Please introduce the three countries in "The Rise of Great Powers" with no less than 300 words for each country.

Episode 3: Going Modern (Britain·Part 1)

(16th-17th century)

Britain, separated from the European continent across the sea, in 1588 He won a great victory in the naval battle with the Spanish Armada and gradually entered the world stage. In the process from the Middle Ages to modern society, a strong monarchy became a key link. Queen Elizabeth I's encouragement of ocean exploration and trade, her enlightened attitude towards governing the country, and her compromise methods in dealing with social conflicts brought this marginalized island country to its early glory.

However, the next king, Charles I, violated the British principle that the king must abide by the law as early as the 13th century in the Magna Carta because he firmly believed in the divine right of kings, and had a dispute with Parliament. After a four-year civil war, Charles I was defeated and sentenced to death. In the end, Britain gradually established a constitutional monarchy through the Glorious Revolution and completed its transformation into a modern society.

The relatively tolerant social environment created conditions for Britain's economic development and prepared it for the arrival of the Industrial Revolution; at the same time, it also allowed this island country to move step by step towards the center of the world stage.

Episode 4 Industrial Pioneers (Britain·Part 2)

(18th - 19th century)

With the expansion of British colonialism and the maturity of overseas markets, commodities The demand is increasing, and the production in manual workshops can no longer meet the demand. In order to encourage invention and creation, the United Kingdom promulgated the world's earliest Patent Law. All this resulted in a scene in Britain where the entire population was keen on invention, production and trade. When Newton discovered the laws of the universe, the spirit of science permeated British society; when Watt finally solved the core power problem with his universal steam engine, British industrialization began to unfold at an alarming rate; when Adam Smith After "The Wealth of Nations" pointed out the market laws of free competition, the British began to promote free trade and expand the global market with the support of their country's strong industrial capabilities. Through various combined efforts, Britain became the first industrialized country in the world. During this period, Britain defeated its powerful neighbor France and became the world's largest colonial empire. Beginning in the mid-to-late 19th century, colonies increasingly became a burden on the British Empire, and the shortcomings of the free market economy gradually became apparent. Britain's development began to slow down, and it eventually lost its status as a world hegemon.

Episode 6: Imperial Spring and Autumn (Germany)

When European countries are establishing nation-states one after another, a piece of land in the middle of the European continent is always in a state of fragmentation. The Germans, who have painful memories of division, are calling for a unified country in their thinking. Through unremitting efforts, the method of achieving political unification through economic unification proposed by economist Friedrich List was implemented. The establishment of the customs union led to the breakdown of trade barriers and the rapid development of the German economy.

The iron-blooded Prime Minister Bismarck struggled to survive in the cracks surrounded by European powers. After making full diplomatic preparations, he finally completed the unification of Germany in 1871 through three foreign wars.

The first step was to provoke a war against Denmark in early 1864. The Danish principalities of Schleswig and Holstein (most of whose inhabitants were Germans) were annexed to Germany.

The second step was to provoke the Austro-Prussian War against Austria in 1866. On July 3, 1866, Prussia won a decisive victory at the Battle of Sadowa. According to the Treaty of Prague in August 1866, Austria withdrew from the German Confederation. Prussia annexed Holstein and several German Confederation princely states that stood on the Austrian side during the war, unified the northern and central parts of Germany, and established a new state under the leadership of Prussia. of the North German Federation.

The third step was the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. On July 19, 1870, at Bismarck's instigation, France declared war on Germany. Napoleon III boasted that it was just a "military walk to Berlin." But what he encountered was no longer the Prussia of the past, but a relatively powerful German nation that firmly opposed secession. On September 2, 1870, the German army won a decisive victory over France at the Battle of Sedan and captured Napoleon III alive. At this point, the obstacles to the unification of South Germany have been removed, and the task of Germany's national war has been completed. Bismarck drove his troops straight into Paris. On January 18, 1871, the unification of Germany was announced at the Palace of Versailles and the German Empire was established. Bismarck also served as chancellor of the German Empire. He followed the principle of balance among European powers and brought valuable space for peaceful development to Germany.

Germany, which has always attached great importance to education and technology, quickly stood at the forefront of the second industrial revolution. It took more than 30 years to surpass the United Kingdom and become the largest economic power in Europe and the second largest in the world. However, Germany soon became the source of two world wars. After World War II, Germany was divided again. Through deep reflection on the war, Germany finally completed the reunification of the country in a peaceful way (0:00 on October 3, 1990).

Episode 10: A New Country and a New Dream (United States Part 1)

(17th century to 19th century)

In 1620, the Mayflower carried a More than a hundred English Puritans came to the North American continent. In compliance with the Mayflower Compact signed before the landing, the Puritans began a life of self-management in the New World.

