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Nanyue Kingdom

The Nanyue Kingdom (203 BC - 111 BC) was a vassal kingdom (local separatist regime) established in the Lingnan region in the early Western Han Dynasty. It was first built in 203 BC and was destroyed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in 111 BC. It was passed down to five generations and lasted for 93 years. The capital was located in Panyu (today's Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province), and its territory included most of today's Guangdong and Guangxi provinces in China, parts of Fujian, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and northern Vietnam. The Kingdom of Nanyue is also known as Nanyue or Nanyue, and in Vietnam it is also known as the Zhao Dynasty or the former Zhao Dynasty.

The Nanyue Kingdom was established after the fall of the Qin Dynasty by Zhao Tuo, a lieutenant of Nanhai County, who launched an army in 203 BC and annexed Guilin County and Xiang County. In 196 BC and 179 BC, the Nanyue Kingdom submitted to the Western Han Dynasty twice and became a "foreign vassal" of the Western Han Dynasty. In 112 BC, Zhao Jiande, the last monarch of the South Vietnam Kingdom, had a war with the Western Han Dynasty and was destroyed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in 111 BC.

The Nanyue Kingdom was the first feudal country in the Lingnan region. Its establishment ensured the stability of the social order in the Lingnan region during the troubled times of the late Qin Dynasty. The rulers from the Central Plains region of the Qin Dynasty brought advanced political systems and production technologies from the Central Plains, which effectively improved the political and economic status quo in the Lingnan region. The policy of "harmonizing Baiyue" promoted by the monarch of the South Vietnam Kingdom promoted the mutual integration between the Han and various ethnic groups in the South Vietnam Kingdom, and allowed the Chinese culture and Chinese characters to be introduced into the Lingnan region, changing the backward cultural situation in Lingnan.

[Edit this paragraph] History of the Kingdom of Nanyue

Establishment

In 221 BC, after Qin Shihuang unified the seven kingdoms, he began to pacify the Baiyue Kingdom in the Lingnan area. land. In 219 BC, Qin Shihuang appointed Tu Sui as the chief general and Zhao Tuo as the deputy general to lead an army of 500,000 to pacify Lingnan. Tu Sui was killed by the locals because of his indiscriminate killing of innocent people, which aroused stubborn resistance from the locals. Qin Shihuang reappointed Ren Xiao as his general, and after four years of hard work, he finally completed the great task of pacifying Lingnan in 214 BC. Qin Shihuang then established three counties in Lingnan: Nanhai County, Guilin County, and Xiang County. Ren Xiao was appointed as Nanhai County Lieutenant. Nanhai County consists of four counties: Boluo, Longchuan, Panyu and Jieyang. Zhao Tuo was appointed as the magistrate of Longchuan County.

In 210 BC, Qin Shihuang died of illness and Qin II succeeded to the throne. In 209 BC, the tyranny of Qin II provoked an uprising by Chen Sheng, Wu Guang and others, followed by the Chu-Han conflict between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, and the Central Plains fell into a state of chaos. In 208 BC, Ren Xiao, the captain of Nanhai County, was seriously ill. Before his death, he summoned Zhao Tuo, who was the magistrate of Longchuan County at the time, and explained to him how to establish the country based on the favorable terrain of Nanhai County, which is close to the mountains and the sea and has dangers. To resist the invasion of various uprising armies in the Central Plains; and immediately issued an appointment document to Zhao Tuo, allowing Zhao Tuo to act as Nanhai County Lieutenant. Soon, Ren Xiao died of illness. Zhao Tuo conveyed instructions to the troops at various passes in the Nanling Mountains to defend themselves in order to prevent the uprising troops from the Central Plains from invading. He also took the opportunity to kill the officials who had been placed in Nanhai County by the Qin Dynasty and replaced them with his own. cronies. In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty fell. In 203 BC, Zhao Tuo raised troops and annexed Guilin County and Xiang County, established the South Vietnam Kingdom in the Lingnan area, and called himself the "King of South Vietnam".

Zhao Tuo's reign

In 202 BC, after years of fighting, Liu Bang established the Western Han Dynasty and pacified the remaining military forces in the Central Plains, including Xiang Yu. At this time, the Central Plains had been in turmoil for many years, and the people were living in hardship and hardship, so Liu Bang did not use military annihilation to deal with the South Vietnam Kingdom. In 196 BC, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, sent Lu Jia as an envoy to South Vietnam to persuade Zhao Tuo to return to the Han Dynasty. Under Lu Jia's persuasion, Zhao Tuo accepted the seal of the King of Nanyue given by Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and made Nanyue a vassal state of the Han Dynasty. After that, Nanyue and the Han Dynasty sent envoys to each other to communicate with each other. Liu Bang successfully made Zhao Tuo surrender through peaceful means and did not become a hostile force in the south of the Han Dynasty.

