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How to combine the historical view with the historical answer in the college entrance examination
The author takes three exercises as an example to analyze the problem-solving steps and skills of this type of question, and extract the regular understanding from it.
Example 1: Zhao Yi, a historian in the Qing Dynasty, said in "The Disaster of Tang Nv": "The rule of Kaiyuan was enough for the family, but a concubine Yang was enough to defeat it." Combined with your understanding of the reasons why the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, this paper analyzes and comments on Zhao Yi's point of view.
This is a very typical historical viewpoint critical question. To analyze and comment on Zhao Yi's point of view, the premise is to identify the target and find out what Zhao Yi's point of view is. According to the definition of historical viewpoint mentioned above, it can be summarized as follows: Zhao Yi's understanding of the reason (objective object) of the Tang Dynasty's prosperity and decline is that Yang Guifei led to the decline of the Tang Dynasty (subjective understanding). There are two steps in refining opinions: first, what is the objective object of evaluation (it is "the reason why the Tang Dynasty flourished and declined" rather than Yang Guifei)? Second, what is subjective understanding (Yang Guifei led to the decline of the Tang Dynasty)?
You can judge your position by finding the right point of view: Zhao Yi is wrong to say that this is the fundamental reason for the decline of the Tang Dynasty.
since Zhao yi's subjective view is wrong, what is the truth of objective things? Guide the students to review the historical facts: the reason why the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline was that the central government was corrupt in the late reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and the local economy was self-respecting, which led to the "Anshi Rebellion" and "separatist regime". War and separatist regime weakened the central government's rule and destroyed the social economy. When describing historical facts, it should be noted that the requirement of comments is to select arguments (historical facts) rather than to describe them comprehensively.
why did Zhao yi have such an understanding? Yang Guifei was favored, while Tang Xuanzong indulged in debauchery, which was just one of the manifestations of central political corruption. This performance itself was also caused by the feudal emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. It is wrong for Zhao Yi to put the blame on Yang Guifei. Zhao Yi's fundamental mistake lies in exaggerating Yang Guifei's personal influence on the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline. In fact, Zhao Yi's mistake not only exaggerates the role of individuals in history, but also confuses the dialectical relationship between phenomena (Tang Xuanzong loved Yang Guifei and ignored state affairs) and essence (political corruption in the Tang Dynasty), main contradiction (Tang Xuanzong should bear the main responsibility) and secondary contradiction (Yang Guifei should bear the secondary responsibility), comprehensive (the reason for the prosperity and decline of the Tang Dynasty is complicated) and one-sided (Yang Guifei's reason alone). In addition, the reason why Zhao Yi thinks that Yang Guifei is a "female curse" is inseparable from the big environment of discrimination against women in feudal society (that is, prejudice of the times). In ancient China society, the demise of a dynasty was often attributed to women (da ji, sister-in-law, Yang Guifei, Chen Yuanyuan, etc.), eunuchs (Wei Zhongxian, etc.) and treacherous court officials (Qin Gui, etc.), which was mainly due to the prejudice of the times; Moreover, in feudal society, due to the restriction of the Three Cardinal Principles and the Five Permanent Principles, people dare not attribute the reasons to the emperor.
Example 2: Gu Yanwu said: "The harm of stereotyped writing is equivalent to burning books, which corrupts talents, which is more than that of those trapped in the suburbs of Xianyang, but there are more than 46 people." Comment on Gu Yanwu's viewpoint.
This question is more difficult than the previous one, and the key lies in judging what kind of question it is. Many candidates mistakenly answer it as a comparison question, and the result deviates from the direction. This is mainly because the viewpoint is not refined correctly. What is the point of this question? The answer is as follows: Gu Yanwu's sentence is a sharp criticism of the imperial examination of stereotyped writing. Many students think that Gu Yanwu's view is that stereotyped writing is as bad as burning books and burying Confucianism, or even worse. This view is not unreasonable. However, Gu Yanwu's emphasis is not the comparison between the two. Gu Yanwu was a native of the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. He compared the stereotyped writing of scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties with the burning of books and burying Confucianism in the Qin Dynasty in order to deny the stereotyped writing of scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Therefore, the objective object of his evaluation is the influence of stereotyped writing, not the similarities and differences between stereotyped writing and burying Confucianism. Stereotyped writing, like burning books, corrupts talents more than burying Confucianism. These are two small arguments, which prove the general argument that stereotyped writing should be denied. Therefore, when describing the truth of objective things, we mainly describe stereotyped writing to learn from scholars rather than burning books to bury Confucianism. If it is a comparative question, it is necessary to burn books to bury Confucianism and stereotyped writing to take scholars equally. From this question, we should understand that the correct refinement of ideas determines the direction of the whole question, and we should not be careless.
