Geography Examination of Senior Two (Analysis)

Geography in senior high school is a compulsory one, two and three test sites.

Compulsory module 1 (physical geography)

The Earth's Universe [Chapter II]

1, the level of celestial system: total galaxy-galaxy (extragalactic galaxy)-solar system-earth-moon system.

Conditions for life on the earth: ① sunshine conditions ② safer cosmic environment (3) Because the distance between the earth and the sun is moderate, it is suitable for the earth with mild surface temperature (average temperature 15 degrees), because the mass and quantity of the earth can attract the atmosphere formed by the atmosphere (based on nitrogen and oxygen) ⑤ liquid water to form and exist.

3, the influence of solar activity on the earth:

Solar activity is marked by (1): sunspots and flares.

(2) Impact: It affects the ionosphere, interferes with the "magnetic storm" and aurora phenomenon in short-wave communication, and affects the climate of the earth.

4. The geographical significance of the earth's rotation: the alternation of day and night: the dividing line between the daytime hemisphere and the night hemisphere-the twilight line (circle)-the time when the equator intersects.

(1) The plane with the 0- twilight aperture of the sun at 6:00 and 18: 00 is perpendicular to the sunlight;

② Local time zone: East is one hour later than west, every 15 degrees. offset

(3) The surface equator of a horizontally moving object is not biased, the northern hemisphere is inclined, and the southern hemisphere is from left to right. The eccentric pressure increases with the increase of latitude.

5, the geographical significance of the revolutionary earth:

(1) Day and night length:

(1) In the northern hemisphere, the sun shines directly on the northern hemisphere for half the day and night in summer. The latitude in the northern hemisphere is short, and the higher the latitude, the shorter the day and night. Summer solstice-the latitude of the northern hemisphere, the length of a day reaches the highest year, and the northern part of the Arctic region, extreme sunlight phenomenon. (2) In winter in the northern hemisphere, the sun shines directly into the southern hemisphere, which has a long latitude and short days and nights. The higher the latitude, the longer the time and the shorter the day and night. Winter solstice-the extreme night phenomenon at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere, the length of a day in a year reaches the minimum, in the Arctic and northern regions. ③ At the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly on the equator, and the world only needs 12 hours a week.

④ The equatorial vernal equinox runs through the whole year. The southern hemisphere is just the opposite of the northern hemisphere.

(2) the change of the height of the sun at noon:

At the same time, under the midday sun, the height of the direct sunlight on the north and south sides of the sun decreases from summer to the sun, and the sun directly shines on the Tropic of Cancer. At noon, the height of the sun drops from the tropic of cancer to the north and south, and the northern latitude is the lowest in the southern hemisphere. On the solstice of winter, the sun shines directly on the Capricorn at noon, and the latitude of Capricorn reaches the maximum, and the height of Capricorn is the smallest among all latitudes in the northern hemisphere. At the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly at the equator, and the height of the sun decreases from the equator to the poles at noon.

(3) In the change of four seasons (the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon change with seasons, so that the seasonal change of solar radiation forms four seasons), the seasons in the northern hemisphere are: spring and summer 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and1/autumn, 12 and 65440.

6. The annular structure of the inner circle and the outer circle on the earth's surface.

(1) Seismic waves (P waves and S waves) with circular basic characteristics in the earth can be divided into three fields: crust, mantle and core. The crustal materials are mainly composed of rocks (magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks), the upper mantle asthenosphere magma source, and the core is mainly composed of iron-nickel alloy materials.

(2) External fields: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Chapter II Natural Geographical Environment for the Exchange of Moving Matter and Energy

1, there are three types of rocks: ① magmatic rocks (magma cooling and solidification); ② sedimentary rocks (rock weathering is washed, transported and accumulated under external force to form solidified rocks); ③ metamorphic rocks (metamorphism). Magma forms all kinds of rocks, and the three main rock types can be transformed into each other, but new magma is also produced. This movement and change process constitutes the material cycle of the earth's crust.

2. Internal and external factors of surface morphology change (geology):

(1) The internal energy comes from the earth itself, mainly the heat inside the earth, which is manifested by crustal movement, magmatic activity and metamorphism. Resulting in an uneven surface. Types of geological structural folds (anticlines and synclines) and faults (horsts and grabens).

(2) External force-energy comes from solar energy and gravity outside the earth. The uneven surface was flattened. Weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation and consolidation of diagenesis. (V-shaped valley), river erosion accumulation landform (alluvial fan, alluvial plain and delta), wind erosion (wind erosion depression, mushrooms, etc. ), aeolian landform (sand dunes).