In 195 BC, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, passed away. Liu Bang's wife, Queen Lu, took control of the government and began to have an enmity with Zhao Tuo. She issued a ban on the sale of ironware and other items to South Vietnam in areas bordering South Vietnam. Zhao Tuo considered that Empress Lu might annex the South Vietnam Kingdom through the Changsha Kingdom[3], so Zhao Tuo announced his separation from the Han Dynasty, calling himself "Emperor Wu of South Vietnam", and sent troops to attack the Changsha Kingdom, and then withdrew after defeating several border counties of the Changsha Kingdom. Empress Lu immediately sent generals Longluhou and Zhou Zao to attack Zhao Tuo. However, because the soldiers in the Central Plains were not adapted to the hot and humid climate in South Vietnam, they fell ill one after another and did not even cross the Nanling Mountains. A year later, Empress Lu died, and the Han army stopped attacking. At this time, Zhao Tuo relied on his army to show his power in the South Vietnam area, and through the collection of property, Minyue, Xiou and Luoyue[4] all belonged to South Vietnam, and the territory expanded to its peak. Zhao Tuo also began to issue orders as the emperor and opposed the Han Dynasty.

In 179 BC, after the death of Empress Lu, Emperor Liu Heng of the Han Dynasty came to the throne. He sent people to rebuild the cemetery of Zhao Tuo's ancestors, set up tombkeepers to offer sacrifices on time every year, and gave sacrifices to Zhao Tuo's cousins. Official positions and property were rewarded. Then Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, on the recommendation of Prime Minister Chen Ping, appointed Lu Jia, who had sent many envoys to South Vietnam when Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, as Taizhong doctor, and ordered him to go to South Vietnam again to persuade Zhao Tuo to return to the Han Dynasty. After Lu Jia arrived in South Vietnam, he expressed his interests to Zhao Tuo. Zhao Tuo was persuaded again and decided to remove the imperial title and return to the Han Dynasty, still claiming the title of "King of South Vietnam".

Until the time of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo professed his vassalage to the Han Dynasty. Every year in the spring and autumn, he sent people to Chang'an to meet the Han Dynasty emperor, and accepted the Han Dynasty emperor's orders like a prince. But in South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo still continued to use the title of emperor.

Reign of Zhao Mei

In 137 BC, Zhao Tuo passed away. Since he was more than a hundred years old when he died, all his sons had died, and his throne was handed over to his grandson Zhao. 眜[5] inheritance. Two years after Zhao Quan came to the throne, in 135 BC, King Ying of Minyue took the opportunity to launch a war against South Vietnam and attack the border towns of South Vietnam. Not long after Zhao Huang succeeded to the throne, the people in the country were still unstable, so he wrote to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, explaining the fact that Fujian and Vietnam invaded South Vietnam, and asked Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to deal with the matter. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty greatly praised Zhao Quan's actions, saying that he was loyal to his duties as a vassal and did not raise troops to attack each other. He sent two generals, Wang Hui and Han Anguo, to attack Fujian and Yue. Before the Han army crossed the Nanling Mountains, the Minyue King's brother Yu Shan launched a rebellion, killed the Minyue King Ying, and surrendered to the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty army stopped its campaign.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty then established Yu Shan as the new King of Minyue, and sent Yan Zhu, a senior official, to the Nanyue Kingdom to inform Zhao Quan about the Minyue affairs. After Zhao Huang learned about it, he expressed his deep gratitude to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Yan Zhu and told Yan Zhu that the South Vietnam Kingdom had just suffered an invasion from Minyue. After the matter was dealt with, he would go to the capital of the Han Dynasty to meet Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Later, Prince Zhao Yingqi was sent to follow Yan Zhu back to the Han Dynasty as a guard. After Yan Zhu left, the ministers of the South Vietnam Kingdom used Zhao Tuo's legacy to admonish Zhao Quan, and advised Zhao Quan not to go to the capital of the Han Dynasty, lest he be detained by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty with excuses. If he could not return to South Vietnam, it would be a situation of national subjugation. Therefore, during the next twelve years that Zhao Quan ruled South Vietnam, he used illness as an excuse to not go to court to see Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

