and worked under the eunuch in charge of the factory in Dong Zhang. After Wei Zhongxian entered the palace, after a period of visit and familiarity, he carefully analyzed the situation and predicted the development of the current situation. He judged that Zhu Youxiao, the grandson of the current emperor, might ascend to the throne in a few years, so Wei Zhongxian tried his best to get close to the future heir to the throne. Suck up to the great eunuch Wei Chao. Because Wei Dynasty made friends with Hakkas at this time, it was very popular in the palace of the emperor's grandson. Wei Zhongxian, through his recommendation, became the classic meal of Zhu Youxiao's mother, Wang Cairen, that is, she was full-time in charge of food supply. In this way, Wei Zhongxian entered the life circle of Zhu Youxiao, the grandson of the emperor.

Xizong, who lost his mother since childhood, was raised by wet nurse Ke. Hakkas/Kloc-entered the palace at the age of 0/8 and worked as a wet nurse for Zhu Youxiao. /kloc-At the age of 0/9, her husband died and became a widow. Zhu Youxiao was brought up by her, so she has deep feelings for her and will be inseparable when she grows up. So, less than a month after he proclaimed himself emperor, he named the Hakkas "Mrs. Shengfeng" and promoted Wei Zhongxian, the eunuch of the Ministry of Industry who had an ambiguous relationship with the Hakkas, as the eunuch of ritual supervision. Wei Zhongxian can't read. From a blind man, he occupied the important position of writing eunuchs in Li Si. Since then, he has been in power.

When Wei Zhongxian became a eunuch, he used two literate eunuchs, Wang Tigan and Li Yongzhen, to help him. He is naturally suspicious, cruel, insidious and vicious, and has close ties with Hakkas, and no one in the palace dares to oppose him. Although Wang Tigan was an official eunuch, he was above Wei Zhongxian and had to obey his orders. In the third year of the Apocalypse (A.D. 1623), Wei Zhongxian was in charge of the East Factory again, with greater power. With the help of the Hakkas, his power became increasingly prominent.

At this time, the bureaucratic struggle between the two factions in the DPRK and China became increasingly fierce. Ministers of Lindong Party came to power and expelled courtiers whose political views were different from their own. Lindong Party denounced eunuchs and nobles, and the ruling ministers impeached Hakka and Wei Zhongxian, becoming political enemies of this evil force. To this end, Wei Zhongxian deliberately cracked down on this group of people in charge of state affairs. Under the constant persuasion of Hakkas, Xizong gradually changed from appointing Lin Dong party member to favoring eunuchs and serving them. After gaining the trust of the emperor, the eunuchs in Wei Zhongxian seized the opportunity to seize power and colluded with foreign officials. Manipulate all power in North Korea. As a result, the eunuch authoritarian situation appeared again. Officials from various factions of the opposition party have taken refuge in Wei Zhongxian's door, forming a powerful undercurrent and flocking to the party's courtiers, which people call "strict party". Eunuch came to power, and in the fourth year of the Apocalypse (AD 1624), Party member Ye was dismissed. Other members of the cabinet, Lin Dong, were also dismissed. Eunuch Gu Binglian was promoted to records and took control of the whole cabinet. Wei Zhongxian colluded with Tian Ergeng, commander-in-chief of Royal Guards, and used Dongchang and Royal Guards to muzzle officials and suppress dissidents. He promoted his old parties one by one, arranged the new parties that had just taken refuge in him one by one, and changed his people inside and outside. There are about 30 guards in the court, including Wang Tigan and Li. In court, Cui Chengxiu, Tian Ji and others made suggestions for it, explained the drafting of the imperial edict, and called it the "Five Tigers"; In terms of military officials, Tian Ergeng and Xu Xianchun are responsible for killing and suppressing aliens, and the number is "five tigers". In addition, there are so-called "ten dogs", "ten sons" and "forty grandchildren". People on the Wei Zhongxian side, highly valued by the imperial court, got such titles in society. From the six cabinets of the imperial court to the governors, governors and even counties in various places, they are all eunuchs, and their networks are tight and intertwined.

Emperor Xi has a hobby. He likes carpentry. Having enough fun, he is willing to play with chisels, axes, saws and planers and do some coolies. The eunuchs in Wei Zhongxian took advantage of this feature. Whenever Xizong was doing carpentry with great interest, he took out a lot of paper documents for his examination and approval, which made him very impatient. At this time, Xizong casually said: "I know everything, you are free." In this way, power will fall into the hands of Wei Zhongxian, so that he can freely hold power for a long time and run amok.

Wei Zhongxian often goes out to show off. Travel several times a year, take Wenxuan, Feather House and Qinggai, and drive four fast horses to Ma Rufei, which is full of lofty sentiments. Guards dressed in jade belts, boots and swords were deployed on both sides, followed by cooks, actors and hundreds of operas, totaling tens of thousands. The momentum is huge and the dust covers the sky. Passing by, some flattering officials even called him "nine thousand years old." Wei Zhongxian proudly looked at the car and didn't even bother to look at them. No matter what happens in North Korea, it is necessary to send someone to Wei Zhongxian for instructions, and it can only be handled after his approval. Although Xizong was close at hand, no one asked him to cut it. It is true that the imperial court only knew Wei Yan and did not know that there was an emperor.