More than 100 years later, due to the British Empire's forced increase in stamp duties, the colonial war of independence broke out. In 1776, the 13 British colonies in North America declared the establishment of the United States of America. In 1787, they formulated a written constitution that had a profound impact on the development of the United States and established a central government.

At this time, a large number of immigrants brought Europe's most advanced technological achievements. The United States, which took the European baton, quickly completed the first industrial revolution. The United States was developing rapidly, but the unresolved issue of slavery at the Constitutional Convention eventually led to the Civil War in 1860. President Lincoln led the North to win the war to maintain national unity, and the central government gradually grew stronger. Driven by the government, the westward expansion movement that lasted for more than a century has achieved remarkable results.

Since then, Edison has taken the lead in bringing the United States into the electrical age, and institutional guarantees for invention and innovation have become a continuous driving force for the country's development.

In 1894, the United States became the world's largest economic power. This young country is already at the forefront of the second industrial revolution.

Episode 11: The New Deal in Crisis (United States·Part 2)

(Early 20th Century - End of World War II)

Free competition brought the United States to the end of the 19th century and the 20th century The golden age at the beginning of the century. A large number of large monopoly companies and consortiums emerged one after another. The first trust group, Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, was a typical representative. But problems soon emerged: monopoly led to the collapse of small and medium-sized enterprises and the loss of equal opportunities; society was severely polarized and labor-capital conflicts intensified. Americans began to reflect on this model of economic and social development. President Theodore Roosevelt, who took office in 1901, complied with progressive ideas and social requirements, and initiated the first government intervention in the economy in American history through anti-monopoly and legislation to protect workers' rights and interests.

Subsequently, the birth of the Ford production line, the emergence of a number of new technologies and inventions in the electrical age, and orders brought by World War I further strengthened the U.S. economy. In 1929, the economic crisis affected capitalist countries around the world and the United States suffered heavy losses. President Franklin Roosevelt intensified the government's efforts to manage the economy, and through a series of New Deal measures, the United States gradually emerged from the predicament. This also created the coexistence of the visible hand (government) and the invisible hand (market) *** Mixed economic model acting on the economy.

The Second World War became a new turning point in the history of the United States. The United States became the world's most powerful country in politics, economy, science and technology, and military, and began to dominate the world.

Episode 3: Going Modern (Britain·Part 1)

(16th-17th century)

Britain, separated from the European continent across the sea, in 1588 He won a great victory in the naval battle with the Spanish Armada and gradually entered the world stage. In the process from the Middle Ages to modern society, a strong monarchy became a key link. Queen Elizabeth I's encouragement of ocean exploration and trade, her enlightened attitude towards governing the country, and her compromise methods in dealing with social conflicts brought this marginalized island country to its early glory.

However, the next king, Charles I, violated the British principle that the king must abide by the law as early as the 13th century in the Magna Carta because he firmly believed in the divine right of kings, and had a dispute with Parliament. After a four-year civil war, Charles I was defeated and sentenced to death. In the end, Britain gradually established a constitutional monarchy through the Glorious Revolution and completed its transformation into a modern society.

The relatively tolerant social environment created conditions for Britain's economic development and prepared it for the arrival of the Industrial Revolution; at the same time, it also allowed this island country to move step by step towards the center of the world stage.

Episode 4 Industrial Pioneers (Britain·Part 2)

(18th - 19th century)

With the expansion of British colonialism and the maturity of overseas markets, commodities The demand is increasing, and the production in manual workshops can no longer meet the demand. In order to encourage invention and creation, the United Kingdom promulgated the world's earliest Patent Law. All this resulted in a scene in Britain where the entire population was keen on invention, production and trade. When Newton discovered the laws of the universe, the spirit of science permeated British society; when Watt finally solved the core power problem with his universal steam engine, British industrialization began to unfold at an alarming rate; when Adam Smith After "The Wealth of Nations" pointed out the market laws of free competition, the British began to promote free trade and expand the global market with the support of their country's strong industrial capabilities. Through various combined efforts, Britain became the first industrialized country in the world. During this period, Britain defeated its powerful neighbor France and became the world's largest colonial empire. Beginning in the mid-to-late 19th century, colonies increasingly became a burden on the British Empire, and the shortcomings of the free market economy gradually became apparent. Britain's development began to slow down, and it eventually lost its status as a world hegemon.

