Archaeological Discovery of Guangfulin Ancient Cultural Site

1958, local villagers discovered the ancient cultural site of Guangfulin while talking about the river, and then * * * conducted four archaeological excavations.

The first time was in September, 196 1. According to textual research, Guangfulin cultural site is earlier than Maqiao site, and slightly later than the middle layer of Songze cultural site, so it is a relic of Liangzhu culture.

From 1999 to 200 1, the second and third excavations were carried out successively. The second excavation found large-scale Han dynasty building components; At the same time, a screen-like bamboo and reed woven fabric was found, which is said to be a screen of the Han Dynasty and is suspected to be a coffin in a palace building of the Han Dynasty. In the third excavation, in addition to the continued discovery of Liangzhu cultural relics, a number of new artifacts different from Liangzhu cultural characteristics were unearthed in 1 area, which were called "Guangfulin remains" and later named "Guangfulin culture" according to the inherent attributes of its cultural characteristics. From the archaeological point of view, there are three different ancient cultural phenomena in the remains of Guangfulin site. Except Guangfulin culture, which has distinct characteristics of immigrant culture and should be named independently, the rest should be included in the named Songze culture and Liangzhu culture. The pottery remains of Guangfulin have distinct characteristics, which are completely different from other cultures distributed in this area.

The fourth archaeological excavation was carried out from March to July, 2008, covering an area of 6,000 square meters. It is the first time to find the remnants of bronze sacrificial vessels made of ding in the early Spring and Autumn Period in Shanghai, which shows that the specifications of sacrificial vessels in Guangfulin area of Songjiang are unusually high. At the same time, eight tombs of Guangfulin culture were discovered, which further showed the archaeological value of Guangfulin cultural site. In 2008, the large-scale archaeological excavation in the northernmost part of Guangfulin site achieved fruitful results, and the production and living environment of Guangfulin culture period was discovered, that is, a large lake in the northeast of the site, and a large number of wooden stakes of about 1 1,000 square meters were found along the lake. Inferred from many unearthed pottery fragments, Liangzhu culture and Guangfulin culture are in a stalemate in the same place. There are two kinds of houses in Guangfulin culture period: dry fence building and ground building. Rice husk and rice were also found in Guangfulin cultural site, and the found antlers and pig bones may indicate that the ancestors at that time used pigs and deer as meat sources. The eight tombs of Guangfulin culture discovered for the first time in this excavation have filled the blank that Guangfulin culture has not found tombs. In 2008, the archaeological team of Shanghai Cultural Relics Management Committee carried out the largest archaeological excavation of the site in history and achieved fruitful results. Major breakthroughs have been made in five aspects: first, the excavation area is 8000 square meters, and nearly 250 explorers have made the cultural connotation of the site appear in a large area; Second, the overlapping relationship between Liangzhu culture, Guangfulin culture and Eastern Zhou culture in the site is more clear; Thirdly, it further reveals the customs of diet, residence and tombs of local ancestors during the Guangfulin culture period; Fourth, some production and living environments during the Guangfulin culture period were discovered, that is, a big lake in the northeast of the site; Fifth, there are important discoveries in the remains of Zhou culture in Guangfulin East.

The specific location of this large-scale archaeology is in the northernmost part of Guangfulin site, where the production and living environment of Guangfulin culture period was found, which is also a big lake in the northeast of the site. A large number of wooden stakes were found along the lake, with an area of about 1000 square meters. The stakes should be the fishing facilities and the houses by the lake at that time. In a ditch found in the living area, many pottery fragments of Liangzhu culture were unearthed, which were discarded by Liangzhu people. It can be inferred that people's living areas in Liangzhu period were also nearby. Therefore, Liangzhu culture and Guangfulin culture are deadlocked in the same place.

There are two kinds of houses in Guangfulin culture period: dry fence building and ground building. A wooden building with Guangfulin culture was found by the lake in the north of the site, which is a dry-column building. In the lakeside ruins, neatly arranged column holes were found. There used to be a wooden stake, which was the foundation of the dry-column building. The stake is placed on the beam, and then the slab is laid on the beam to prevent moisture and water. These houses are independent small houses, which did not form villages at that time, but existed in the form of primitive villages. A large number of pottery, plant remains, sika deer horns, pigs and other animal remains were also found in the lakeside site. Archaeological findings show that there is a ground building, built on the flat ground, and the wall has collapsed on the living surface. The soil on the living surface is light red, and the ancestors roasted it flat to make it dry and hard, which is convenient for life. The collapsed wall is red, so it can be concluded that the building collapsed due to the fire. Calculated from the collapsed wall, the height of the wall of this ground house is more than 0.9 meters. This kind of wooden bone mud wall reflects that our ancestors knew how to use wood and bamboo as reinforcement in the soil to strengthen the stability of the wall, similar to today's reinforced concrete.