Example 3: Dong Zhongshu said, "Not in the Qin Dynasty, but in the way of Shang Yang, the imperial system was changed. Except for mine fields, the people could buy and sell, and the fields of the rich were connected with buildings, but the poor had no place to stand." In his last book to Song Shenzong, Su Shi said: "Only Shang Yang's political reform ignored people's words and suddenly became rich and powerful, and he also appealed to the world ... Although he won the world, he immediately perished." Try to explain what aspects of Dong Zhongshu and Su Shi's evaluation of Shang Yang's political reform are objective with historical facts. What is wrong? And analyze the starting point of their evaluation.
this question is more difficult than the previous one. The first difficulty is that there are many historical viewpoints on this topic, and Dong Zhongshu's general argument is still a hidden one. The influence of Shang Yang's political reform is very complicated, mainly positive, but also negative. Dong Zhongshu only chose one that "led to serious land annexation", which actually concealed the denial of Shang Yang's political reform. Su Shi directly pointed out that Shang Yang's political reform was all (or mainly) its negative effect (because Shang Yang's political reform "led to the demise of the Qin Dynasty").
the second difficulty is to analyze the starting point of their evaluation. Dong Zhongshu and Su Shi are far away from the Warring States Period. Why do they both pay attention to and deny Shang Yang's political reform? Dong Zhongshu was a representative of Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty. He advocated "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". From this, it can be inferred that Dong Zhongshu naturally vilified the reform of Shang Yang, a representative figure of Legalism, for "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Su Shi belongs to the bureaucratic class of big landlords. At the same time, Wang Anshi's political reform in the Northern Song Dynasty violated the interests of big landlords and bureaucrats, so it was opposed by Su Shi and others. Both of them satirize the present with the ancient.
once the topic is finished, you should sum up the experience and lessons. From the above, we can conclude that the steps to solve the historical viewpoint evaluation question are:
(1) refining the viewpoint. Mainly to clarify a few questions: What is the objective object of comments? What is the critic's subjective understanding? There are several opinions. What is the relationship between the viewpoints?
(2) make a judgment. This is divided into four situations: right, wrong, right and wrong, and wrong and right.
(3) What is the truth of the objective object? Speaking with facts is the most convincing.
(4) Why do you have such a subjective understanding? Rise to the theoretical level. Historical viewpoint refers to people's evaluation of historical events, historical phenomena and historical figures. It is people's subjective understanding of objective objects. As historical viewpoint is the product of people's subjective thinking activities, it is bound to be limited by class, times, environment and personal quality, which leads to deviation from objective facts. From the origin of historical viewpoint, it can be roughly summed up as social prejudice (example 1), attitude tendency (example 3), class position (example 3), methodology (example 1) and so on, and even may confuse facts and reverse black and white.
When solving this type of question, we should pay attention to the following questions according to the characteristics of this type of question:
(1) Select historical facts. Because this is a "comment", not a narrative, it does not necessarily require comprehensiveness, but it definitely requires selection.
(2) Return to a specific historical context for comments: historical viewpoints are all produced in a specific historical environment, and inevitably have historical traces. Therefore, we should learn to analyze and evaluate historical viewpoints under specific historical conditions.
(3) Historical views are the product of people's subjective thinking activities. Being subjective views may lead to mistakes. People's subjective views are determined by social roots and cognitive roots, specifically, social prejudice, attitude tendency, class position, methodology and so on.
(4) Openness: allowing a certain degree of play, because the final result of the evaluation of historical views is to produce their own historical views, which are the product of people's subjective thinking activities. The grading standards of this type of questions all reflect certain flexibility, and generally affirm and encourage the new viewpoints that make sense among candidates.
It can be seen that the problem-solving steps and skills of the historical viewpoint critical question are determined by the characteristics of this question type.