During the reign of Zhao Yingqi

In 122 BC, Zhao Quan was seriously ill, and his son Zhao Yingqi, who was a guard in the Han Dynasty, asked Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to return to Nanyue. In the same year, Zhao Quan died and Zhao Yingqi succeeded to the throne. Before Zhao Yingqi went to Chang'an, he had married a local South Vietnamese woman in Nanyue and gave birth to his eldest son Zhao Jiande. After Zhao Yingqi went to Chang'an to work as a guard, he married a daughter of the Di family in Handan and gave birth to a son. His name is Zhao Xing. After Zhao Yingqi inherited the throne of Nanyue, he asked Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to make his wife Hu as the queen and Zhao Xing as the prince. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty approved his request. This move was to sacrifice the elders and establish the younger ones, which planted the seeds of future chaos in the Nanyue Kingdom. Zhao Yingqi was a tyrant who liked to kill people arbitrarily. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty repeatedly sent envoys to the South Vietnam Kingdom to gently advise Zhao Yingqi to go to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Zhao Yingqi was afraid that after entering the capital, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty would implement the laws of the Han Dynasty according to the regulations of the inland princes. Therefore, he used illness as an excuse and never went to Chang'an. He only sent his son Zhao Cigong to Chang'an as a guard.

Reign of Zhao Xing

In 115 BC, Zhao Yingqi died of illness. Prince Zhao Xing succeeded to the throne, and his mother, Xi, became the queen mother. In 113 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Anguo Shaoji as an envoy to South Vietnam to inform Zhao Xing and the Queen Mother, asking them to follow the example of the princes from the mainland and come to Beijing to pay homage to the emperor. At the same time, he ordered the debaters to admonish the official Zhongjun and the warrior Wei Chen to assist Anguo Shaoji. When the envoy was sent out, Weiwei Lu Bode led his troops to garrison in Guiyang to receive the envoy. At this time, Zhao Xing was still young, the Queen Mother was from the Central Plains, and the real power of the South Vietnam Kingdom was actually in the hands of Prime Minister Lu Jia. According to "Historical Records", the Queen Mother had an affair with Anguo Shaoji when she was not married to Zhao Yingqi. After Anguo Shaoji came to South Vietnam, they had an affair again. Therefore, many South Vietnamese people did not trust the Queen Mother. The Empress Dowager was afraid of unrest and wanted to rely on the power of the Han Dynasty. She repeatedly persuaded Zhao Xing and his ministers to join the Han Dynasty. He also sent a letter to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty through an envoy, requesting that he go to Chang'an to see Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once in three years in accordance with the inland princes, and that the border fortresses bordering the Han Dynasty be removed. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty agreed to the Nanyue Kingdom's request and granted official seals to the Nanyue Kingdom's prime minister, internal history, lieutenant, and grand master. The rest of the official positions were established by the Nanyue Kingdom. This meant that the Han Dynasty court directly appointed and removed senior officials of the Nanyue Kingdom. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also abolished the barbaric torture methods of the Nanyue Kingdom, such as tattooing and torture, and adopted the laws of the Han Dynasty in accordance with the laws of the inland princes. At the same time, all the envoys sent to South Vietnam will stay to pacify South Vietnam and strive to stabilize the situation in South Vietnam. After receiving the order from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhao Xing and the Empress Dowager Xi immediately packed up and prepared to go to Beijing to meet Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Lu Jia, the prime minister of Nanyue Kingdom, was very old. From Zhao Quan, Zhao Yingqi to Zhao Xing, he had assisted three Nanyue kings. There were more than 70 people from his clan serving as officials in Nanyue. He is also married to the South Vietnamese royal family, and his position in the South Vietnam country is very important. He has won the trust of the South Vietnamese people, even surpassing Zhao Xing's prestige, and is the real power holder of the South Vietnam country. Lu Jia objected to belonging to the Han Dynasty many times, but Zhao Xing always ignored him, which gave Lu Jia the idea of ????treason, and he repeatedly excused himself from meeting the Han Dynasty envoys because of illness. Zhao Xing and the Queen Mother were afraid that Lu Jia would be the first to attack, so they arranged a banquet for the Han envoys and Lu Jia, hoping to use the power of the Han envoys to kill Lu Jia and others. During the banquet, the Queen Mother pointed out Lu Jia's unwillingness to belong to the Han Dynasty to her face, hoping to provoke the Han envoys to kill Lu Jia. But at this time, Lu Jia's brother, who was a general, was leading his troops to guard outside the palace. Anguo Shaoji and other envoys were hesitant and finally did not dare to take action. At this time, Lu Jia saw that the situation was not good, and immediately stood up and left the palace. The Queen Mother was furious and hit Lu Jia with a spear, but Zhao Xing stopped her. After Lu Jia returned, he assigned some of his brother's soldiers to his residence to strengthen defense, and excused himself from seeing Zhao Xing and the envoy due to illness. And secretly conspired with the ministers to prepare for a rebellion.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty received news that the Nanyue regime was in crisis, and blamed Anguo Shaoji and other envoys for their cowardice and incompetence; at the same time, he believed that Zhao Xing and the Queen Mother had already surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and that Lu Jia was the only one to cause rebellion, which was not worthy of the mobilization of troops. , So in 112 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Han Qianqiu and the Empress Dowager's brother Di Le to lead 2,000 troops to South Vietnam. When Han Qianqiu and Yu Le entered South Vietnam, Lu Jia and others finally launched a rebellion. Lu Jia first created public opinion, saying that Zhao Xing was too young, that the Queen Mother was from the Central Plains, and that she had an affair with an envoy from the Han Dynasty. She wanted to belong to the Han Dynasty and did not care about the country of Nanyue. She only cared about the favor of the Han emperor. Lu Jia then took the opportunity and led troops with his brother to attack the palace and killed Zhao Xing, the Queen Mother and the Han Dynasty envoys.