In this archaeology, rice husk and rice were discovered for the first time in Guangfulin site. Judging from this, the ancestors of Shanghai have begun to cultivate rice artificially. Rice in Liangzhu culture period has been discovered in the past, and the rice husk and rice in Guangfulin culture period excavated this time are rich and complete, which is valuable information for studying the rice planting history and agricultural economic form in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. At the same time, the discovery of antlers and pig bones shows that the ancestors of Guangfulin culture have regarded pigs and deer as the main sources of meat.

Eight tombs of Guangfulin culture were discovered for the first time in the excavation, which filled the blank that Guangfulin culture did not find tombs. The tombs of Guangfulin culture are all vertical holes in earth pits, about 2 meters long and 0.8 meters wide. Among them, funerary objects were found in Tomb No.35, and a large number of funerary objects were placed on the left side of the owner's leg. Among the funerary objects, there are a tripod for cooking and a stone sickle for harvesting, but they are smaller than the practical utensils for life and production and are rough to make, so they are identified as funerary objects. Most of the tombs in Guangfulin culture are straight-limb burials, and one thing is special curved-limb burials. The owner of the tomb turned his head to the right, raised his hands half to his head and bent his knees. These phenomena are obviously different from the strict planning of Liangzhu cultural tombs and the unification of burial customs. Including this cave excavated this time, there are three-point limb burials in Shanghai. A cave was found in the ancient cultural site of Fuquan Mountain, which was verified to be buried with him. Another point was found in Maqiao cultural site, where the skeleton's hands were tied behind his back, which was obviously a foul execution. Then, did the owner of the curved limb burial of Guangfulin culture die unexpectedly? Because the tomb is very small, only one person can bend over and put his hands on his head, showing signs of being forced into it. Therefore, this person is likely to be executed for violating the rules.

In the archaeological excavation in 2008, Guangfulin site also found a large number of remains from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Han Dynasty and the Song and Yuan Dynasties. A number of important Eastern Zhou cultural relics have been unearthed in this site, such as water wells, tortoise shells, bronze tripod fragments, bronze shavings and primitive porcelain. The shape of the well in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty discovered this time is very special. The well circle is made of unprocessed stone, which is taken from nearby Chenshan Mountain. The bottom of the well is also covered with boards. China has a saying that "a well is a city" since ancient times. Therefore, the discovery of the well in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty confirmed that Guangfulin had formed a market at that time. A large number of pottery, wooden products and more than ten tortoise shells were unearthed in the 493 ash pit. Tortoise shell, used for divination in ancient times, first appeared in the Shang Dynasty in the Central Plains and continued to the Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasties. Among the more than ten tortoise shells found, there was a hole in the abdomen of one tortoise shell. It shows that these tortoise shells were divination tools at that time. In slave society, divination was very popular among nobles. These turtles were all unearthed in a square pit, which was probably the place of sacrifice in the settlement at that time. The discovery of bronze tripod remains is also particularly important, because bronze ritual vessels can only be used by nobles. This bronze ware discovered by Guang Fulin is the mouth edge of a bronze tripod in the Spring and Autumn Period. You can clearly see the fish scales on it, indicating that this is a bronze ritual vessel. Because it is unearthed fragments, it further proves that this bronze ritual vessel was used in situ, which is equivalent to improving the level of the site. The fragment of this bronze ritual vessel is also the first bronze ritual vessel unearthed in Shanghai archaeological excavation. The discovery of the important relics of Guangfulin in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty proves from one side that the local area was a settlement of considerable rank and scale in the eastern territory of Wu in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and the aristocratic class of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty once lived here.

Archaeological achievements in 2008, together with archaeological and investigation data in previous years, show that the distribution area of Guangfulin cultural remains in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is about 0.8 to 0.9 square kilometers. South to East China University of Political Science and Law; North to the planned Yinhe Road area; East to the vicinity of Chen Zilong's tomb; West of Shenjing Hall. Therefore, the protection scope of Guangfulin cultural site in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty needs to be further defined scientifically.