Names of six major plates: Eurasia plate and Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate and America plate, Antarctica plate. In general, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable, and the area of crustal activity at the junction of two plates is mostly concentrated in volcanic earthquakes at the junction of plates. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa forms a growth boundary plate rift with frequent oceans. -At the boundary where mountains and trenches formed by plate collision often die out.

4. Heating process of the atmosphere: solar radiation (short wave), atmosphere weakening and warming the ground, ground radiation (long wave), atmosphere warming, atmospheric radiation (long wave), atmospheric reverse radiation (heat insulation) (1) Atmosphere: weakening effect of absorbing solar radiation: selective ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation, and water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared radiation. Visible absorption is very small. (2) reflection: clouds and dust particles. The most remarkable effect of cloud reflection. ③ Scattering: the part of solar radiation that air molecules or tiny dust can't reach the ground.

(2) Atmosphere with heat insulation effect on the ground: the atmosphere absorbs ground radiation and atmospheric inverse radiation (emits ground atmospheric radiation), and returns to the ground to generate heat. The thicker the clouds, the stronger the atmospheric inverse radiation.

5, pressure area (high and low pressure distribution and white), and the ground near the six winds.

(1) Low latitude circulation:

① Equatorial low pressure area: Meiyu area, hot forming, convergence of updraft, easy to form clouds and rain. The climate of tropical rain forest is controlled by Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, Southeast Asia and Malaysia all the year round.

② Subtropical high pressure area: due to the dynamic action, sinking air accumulates above latitude 30 degrees, with little rain (except East Asian monsoon area), and the area controlled all the year round belongs to the formation of tropical desert climate (the water in the Sahara desert in North Africa, the desert in West Asia, the desert in North America, the desert in South America, Chile, the desert in western Peru and the desert in Australia).

(3) Trade winds: the airflow from subtropical high to equatorial low in the northern hemisphere cancels out, and the northeast trade winds in the southern hemisphere form the southeast trade winds.

(2) Mid-latitude circulation:

④ The ascending warm air flow in the subtropical high and low pressure zone meets the movement form of cold air flow from high latitudes. Temperate zone and the formation of rain.

⑤ Mid-latitude westerly belt: the northwest wind blows, leaving doubts about the high subtropical low-pressure airflow and southwest wind in the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere. It is customarily called the temperate maritime climate formed on the west coast of the mainland under the control of its perennial westerly belt. Western Europe, western North America, near Vancouver, Canada, South America, southern Andes, New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania. )

(3) high latitude circulation: BR />⑥ polar high pressure area: due to the formation of heat, cold air sinks, resulting in less rain. However, the low temperature and evaporation in the polar regions make the polar regions more sensitive to precipitation than to evaporation and humidity.

⑦ Polar easterly sub-polar low pressure belt and polar high pressure jet flow, Coriolis force, the right deviation of the northern hemisphere is southeast wind to northeast wind, and the southern hemisphere is left.

(4) Pressure and wind belt mobile phone: the reason for delta movement: the movement that moves directly with the sun. △ Movement direction: In the northern hemisphere, it generally moves northward in summer and southward in winter.

(5) Climate type formed by single pressure belt or wind action: tropical rain forest climate (equatorial low pressure belt) belongs to tropical desert climate (subtropical high pressure belt) (mid-latitude belongs to temperate maritime climate west wind).

(6) Climate types of pressure belt and wind belt movement: savanna climate (controlled by equatorial low pressure belt in summer and low latitude trade winds in winter), Mediterranean climate (controlled by subtropical high pressure belt in summer and westerly belt in winter).

6. Common weather systems: frontal system (cold front, warm front, quasi-static front), cyclone (low pressure), anticyclone (high pressure) and frontal cyclone. Cyclone is a low-pressure and low-pressure system in the real atmosphere of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee, and a low-pressure trough develops to a certain extent along the central front trough of the low-pressure system. Frontal cyclone is a whole (high pressure system is not).

7. Water cycle

Type (1): the connection between land and ocean circulation (circulation), surface circulation (a little water) and ocean circulation (water).

(2): evaporation, precipitation, water vapor transport, surface runoff, underground runoff, infiltration and plant transpiration.

(3) Significance: The land moisture is constantly replenished and updated, so that the water can be regenerated, and the surface morphology formed is related to the IV circle.

8. Currently:

(1) Type: airflow, density, flow supplement, career, cold and warm.

