Brief introduction of Fan, the leader of peasant uprising in Southern Song Dynasty. Did Fan Weiru's uprising succeed?

Fan, born in Jianzhou (now Jian 'ou), is a "book of rough knowledge" (Zhongxing, Volume 9). His uncle Fan Ji called a group of bankrupt farmers to sell illicit salt. At that time, salt was sold by officials of Fujian * * * government, and the price of official salt was high, so private salt sold well. Many poor farmers sell illicit salt in droves. The government forced the sale of official salt, cutting off the livelihood of bankrupt farmers. The disciples who followed Fan Ji repeatedly asked for uprising, but they didn't follow in the accumulation. After the men killed, "robbery is the first" (Zhu Yu, volume 133, Thief), but they refused all the time, so with Fan Ru as the leader, an armed uprising was held in Huiyuan Cave (a mountainous area bordering Jianyang) on July 21st in the fourth year of Jianyan (1 130). "Hui Bian Bing" 176 10 points, saying that when you were drafted, your uncle made up for loyalty and training Lang in the third place, which is consistent with what the language 133 said. About killing people, Volume 36 of Annals of Yan Li says that you killed people; The ninth volume of Zhongxing Xiaoji is unclear whether you killed for yourself or for others. "Zhu" said that this was a murder by a disciple. Both the above two things were adopted by Zhu).

Fan Weiru, when the uprising started, "there were only fifty people at the beginning" (Li Xinchuan's Chronicle Since the Establishment of Inflammation, Volume 54). There was a famine in northern Fujian at that time, and many hungry people took part in the uprising. Wang Chang, the magistrate of Jianyang County, and Huang Bangguang, the magistrate of Ouning County, were helpless. Han Min, the magistrate of Jianzhou County, sent state soldiers to suppress them and were defeated by the peasant army. On August 23rd, Song Ting ordered Fujian Anfu to make Cheng Mai "unify the soldiers" (Song Draft, volume 176, Bing and Fan, volume 173). On September 2, SHEN WOO Vice Governor Li Bang and Commander-in-Chief Wang Min led 3,000 officers and men to attack the peasant army. Fan took advantage of the unfamiliar characteristics of loyalists to lead them to the mountains, dragged the officers and men to exhaustion on the rugged mountain roads, and then lured them out of the plains. At that time, the autumn harvest was ripe, and when the loyalists came out of the mountain, they "rushed to the fields, which was both a stumbling block and a quagmire" (Zhu Yu, Volume 133, Thief). The peasant army ambushed in advance bravely attacked from all directions, most of the loyalists were wiped out, and Li Bang fled. The peasant army won Lien Chan with great momentum. Nearby farmers joined the Rebel Army one after another, with a strength of 65,438+10,000. ("Song Yaohui Collection", volume 176, introduces Wang Xie, a former military commander, in the Eighth Division of Xinzhou, and reports to Fan Ru: "After killing the stragglers, the more people gather, the more arrogant they become." ) Fan took advantage of the victory and captured Jianyang City.

When the military crackdown failed, Song Gaozong sent former censors Xie Xiang and Di Gong Lang Lutang to woo them on1Oct.21,but Fan ignored them. 1 1 month 1 1 day, the deputy army of SHEN WOO, a high sect, took control of Xin Qiji Sect and led tens of thousands of loyal ministers to "suppress" it in Fujian. Xin Qizong led his troops to Shaowu, which is nearly 100 kilometers away from the rebel stronghold. He didn't dare to enter, but only sent a small number of loyalists to attack, all of which were defeated by the insurgents. Shi Kui, a native of Shaowu, was a professor at Yingchangfu School and offered advice to Xin Qizong. At that time, Fujian Road Supervision Bureau also advocated suggestions, so it recruited Guo Shiye and Shi Kui to persuade surrender. Fan Ru was "eager for official positions, but afraid of being followed by the army" (Volume 9 of Xiong Ke Zhongxing Xiaoji), so he led his troops to send Fan Shuhu and others out of the village to accept peace. 1Feb. 29th, the court "named you Wu Ichiro, only X Gate, and filled all the militiamen" (Li Xin biography "Chronicles of the Years since the Establishment of Inflammation", Volume 40). Ye Tie, a veteran of the peasant army, was awarded the title of deputy commander of the Chinese militia and changed his name to Che. The rest of the peasant army generals were awarded "100 officials and 100 people" (Li Xinchuan's Chronicle Since the Establishment of Inflammation, Volume 42). Song Ting also appointed Xie Xiang and Lu Tang as village officials to supervise Fan.

After Fan was surrendered, he took part in suppressing peasant armies such as Liu Shiju, Liao and Yu Sheng in northern Fujian, and killed each other with Zhang Wanquan and Zhang Yi who were surrendered. However, he has always been "unwilling to part with his disciples" (Li Xinchuan's Records of Jian Yan Years, Volume 40). In the first year of Shaoxing (1 13 1), Emperor Gaozong ordered you to be put under the jurisdiction of Xin Qizong, and after February, he repeatedly ordered Xin Qizong and Xie Xiang to "release you as a partisans" (Chronicle of Li Xinchuan since Yan Jian, Volume 40). Fan did not obey orders, but stationed his peasant army in dozens of "peripheral villages" outside Jianzhou City and divided them into several passes. At the same time, they competed for land in villages, and ordered landlords to "pay silver or money according to their income" (Liao Gang's "Collected Works of Gao Feng", Volume I, "Investing in the Rich"), otherwise they would be expelled from the village, their land, cattle, sheep and livestock would be confiscated, and they would be given to the peasant army for farming.