Destruction

After Lu Jia killed Zhao Xing, he appointed Zhao Yingqi and Zhao Jiande, the eldest son of his Nanyue wife, as the new Nanyue King, and sent someone to inform King Cangwu of Qin. Zhao Guang and officials from counties and counties under the Nanyue Kingdom. At this time, Han Qianqiu's army entered South Vietnam and captured several border towns. Subsequently, the South Vietnamese pretended not to resist and provided food and drink, allowing Han Qianqiu's army to advance smoothly. When they reached a place 40 miles away from Panyu, the South Vietnamese suddenly attacked Han Qianqiu's army and wiped them out. Lu Jia also had the Han Dynasty envoy's talisman packed in a wooden box, and attached a letter pretending to apologize to the Han Dynasty, and placed it on the Han-Vietnam border. At the same time, he sent troops to strictly guard the various fortresses on the South-Vietnam border. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty learned about it, he was very angry. On the one hand, he compensated the relatives of the victims, and on the other hand, he issued an edict to send troops to South Vietnam.

In the autumn of 112 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty dispatched criminals and sailors south of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River to attack 100,000 people, and the troops were divided into five groups to attack South Vietnam. The first route appointed Lu Bode as General Fubo, and led his troops from Guiyang, Changsha (today's Hunan Province), to the Huangshui River; the second route appointed the Lord Commander Yang Pu as General Louchuan, and led troops to Yuzhang County (today's Hunan Province) Jiangxi) and went straight down to Hengpu; the third and fourth routes appointed two South Vietnamese who had surrendered to the Han Dynasty as General Ge Chuan and General Xia Li, led their troops out of Lingling (today's Hunan), and then all the way down to Li River (today's Guangxi) Li River), all the way to Cangwu (in today's Guangxi); on the fifth route, Chiyihou used the sinners of Bashu to mobilize the army of Yelang Kingdom, and went straight down to the Zoke River.

This war was very fierce and lasted for a year. In the winter of 111 BC, General Yang Pu led his elite troops to capture Xunxia first, and then broke through the Shimen in the north of Panyu City and captured South Vietnam. He took the opportunity to advance southward with warships and food, defeated the vanguard of South Vietnam, and led tens of thousands of troops to wait for Fubo General Lu Bode's army. Lu Bode led the pardoned sinners, and the journey was far away. When they met Yang Pu, more than a thousand people arrived, so they marched together. Yang Pu led the army in the front and attacked Panyu. Zhao Jiande and Lu Jia both defended the city. Yang Pu, the building general, chose a favorable terrain and stationed his army in the southeast of Panyu. After dark, Yang Pu led his troops to attack Panyu City and set fire to the city. Fubo General Lubode set up camp in the northwest of the city and sent envoys to recruit the South Vietnamese. The South Vietnamese had long heard of Fubo General Lubode's reputation, so they all defected to Lubode's banner. At dawn, the South Vietnamese defenders in the city Most of them surrendered to Lubold. Seeing that the situation was not good, Lu Jia and Zhao Jiande led hundreds of their men to flee before dawn and took a boat to the west along the coast. After Lu Bode inquired about the surrendered South Vietnamese, he learned the whereabouts of Lu Jia and Zhao Jiande, and sent troops to hunt them down. In the end, Zhao Jiande was captured by Lu Bode's captain Sima Suhong, while Lu Jia was captured by Sundu, the former Nanyue Langguan.