(2) Distribution: Delta-subtropical low-latitude ocean circulation flows clockwise in the northern hemisphere (the direction of hemispheric anticyclone) and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere (consistent with the direction of hemispheric anticyclone). △ Middle and high latitudes (mainly in the northern hemisphere)-sub-polar ocean circulation. △ west wind drift in the southern hemisphere is the most powerful cold front in the world. △ North Indian Ocean monsoon current-flows from west to east, and in Xia Dong, from east to west (Xia Dong inverse).

(3) Impact: ① Impact on climate: the impact of ocean currents on climate warming and wetting (the maritime climate in western Europe is formed by the North Atlantic warm current); The cold current plays the role of cooling and dehumidification (the desert on the west coast of Victoria, Australia, along the Pacific coast of Peru, the Atacama desert and the cold front of the cold current along the coast of Peru in Western Australia)

(2) Impact on marine life-distribution of fishing grounds: cold and warm meet, and all kinds of bait fish.

△ Hokkaido Fishing Ground-the exchange of Japanese warm current and Thousand Island cold current. △ Newfoundland Fishing Ground-Labrador Cold Contact Gulfstream. △ The offshore of Beihai Fishing Ground and the high latitude area are formed by the intersection of cold water and seawater in the south. △ Peru Fishing Ground-Rising deep seawater overflows in the compensation current, bringing silicate, plankton and fish food to the deep sea. affect

(3) Marine pollution: The diffusion of pollutants accelerates the purification speed, but at the same time it also expands the scope of pollutants.

④ Impact on marine transportation: downstream-fast sailing speed; Sailing against the current is slow.

The integrity and regional differences of chapter geographical environment

1, geographical environment, including natural geographical environment and human geographical environment. Physical and geographical features, including climate, hydrology, landform, biology, soil and other factors.

(1) The geographical environment of the biological effects of climate change on the continuous transformation of the earth's hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere is, in the final analysis, the photosynthesis of green plants.

(2) the geographical environment formed by biological action: the contact between people in the organic and inorganic fields promotes the migration and transformation of chemical elements, so that the original atmosphere gradually evolves into the transformation of water vapor in the atmosphere, which affects the composition of water bodies; The geographical environment of transforming the lithosphere and promoting the weathering of rocks into soil has undergone profound changes.

Environment creates living things, and living things create environment. Therefore, the biological geographical environment is also a shaping geographical environment.

(3) The geographical environment factors are interrelated, mutually restricted and infiltrated, which constitutes the integrity of the geographical environment. For example, the northwest inland-far away from the ocean, the moist airflow in the ocean is difficult to reach, resulting in a dry continental climate-underdeveloped rivers, mostly inland rivers-with a dry climate, weak water body in the middle, obvious physical weathering and wind, forming a large Gobi desert with sparse vegetation, developed soil and high organic matter content.

2. Legal geographical environment of regional differentiation of solar radiation:

(1) Differentiation (latitude geographical zonality from equator to poles): The influence from equator to poles decreases-the natural belt changes periodically along the latitude direction (north and south). This differentiation is hot. For example, the tropical rain forest belt near the equator, with the increase of latitude, the area of tropical savanna and tropical desert increases.

(2) The influence of regional differentiation from coastal to inland (longitude zone) on land-sea natural landscape and frequent regional differentiation from coastal to inland natural zone is different with different underwater bases. For example, in the mid-latitude area (especially in the mid-latitude area of the northern hemisphere), the forest-grassland-desert area from the coast to the inland mountainous area.

(3) Vertical regional differentiation: The altitude of high mountain area changes greatly, and the hydrothermal conditions from the foothills to the top of the mountain form a vertical natural belt. For example, near the equator, from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain, we can see a similar horizontal natural belt, from the equator to the natural mountains at the poles.

Chapter IV Influence of Natural Environment and Human Activities]

1, the relationship between the geographical environment of the community is morphologically reflected as follows: in the plain area, the terrain is relatively complete, open and flat, the settlements are round or irregular polygons, large-scale mountain settlements along the river valley, or distributed in open lowlands. For example, the urban distribution of Fenhe River and Weihe River basins. The major cities in the world are located on most plains. Location advantages of plain area: flat terrain, fertile soil, easy to breed, favorable for transportation and saving construction investment. Some plains are not suitable for urban development. For example, tropical areas are located in urban highlands, and the lowlands are sultry. The most famous city in Brazil is located in the Amazon plain, but it is in the highlands of Brazil.

2. The influence of topography on the distribution of traffic lines: Highway routes, avoiding unfavorable topography, flat traffic network density (low cost, small batch), small mountains and high hilly density (high cost, large projects).