Episode 6: Imperial Spring and Autumn (Germany)

When European countries are establishing nation-states one after another, a piece of land in the middle of the European continent is always in a state of fragmentation. The Germans, who have painful memories of division, are calling for a unified country in their thinking. Through unremitting efforts, the method of achieving political unification through economic unification proposed by economist Friedrich List was implemented. The establishment of the customs union led to the breakdown of trade barriers and the rapid development of the German economy.

The iron-blooded Prime Minister Bismarck struggled to survive in the cracks surrounded by European powers. After making full diplomatic preparations, he finally completed the unification of Germany in 1871 through three foreign wars.

The first step was to provoke a war against Denmark in early 1864. The Danish principalities of Schleswig and Holstein (most of whose inhabitants were Germans) were annexed to Germany.

The second step was to provoke the Austro-Prussian War against Austria in 1866. On July 3, 1866, Prussia won a decisive victory at the Battle of Sadowa. According to the Treaty of Prague in August 1866, Austria withdrew from the German Confederation, and Prussia annexed Holstein and several German Confederation princely states that stood on the Austrian side during the war, unified the northern and central parts of Germany, and established a new state under the leadership of Prussia. of the North German Federation.

The third step was the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. On July 19, 1870, at Bismarck's instigation, France declared war on Germany. Napoleon III boasted that it was just a "military walk to Berlin." But what he encountered was no longer the Prussia of the past, but a relatively powerful German nation that firmly opposed secession. On September 2, 1870, the German army won a decisive victory over France at the Battle of Sedan and captured Napoleon III alive. At this point, the obstacles to the unification of South Germany have been removed, and the task of Germany's national war has been completed. Bismarck drove his troops straight into Paris. On January 18, 1871, the unification of Germany was announced at the Palace of Versailles and the German Empire was established. Bismarck also served as chancellor of the German Empire. He followed the principle of balance among European powers and brought valuable space for peaceful development to Germany.

Germany, which has always attached great importance to education and technology, quickly stood at the forefront of the second industrial revolution. It took more than 30 years to surpass the United Kingdom and become the largest economic power in Europe and the second largest in the world. However, Germany soon became the source of two world wars. After World War II, Germany was divided again. Through deep reflection on the war, Germany finally completed the reunification of the country in a peaceful way (0:00 on October 3, 1990).

Episode 10: A New Country and a New Dream (United States Part 1)

(17th century to 19th century)

In 1620, the Mayflower carried a More than a hundred English Puritans came to the North American continent. In compliance with the Mayflower Compact signed before the landing, the Puritans began a life of self-management in the New World. More than 100 years later, due to the British Empire's forced increase in stamp duties, the colonial war of independence broke out. In 1776, the 13 British colonies in North America declared the establishment of the United States of America. In 1787, they formulated a written constitution that had a profound impact on the development of the United States and established a central government.

At this time, a large number of immigrants brought Europe's most advanced technological achievements. The United States, which took the European baton, quickly completed the first industrial revolution. The United States was developing rapidly, but the unresolved issue of slavery at the Constitutional Convention eventually led to the Civil War in 1860. President Lincoln led the North to win the war to maintain national unity, and the central government gradually grew stronger. Driven by the government, the westward expansion movement that lasted for more than a century has achieved remarkable results.

Since then, Edison has taken the lead in bringing the United States into the electrical age, and institutional guarantees for invention and innovation have become a continuous driving force for the country's development.

In 1894, the United States became the world's largest economic power. This young country is already at the forefront of the second industrial revolution.

Episode 11: The New Deal in Crisis (United States·Part 2)

(Early 20th Century - End of World War II)

Free competition brought the United States to the end of the 19th century and the 20th century The golden age at the beginning of the century. A large number of large monopoly companies and consortiums emerged one after another. The first trust group, Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, was a typical representative. But problems soon emerged: monopoly led to the collapse of small and medium-sized enterprises and the loss of equal opportunities; society was severely polarized and labor-capital conflicts intensified. Americans began to reflect on this model of economic and social development. President Theodore Roosevelt, who took office in 1901, complied with progressive ideas and social requirements, and initiated the first government intervention in the economy in American history through anti-monopoly and legislation to protect workers' rights and interests.

Subsequently, the birth of the Ford production line, the emergence of a number of new technologies and inventions in the electrical age, and orders brought by World War I further strengthened the U.S. economy. In 1929, the economic crisis affected capitalist countries around the world and the United States suffered heavy losses. President Franklin Roosevelt intensified the government's efforts to manage the economy, and through a series of New Deal measures, the United States gradually emerged from the predicament. This also created the coexistence of the visible hand (government) and the invisible hand (market) *** Mixed economic model acting on the economy.

The Second World War became a new turning point in the history of the United States. The United States became the world's most powerful country in politics, economy, science and technology, and military, and began to dominate the world.