"When one person gets the word, chickens and dogs ascend to heaven". Wei Zhongxian's brothers, nephews, relatives and friends stood up one by one. Their grandchildren, Wei and Wei, are still little dolls sleeping in the cradle and nursing. They are also named Prince Taibao and Shao Shi. His son, Wei Liangqing, even took the place of the emperor in the ancestral halls in the southern and northern suburbs to preside over the ancestral halls offering sacrifices to heaven, land and emperor. No wonder everyone suspects that Wei Zhongxian is playing the usurper.

Wei Zhongxian's dissolute excesses aroused the serious indignation of honest officials, and Lindong Party exposed and got back justice. In the fourth year of the Apocalypse, at the suggestion of Yang Lian, the vice capital, Wei Zhongxian's twenty-four major sins were exposed, and Wei Zhongxian's evil deeds were boldly exposed. Wei Zhongxian panicked and cried to Xizong. Hakka defended him from the side, and Wang Tigan tried his best to defend him. The foolish Sect listened to the letter and ordered a rebuke instead. Wei Zhongxian is at large.

After this impeachment, Wei Zhongxian was determined to kill them all. In the 5th year of the Apocalypse (AD 1625), Dayu finally appeared. First, six famous leaders of Lindong Party, Yang Lian, Zuo Guangdou, Yuan Hua Zhonghe and Wei Dazhong, were arrested and falsely accused of taking bribes. When five people were tortured to death in prison, Gu committed suicide. In the sixth year of the Apocalypse (AD 1626), Wei Zhongxian also killed seven Lindong Party leaders, including Gao Panlong, Zhou Qiyuan and Zhou Shunchang. Historically, Lindong party member, who suffered in these two prisons, was called "the first six gentlemen" and "the last seven gentlemen". As a result, the Lindong Party became the most heinous culprit, and many people who climbed up desperately echoed the attack to please Wei Zhongxian.

While cruelly suppressing the Lindong Party, Wei Zhongxian revisited three cases, namely "Strike on Religion", "Red Pill" and "Moving Palace", and revised the "Chao Yao Dian" to determine the so-called right and wrong of the three cases.

In order to curb public opinion, Wei Zhongxian also demolished all the academies in the country in the name of destroying Lindong, in order to suppress the discussion of current politics by Lindong party member, the scholar-officials and intellectuals in opposition.

Wei Zhongxian can run amok, relying on the support of the lazy Apocalypse Emperor. In the seventh year of the Apocalypse (AD 1627), Xizong died of illness, and the trusted king Zhu Youjian was transferred to Chongzhen, that is, four cases. Zhu Youjian has always been familiar with Wei Zhongxian's sins, and at the same time, Lindong party member also wrote to impeach him, so he ordered Wei Zhongxian to be taken to Fengyang, and then sent someone to arrest him. Knowing that life was worse than death, Wei Zhongxian committed suicide and ended his sinful life.

Ching Dynasty

Characters: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao

Main deeds:

Kang Youwei (1859— 1927) is a native of Tang Yin, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province. He was born in a feudal bureaucratic family. His grandfather Kang Zanxiu was a juren during the reign of Daoguang. His father, Kang Dachu, is a magistrate in Jiangxi. Kang Youwei received strict feudal education from childhood and studied Confucius and Mencius' works. From 65438 to 1970s, China faced a serious border crisis, and the emerging national bourgeoisie began to brew bourgeois reform ideas. Kang Youwei began to vaguely realize that he should explore new knowledge. From 65438 to 0879, Kang Youwei came into contact with the western bourgeois culture, and read books such as The Recent Situation of Western Countries and New Records of Global Travel, only then did he know that there was a country ruled by law in western countries. Under the influence of western learning, he eagerly sought the truth from the west. 1882 Kang Youwei went to Beijing to take the rural examination in Shuntian, but failed. On my way back to the south, I passed through Shanghai and bought many western books to study. He absorbed western evolutionism and bourgeois political views, and initially formed the ideological system of bourgeois reform and reform.

1888, he went to Beijing again to take the rural examination in Shuntian, took the opportunity to write to Emperor Guangxu and demanded political reform, but was blocked. 189 1 year later, he founded the "ten thousand mu thatched cottage" in Guangzhou, and studied under Liang Qichao, Chen and other disciples. 1895, he went to Beijing to take an exam, heard the news of the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, joined 1300, and wrote tens of thousands of words, that is, "writing on the bus", but failed to achieve it. At the end of May that year, he wrote a letter for the third time and was praised by Emperor Guangxu. In July, he and Liang Qichao founded the World Bulletin, and soon they organized a strong society in Beijing. 1897, when Germany occupied JIAOZHOU bay, Kang Youwei wrote to ask for political reform again. In the second year of 65438+ 10, Emperor Guangxu ordered Kang Youwei to put forward opinions on political reform, and presented the book Ying Zhao as a whole, as well as two books, namely, the Meiji Reform in Japan and the Reform of Peter the Great in Russia. In April, he and Liang Qichao organized to defend the National Assembly and called for saving the country and strengthening the country. /kloc-in June of 0/6, Emperor Guangxu summoned Kang Youwei in the Qin Zhengting Hall of the Summer Palace, and appointed him as Zhang Jing, the Prime Minister's yamen, to make preparations for political reform. The measures of the Reform Movement of 1898 were generally planned by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.

After the failure of political reform, Kang Youwei fled to Japan, established a royalist society, advocated "enlightened autocracy" and opposed the revolution. 19 13 returned to China to edit the magazine I can't stand it and advocated the restoration of Confucius. 19 17, Zhang Xun failed to recover. 1927, died in Qingdao.