3. Favorable aspects of global warming for agricultural production: warming in high latitudes, prolonged crop growth period, increased yield, and favorable aspects of agricultural production: In semi-humid and semi-arid regions with constant rainfall, climate warming will accelerate land evaporation, reduce soil moisture, and lead to crop yield reduction. It also has a certain impact on industrial production. The increase of temperature will reduce the energy consumption of heating in high latitudes and significantly increase the energy consumption of refrigeration in low latitudes.

4. Definition of natural resources: Human beings directly obtain materials and energy from nature for production and life. It includes climate resources, land resources, water resources, biological resources and mineral resources. Natural resources are the material basis of human civilization and social progress. For example, the energy used can greatly promote the development of productive forces. As the main source of energy, firewood is a very low level of social productivity. △/kloc-in the 0/8th century, the energy-social productivity with coal as the main body was greatly improved. In the 20th century, 50 years later, the main source of oil was energy, which greatly promoted the development of production.

5. Common natural disasters such as floods, droughts, typhoons, rainstorms, cold waves, sandstorms, snowstorms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides and mudslides. Understand the main causes and hazards of their occurrence.

Compulsory 2 human geography

Chapter I Population

First, population growth.

The main factors affecting population growth: productivity level, medical and health conditions and education level, affecting population mortality and fertility rate, and then affecting population growth mode. In addition, policies, social welfare and natural disasters will also affect population growth.

2. Population growth mode (population reproduction mode): high level (low level in developing countries), low level (developed countries), high level and low level transition (domestic development).

3. The natural population growth rate of world population growth is the highest, and the net population growth rate of Europe, Africa and Asia is the lowest.

4. Population problem-population pressure of population growth-population control (family planning in China)

Slow population growth: aging population-encouraging fertility and accepting immigrants (China relies on developing productivity)

Second, population migration.

1, population migration, mainly due to: (backward areas to developed areas) economy, politics (political persecution, war, organized population migration), social culture (religious persecution, ethnic discrimination), ecological environment, and other factors (family property, marriage, relatives and friends to avoid discrimination). Meaning (effect)

2. Population migration (1) Li: (1) Strengthen national unity, promote national integration, strengthen cultural exchanges, and reduce population pressure; (4) Provide cheap labor to the vacated land.

(2) Disadvantages: ① Causes of brain drain ② It is more difficult to enter social management.

3 Population distribution and population capacity

Population with environmental carrying capacity: the maximum population in a certain area in a certain period.

Reasonable population capacity: population, sustainable family members. The reasonable population capacity is less than the population carrying capacity.

The resource situation of environmental population capacity (environmental carrying capacity), the openness of productivity level and the influencing factors of consumption level

/& gt； Chapter two: Regional culture and urban spatial structure of population and urbanization.

structure

Urban space and urban functional zoning-the same type of urban land use collection

★ Central Business District (CBD): Built skyscrapers with convenient transportation-this area is limited, but the demand is great.

(2) Industrial zone: generally located at the edge of the city with convenient transportation, mainly behind rivers, railways and highways.

(3) Residential area: the most extensive land use mode in the city. culture area

(4): Generally, it is required to have a beautiful environment and stay away from industrial and commercial areas. Urban construction should attach importance to the protection of cultural relics.

2. Reasons for the formation of urban regional functional zoning: historical factors, economic factors, social factors and administrative factors.

3, city scale structure and regional structure, service scope.

★ Small cities: the regional structure differentiation is not obvious, the types and levels of services provided are low, and the service scope is low.

★ Big cities: The regional structure is clearly differentiated, and the types, levels and scope of services provided are high.

Second, the city's location factors

(A), natural impact

Topography-urban density in plain areas

Climate-urban density in warm and humid areas />3. The water supply and transportation functions of rivers determine the location of cities.

(2) Social and economic aspects

Agricultural foundation

Traffic conditions: along the coast, along the river, along the railway and along the expressway. The boulevards in most northern cities meet.

★ The change of public transportation and its influence on urban development. (For example, Yangzhou-Xing, the canal is blocked by the navigation of the canal-bad).

Politics (administrative center), military defense, religion, science and technology and tourism can all promote the formation and development of cities.

urbanization

Signs of urbanization: (1) Proportion of the increased urban population to the total population, scale ③ Urban land ② Urban population increase. One of the most important indicators is the proportion of urban population to the total population.