Attached reference answer:
Example 1:
The reason why the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline was that the central government was corrupt in the late reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and the local government made the soldiers respect themselves, which led to the "Anshi Rebellion" and "separatist regime in the buffer region". The war and separatist regime weakened the central government's rule and destroyed the social economy. Yang Guifei was favored, while Tang Xuanzong indulged in debauchery, which was just one of the manifestations of central political corruption. It is wrong for Zhao Yi to say that this is the fundamental reason why the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. This performance itself was also caused by the feudal emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. It is wrong for Zhao Yi to put the blame on Yang Guifei. Zhao Yi's fundamental mistake lies in exaggerating Yang Guifei's personal influence on the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline.
Grading criteria: This question aims to examine students' ability to analyze problems with the basic principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. When grading, attention should be paid to:
1. If the reasons for the decline of the Tang Dynasty can be attributed to the internal contradictions in China feudal society, add 1 point.
2. if you can clearly analyze and comment from the perspectives of comprehensiveness and one-sidedness, the main aspects and secondary aspects of phenomena and essence or contradictions, and make sense, add 1 point.
Example 2:
This sentence of Gu Yanwu is a sharp criticism of the imperial examination of stereotyped writing, and his view is correct. The Ming Dynasty used the imperial examination to select officials, but the government stipulated that the proposition was limited to the four books and five classics, and the style of the answer sheet must be divided into eight parts according to the rigid form, that is, eight-part essay. Such an examination has seriously bound the candidates from the content to the form, and as a result, many scholars are immersed in studying classics without paying attention to practical knowledge. When they became officials, they became slaves who obeyed the emperor. Qin Shihuang, the founder of feudal autocratic centralization of authority, burned books to bury Confucianism in order to strengthen ideological control. In the Ming Dynasty, stereotyped writing was adopted for the same purpose, but at this time, the feudal system had declined, and the rulers were not allowed to have any "deviant" thoughts in order to strengthen autocratic rule. Stereotyped writing for scholars was born to meet this political need, and it lost the positive significance of the imperial examination system in its initial stage. Therefore, stereotyped writing for scholars, like Qin Shihuang's burning books, played a role in imprisoning thoughts, and the style of study divorced from reality it brought had a worse impact on the development of academic culture than that of burying Confucianism.
Scoring Note: The answer to this question is allowed to be flexible, and it is not necessarily limited to the above statement, but please note:
① Gu Yanwu's viewpoint must be affirmed to be correct.
② If there is no connection with the background of stereotyped writing, only from the provisions and consequences of stereotyped writing, the total score of this question should not exceed 1 points (the total score of this question is 12 points).
③ 1 point will be deducted for those who are disorganized and confused in logic.
Example 3:
The central content of Dong and Su's discussion is the function of Shang Yang's political reform, and both of them hold a negative attitude towards Shang Yang's political reform.
historically, Shang yang's political reform promoted the economic development of Qin state and the formation of feudal system, which was in line with the historical development trend at that time. It is wrong for Dong and Su to grasp some non-essential and non-mainstream negative phenomena in the process of Shang Yang's political reform, exaggerating infinitely.
Dong Zhongshu pointed out that after Shang Yang's political reform, with the private ownership and sale of land, land annexation in Qin was serious, and the gap between the rich and the poor was wide. This is objective. After Shang Yang's political reform and feudal economic development, Qin became the most powerful country among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, and finally achieved reunification. Su Shi believes that Shang Yang's political reform made Qin suddenly prosperous and powerful, which is objective.
Dong Zhongshu only emphasized the poverty of peasants after Shang Yang's political reform, but failed to realize the important role of Shang Yang's political reform in the unification of Qin, which was incorrect. After the reunification of Qin, taxes and corvees were heavy and penalties were harsh, which led to the intensification of class contradictions and Qin was overthrown by the peasant uprising. This is the result of Qin's tyranny. Su Shi blamed Shang Yang's political reform for Qin's demise, which was wrong.
In the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu put forward the idea of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" to meet the needs of autocratic monarchy and centralization, so as to achieve ideological unity. Therefore, Dong Zhongshu stood on the position of Confucianism and denied Shang Yang's political reform. Song Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi to carry out the political reform, and the young crops law, the tax collection law and the tax equalization law in his political reform measures all violated the interests of big landlords and bureaucrats, and were strongly opposed by them. Standing on the position of a big bureaucrat, Su Shi said that Shang Yang's political reform "ignored people's words", which led to Qin's "sudden death".
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