A few simple questions about the history of the first grade in junior high school

1. Main contents: (1) The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows the sale of land.

(2) those who reward ploughing and produce more grain and cloth may be exempted from corvee.

(3) According to the size of military service, the title of Hotan Prefecture was awarded, and the privileges of the old nobles without military industry were abolished.

(4) establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.

Historical role: Qin was the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States period, with developed economy and increasing military combat effectiveness.

2 county system, prime minister, unified writing, weights and measures, currency and tracks

3 (Central) The supreme ruler of the empire is the emperor, and Ying Zheng calls himself "the first emperor". (2) The highest positions of the central government are prime minister, imperial envoys and Qiu, and there are ministers such as Ting Wei and internal envoys, who are responsible for judicial and financial affairs. (3) The Prime Minister is a hundred officials, "assisting", and all military affairs are decided by the emperor.

(local) ① The local government of the Qin Dynasty was at the county level. There are several counties under the jurisdiction of the county, and there are organizations such as townships and villages under the county. There are three elders in the township, and the husband is responsible for hearing the case and collecting taxes. (2) The county magistrate is directly appointed by the imperial court, and the subordinate officials of the county magistrate are selected by the county magistrate and the sheriff. (3) During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the subordinate officials at the grass-roots level had heavy authority, and the local people still knew the miser but not the county.

In order to consolidate the new centralization of authority, Qin Shihuang also unified currency, weights and measures, writing and so on.

In addition, a series of measures have been taken: (1) to build galloping roads and straight roads to ensure the smooth implementation of government decrees; ③ Building the Great Wall to resist the invasion of Xiongnu; (4) emigrating from the border areas to enrich the strength of the border areas; ⑤ Burn books to bury Confucianism, so as to unify thoughts and public opinion.

First, it is forbidden to wear Xianbei clothes, and all will be changed to Hanfu. Second, it is forbidden to speak Xianbei dialect. Chinese is the only spoken language. 3. All Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang were born in Luoyang, and were buried in Luoyang after their death, and were not allowed to be buried in Pingcheng.

Fourth, change Xianbei's surname to Han's. First of all, from the royal family, the name of Tuoba was changed to yuanshi county County. The rest of the changes are invincible (remember). It is also stipulated that the eight surnames of Xianbei are equivalent to the four surnames of Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng, the first-class aristocrats of Han people, and the nobles other than the eight surnames of Xianbei are also rated. So that Xianbei nobles also implemented the gate valve system like the Han nationality.

Five, prohibit Xianbei people from marrying the same surname, and encourage Xianbei people to marry Han people according to their family status. Emperor Xiaowen also took the lead, taking the woman with the most Chinese surnames as his concubine, and marrying the woman with the most Chinese surnames for his five imperial brothers and the princess with the most Chinese surnames as his wife.

5 1. Confucianism, represented by Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.

2. Taoism, represented by Laozi, Zhuangzi and Yang Zhu. Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi.

3. Mohist school, representative figure: Mozi. Works: Mozi

4. Legalists, representatives: Han Fei, Li Si and Shang Yang. Works: Han Feizi

5. Military strategist, representative figures: Sun Wu, Sun Bin. Works: Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War.

6. Famous artists, representatives: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong and Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Zilong

7. Yin and Yang family, representative: Zou Yan.

8. Strategists and strategists, with representative figures: Gui Guzi, Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The main remarks were circulated in Warring States Policy and Guigujing.

9. Saint, representative figure: Works: Lu Chunqiu.

10. farmhouse, farm representative: Xu Hang