2. Characteristics of urbanization after World War II: ① Big cities surpass small cities; ② The number of big cities is increasing rapidly; ③ The development of megacities with population 1 10,000. -Trends in big cities

Developed countries in the process of urbanization

① Features: Early start, high level, slow speed and anti-urbanization phenomenon. Investigate the reason.

② Anti-urbanization: improve the environmental quality and gradually improve the infrastructure in rural areas and small towns. "

4. Urbanization process in developing countries

Features: late start, low level, fast speed, big city trend.

② Urbanization in China lags behind industrialization.

(3) Unreasonable urban development: large cities are expanding rapidly, small and medium-sized cities are developing slowly, and the population is concentrated in several big cities.

5, the general law of urbanization: urbanization-suburban urbanization-reverse urbanization-again.

4. Urbanization,

The impact of urbanization on the natural environment, the impact of urbanization on the natural environment

(1) Climate impact: heat island effect, rain island effect, suburban thermal cycle, hydrology and serious air pollution,

(2) Groundwater infiltration decreases, and the area and depth of groundwater funnel increase.

-The river flow is shallow, the flow speed and time are shortened, and it is easy to form a flood peak.

Water quality-urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage lead to urban water supply pollution.

(3) Biological impact: the lawn and planting species are single, the habitat is destroyed, and the biodiversity is reduced.

2. Protect and improve the urban environment-"eco-city"

(1) Establish satellite towns, new development zones and decentralized urban functions.

② Improve urban traffic and living environment. Expand main roads, build ring roads, and build elevated roads, subways, and light rails.

(3) Protect and manage the urban environment and vigorously strengthen greening.

Friday local time

The relationship between human activities and geographical culture and urban development

Agricultural location factor

And natural factors (climate, water, topography, soil): transformation-greenhouse agriculture, terraced fields, fertilization and watering.

2. Socio-economic factors (market, policy, labor force, rent, transportation)

★ The market determines the type and scale of agriculture.

★ Traffic conditions (especially preservation and refrigeration) develop the regional expansion of agricultural location market.

3, technical factors (aquaculture, machinery, fertilizers, pesticides)

★ Breeding (high yield, drought tolerance, cold tolerance, storage tolerance, etc.). ): it is conducive to expanding the planting area.

★ Mechanization:

★ Fertilizer, pesticide, etc. This can improve labor productivity: you can increase the output per unit area.

Commodity grain agriculture

(1) Distribution: Mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and other countries.

(2) Variety: wheat and corn (mechanized dryland crops)

(3) Formation conditions: ★ Natural conditions: flat and vast cultivated land, sparsely populated places?

★ Socio-economic conditions: developed transportation and high technical level.

★ Technical conditions: 1. High degree of mechanization.

(4) Features: large-scale production, high degree of mechanization, family farm.

2 Rice planting:

& gt Typical geographical distribution

East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia monsoon regions

The situation in Asia

climate

Monsoon climate, rain and heat affect rice growth at the same time.

zone

In the lower reaches of the river plain or estuary delta, flat soil is beneficial to densely populated agriculture.

labour

(labor-intensive agriculture), rich in labor force, conducive to intensive cultivation.

Long cultivation history, main characteristics of traditional experience.

/a & gt；

Characteristic reason

Individual farmers

Family as a unit, per capita arable land

/& gt； High output and low commodity.

Dense, but many people are in the countryside, mainly self-sufficient.

Low degree of mechanization

The level of economic development is low, mainly manual operation.

Water conservancy university

Monsoon climate, water

Frequent droughts and low technical level.

Long history and traditional experience

3. Mixed agriculture

(1) The polyculture of livestock and food in the Pearl River Delta is a mixed agriculture of fishery and forestry.

(2) Distribution: Europe, North America, Australia (Village on Sheep's Back, Village on Trams).

(3) Characteristics (taking wheat shepherds in Murray-Darling River basin as an example)

① Benign agricultural ecosystem:

Mutually beneficial agriculture: planting, animal husbandry, livestock feed and fertilizer.

★ Leisure rotation (conducive to restoring soil structure and improving soil fertility), effective and reasonable planting and pasture.

② Arrangement: leisure time of wheat during busy farming (sowing in May-June, grazing and harvesting in11-1February).

(3) Flexible production plan: according to the market decision, variety of wheat, variety of sheep.

four

Regional types of other types of agricultural geographical distribution areas

& gt

The main characteristics of the reason.

To> immigrant agriculture

Some primitive tribal areas BR/& gt；;

Low productivity level "slash and burn"

Affect biodiversity and climate deterioration.

Dairy farming

develop