After Lu Jia and Zhao Jiande were captured, the counties and counties under the Nanyue Kingdom, including Cangwu King Zhao Guang, Guilin County Supervisor Weng, and Jieyang County Magistrate, all surrendered to the Han Dynasty without a fight. Before the troops of General Ge Chuan and General Xia Li, as well as the Yelang army mobilized by Marquis Chiyi, had arrived, South Vietnam had been pacified. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pacified Nanyue, he established nine counties in the original Nanyue Kingdom and directly belonged to the Han Dynasty. In this way, the Nanyue Kingdom founded by Zhao Tuo was finally eliminated by the Han Dynasty after 93 years and five generations of Nanyue kings.

[Edit this paragraph] Territory and counties

The northern border of the Nanyue Kingdom reaches Nanling, including today's Sanjiang, Longsheng, Xing'an, Gongcheng, and Hezhou in northern Guangxi. Most of the Lianshan, Yangshan, Lechang, Nanxiong, Lianping, Heping, and Jiaoling lines in northern Guangdong border with Changsha; the eastern border reaches Yongding, Pinghe, and Zhangpu in western Fujian, and is connected with Minyue The southern boundary reaches the area east of the Changshan Mountains in central Vietnam and the area north of the Daling line; the western boundary reaches the Baise, Debao, Bama, Donglan, Hechi, and Huanjiang areas of today's Guangxi, and is connected with Yelang, Wulian, Gouding and other countries border. The territory of the South Vietnam Kingdom included most of the present-day Guangdong and Guangxi provinces (the land area of ??today's Guangdong and Guangxi provinces is 410,000 square kilometers), a small part of Fujian, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Vietnam North.

The Nanyue Kingdom was established on the basis of Nanhai County, Guilin County, and Xiang County of the Qin Dynasty. After the founding of the country, Zhao Tuo followed the Qin Dynasty's county system. Regarding the establishment of counties, Zhao Tuo retained Nanhai County and Guilin County, and split Xiang County into Jiaozhi County and Jiuzhen County.

Nanhai County generally includes most of today's Guangdong Province. During the Qin Dynasty, there were four counties: Panyu, Longchuan, Boluo, and Jieyang. After the establishment of the Nanyue Kingdom, Zhao Tuo added Zhen County on this basis. Yang and Hanxi counties. Among them, Panyu County is the county seat of Nanhai County and the capital of the Nanyue Kingdom. It is located in today's Yuexiu District of Guangzhou City.

In 1983, the tomb of Nanyue King Zhao Quan was excavated in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City. In 1995 and 2000, the remains of the Imperial Garden and Palace of the Palace of Nanyue were excavated here, confirming the exact location of the capital of Nanyue.

Guilin County includes most of today’s Guangxi, and its counties include Bushan and Sihui counties. Bushan County is the county seat of Guilin County, located southwest of Guiping in today’s Guangxi. In 1976, Luobowan Tomb No. 1 was unearthed in Guigang. The owner of this tomb is believed by archaeologists to be the highest official in Guilin County, South Vietnam (there is also a view that he is King Cangwu Qin).

Jiaozhi County and Jiuzhen County include the central and northern areas of today's Vietnam. The only county under them that can be tested is Xianglin County.

, Zhao Tuo went to the emperor again to return to the Han Dynasty, which lasted until 112 BC. This period of vassalage lasted for a very long time. China experienced four generations of Nanyue kings, with a total of more than 60 years. During this period, except for the founding monarch Zhao Tuo, the other monarchs were relatively mediocre and made little achievements, and their dependence on the Han Dynasty became deeper and deeper. When Minyue invaded South Vietnam, the second generation of Nanyue King Zhao Huang even moved Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty out and asked Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to send troops to deal with Minyue. This move caused Minyue, which had already been vassalized to the South Vietnam Kingdom during the Zhao Tuo period, to break away from the vassal relationship with the South Vietnam Kingdom and be directly controlled by the Han Dynasty, making the South Vietnam Kingdom actually isolated.

The second time that the Nanyue Kingdom competed with the Han Dynasty began when Prime Minister Lu Jia rebelled in 112 BC and killed the fourth generation of Nanyue King Zhao Xing, the Queen Mother and the Han Dynasty envoys, and lasted until the Nanyue Kingdom was destroyed in 111 BC. . At this time, after more than ten years of recuperation, the Han Dynasty became powerful and defeated the Huns in the north several times, forcing the Huns to flee to Mobei. At this time, the South Vietnam Kingdom was divided internally, and the conflict between the Queen Mother and Lu Jia was very deep, which eventually led to them killing each other. Therefore, the rebellion of the South Vietnam Kingdom was defeated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in less than two years, and the South Vietnam Kingdom was finally destroyed.