Is Shanxi a descendant of Xiongnu?

Archaeology shows that in ancient times, southern Shanxi was the birthplace of human beings. The discovery of the "Century Shu Ape" fossil in Yuanqu County, Yuncheng City has advanced the appearance time of apes by 6.5438+million years. In the early Paleolithic period, about 6.5438 0.8 million years ago, there were primitive people in Jinnan, Shanxi Province, among which the burnt bones found in Xihoudu Cultural Site in Ruicheng County, Yuncheng City,

The history of human fire discovered by China is 6.5438+0 million years ahead of schedule. About 10-20000 years ago, in the middle paleolithic period, there were relatively concentrated primitive people and villages on both sides of Fenhe River in Shanxi and in Datong and Shuozhou. In the late Neolithic period, the south of Shanxi had become the center of many countries at that time.

The discovery and research results of Taosi Site in Xiangfen County, Linfen show that it is the capital of Yao Emperor and the earliest place where China was located. This made Yao Shunyu, a prehistoric legend in China, change from a legend to a belief about 4,500 years ago, and the 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization was confirmed.

After Dayu died, his son succeeded to the throne. The ruling center in the early summer was in Xiaxian County in the south of Shanxi Province, and this summer's Dongxiafeng site in Xiaxian County is an important summer site.

During the Shang Dynasty, there were more than a dozen tribes scattered in other places in the south of Shanxi within its "thousands of miles".

In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, vassals were enfeoffed on a large scale, and the central and southern Shanxi was the territory of more than ten vassals, among which the main vassal state was Jin State.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Jin developed strongly and gradually annexed small neighboring countries, becoming one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. At its peak, the territory of the State of Jin included about south-central Shanxi, southwest Hebei, northwest Henan and east Shaanxi, with more than 50 counties, including 65,438+00 counties in Shanxi. The Jin Dynasty was the origin of the county system, and later Qin extended this system to the whole country.

Extended data

The history and culture of Shanxi

Dialect culture

Jin dialect is used in most parts of Shanxi, Zhongyuan Mandarin is used in most parts of southern Shanxi, and Jilu Mandarin is used in Guangling County.

Jin dialect is the only unofficial dialect in northern China. The biggest feature of Jin dialect, which is different from Putonghua, is to keep entering tone. Most Jin dialects have five tones. The tone of Jin dialect has a very complicated tone sandhi phenomenon. Today, when reading the fricative of Jin language, the ancient voiced sound is not aspirated. Jin dialect retains many characteristics of ancient Chinese.

Opera culture

Shanxi is one of the birthplaces of China's traditional opera art, and is called "the cradle of traditional opera". In the Han Dynasty, drama appeared in Shanxi. During the Northern Song Dynasty, all kinds of local operas were active in Shanxi-these local operas were the embryonic form of China opera; During the Yuan Dynasty, Shanxi became the center of the national opera art, and the Yuan Dynasty stage found in the whole country was basically in Shanxi (southern Shanxi).

In the Ming Dynasty, folk artists from Zhou Pu, Shaanxi, Tongzhou, Henan and Shanzhou reformed the singing of northern zaju, and evolved the drama "Zhou Pu Bangzi". Zhou Pu Bangzi was combined with local operas in Jinzhong, northern Shanxi and southeastern Shanxi respectively, and gradually formed Middle Road Bangzi, Northern Road Bangzi and Shangdang Bangzi.

In the mid-Qing Dynasty, China opera began a dispute between "flower" (that is, Bangzi opera) and "elegance" (that is, Kunqu opera), and the wind of Shanxi folk opera prevailed. In big towns and villages, two troupes are often invited to perform and sing "anti-Taiwan dramas". According to the investigation of 1980, there are 54 local operas in Shanxi, accounting for one sixth of more than 300 operas.

Large traditional opera

Among the local operas in Shanxi, there are Pu Opera, Jin Opera, Hokuriku Bangzi and Shangdang Bangzi, among which Pu Opera, Jin Opera and Hokuriku Bangzi have the same root and different branches. The musical structure of Bangzi Opera is the earliest "two sentences" and "banqiang" operas. Pu Opera, also known as Zhou Pu Bangzi, was named after its origin in Zhou Pu (now Yongji), formed in the late Ming Dynasty and prevailed in the Qing Dynasty.

It is the oldest four Bangzi operas in Shanxi, with more than 1000 performances. Zhou Pu Bangzi spread to Jinzhong, where it merged with the local yangko and rap art, forming the Middle Road Bangzi. After Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, with the economic prosperity in Jinzhong area, Zhonglu Bangzi became more and more famous, and it was known as "Jin Opera" in the world. In the late Ming Dynasty,

The second large-scale migration caused a large number of people from southern Shanxi to move to northern Shanxi. Immigrants liked to listen to local accents, which made Pu Opera gradually spread in northern Shanxi. Influenced by the spread of Pu Opera, North Road Bangzi, with a fierce voice, appeared in northern Shaanxi. Shangdang Bangzi originated in Ze and Lu areas of Shangdang County in ancient times. It is composed of operas in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Juan Opera and folk songs from other places, and it is integrated with Bangzi Opera in southern Shanxi and Jinzhong.

playlet

Shangdang Luozi and Hu Mei in the south of Shanxi are big plays in small plays. Influenced by religious culture, Shanxi has Taoist dramas such as Northern Shaanxi, Hongtong, Linxian and Yongji. There are 16 kinds of yangko operas in Shanxi.

The representative operas of Wan Wan Opera are Quwo Wan Wan Opera and Xiaoyi Wan Wan Opera. Other operas include Errentai, Xiaohua Opera, Fan Shi Bouncing, Teasing Children, Fengtai Opera, Toad Weng, Lahuo Opera, Jumping from a Building, Hedong Line Opera, Shangdang Leather Spring and so on.

Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia-Shanxi (People's Republic of China (PRC) Provincial Administrative Region)