In July of the first year of Shaoxing, Jianyang Ding Chaozuo revolted. Fan led Xiong Zhining, the prefect of the headquarters, to meet the enemy and crusade against local feudal forces. In order to prevent the peasant army from going south, Song Ting ordered Xin Qiji to move to Fuzhou and sent officers and men to suppress it. Xin Qizong lingered. In September, the emperor ordered Hu Shi, the supervisor, to go to Fujian Road for instructions. In October, Hu Shi will report to the court: "You are arrogant and plundered, while Zhao Xiexiang and Lu Tanggu associate with thieves" (Xiong Ke Zhongxing Volume 11). Seeing that "Xin Qizong sat back and did not control it, Xie Xiangshun did not dare to violate it" (Li Xinchuan's Records of Jian Yan Years, Volume 42), he sent a letter to reward Fan and other leaders of the peasant army. On October 19th of the first year of Shaoxing, Fan raised the banner of righteousness again and led the peasant army into Jianzhou City. All the officials below Wang Junming fled, and Ye Fei, the magistrate of Ouning County, was detained. Fan ordered Ye Fei to temporarily handle state affairs and establish local political power. At this time, the ranks of the peasant army have reached "more than 100,000" (Li Xinchuan's Chronicle Since the Establishment of Inflammation, Volume 48), and Fan divided his forces to attack and expand his sphere of influence. 10.30, liangye led the peasant army to attack Shaowu, and Shan Li, the deputy commander of Jiangxi Army stationed in Shaowu, was defeated and retreated to the luster. 1 1 On June 6th, the leaves shone again, and Shan Li fled back to Xinzhou, Jiangxi (now Shangrao). At the same time, Yao Da and Rao Qing led more than 10,000 peasant and civilian troops into Jiangxi, and their rangers went deep into Fuzhou (now Linchuan). Li Hui, the appeasement of Jiangxi, hurriedly asked Yue Fei, who was stationed in Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang), to divide his troops into Baojianchang (now Cheng Nan) and Fuzhou. In November, the peasant army attacked Jianchang and was defeated by Wang Wan and Xu Qing of Yue Fei Department. Yao Da and Rao Qing were captured. 1 1 On 20th, Fan ordered Ye Tie to lead an army south to capture Shaxian and Youxi, and then attack Nanjian Youzhou (now Nanping). Shi Ren 'an, commander of Xin Qiji's army stationed in the west of the city, refused to take part in the war. Magistrate Zhang Biao led the state soldiers to take turns, Ye Tie was unfortunately killed in the middle reaches, and the peasant army was defeated. Later, Ye Tie's son avenged his father and led troops to attack Nanjian, which was also defeated by the loyalist. During this period, another peasant army entered Zhenghe and Songxi, and Xiong Zhining and his men ran between Chong 'an and Pucheng. Although the peasant army suffered setbacks in advancing westward and southward, it still controlled most of northern Fujian and threatened southern Zhejiang and northeastern Jiangxi.

After Fan rebelled again, officials from Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi came to Song Ting for emergency. Cheng Mai, the ambassador of Fujian Anfu, kept writing letters to Gao Zong, accusing Xin Qiji of "supporting troops to stay behind" and "playing with bandits" and demanding "changing the general's life" (Li Xinchuan's Chronicle Since the Establishment of Inflammation, Volume 49). 1 1 May 5th, Emperor Gaozong appointed Yu Meng, who was involved in politics, as the special envoy of Fu Xuan in Jinghu, Fujian and Jiangxi, and transferred SHEN WOO Zuo Jun, a famous soldier from the anti-Jin front, to control Han Shizhong as Xuanwei's deputy envoy, and led 30,000 loyal ministers to "suppress" in Fujian first, so that Xin Qizong and his subordinates were transferred to Han Shizhong's command. In order to prevent the peasant army from going down the Minjiang River, Han Shizhong decided to take a boat from Taizhou (now Linhai, Zhejiang) to Fuzhou, and then go north to take Jianzhou. At the beginning of the first month of the second year of Shaoxing, after the Korean army arrived in Fuzhou, it was hastily founded. A sword to the south, the bridge was burned by the peasant army. Han Shizhong took the lead in riding across the sword pool, and his men crossed the river together. At that time, the main road leading to Jianzhou was blocked and destroyed by the peasant army, so Han Shizhong led the army to copy the mountain road and quickly bypassed the Phoenix Mountain in the northeast of Jianzhou. On the morning of the fourth day, the Korean army suddenly surrounded the city and attacked the city day and night with flyovers, opposite buildings, ladders and cannons. The peasant army stubbornly attacked the city. On the ninth night, when the peasant army was tired, the Korean army got on the escalator and the city was breached. More than 10,000 peasants and soldiers died heroically, and more than 500 people, including Zhang Xiong, were captured. In order to break through, Fan Ru retreated to Yuan Cave and set himself on fire. The rest of the peasant army, led by generals such as Lv Biqiang, Ye Tiegu, Lv Bixian, Zhang Gongshou and Xiong Zhiyuan, split up and attacked Shao Wucheng again. Due to the loss of unified command, most of them were defeated by the Korean army one after another. In this battle, the peasant army was killed more than 30 thousand people.

Related events The peasant uprising rose in the Song Dynasty, and the degree of land annexation intensified, and the land was highly concentrated in the hands of a few nobles, bureaucrats and big landlords. In the Southern Song Dynasty, land annexation intensified, and many yeomen went bankrupt and became tenant farmers, while bureaucrats and big landlords concentrated on exploiting the previous generation and brutally exploited and oppressed tenant farmers. Northern Fujian has many mountains, little land and poor people, which is one of the most seriously exploited areas by the landlord class. Coupled with the layers of extortion by officials at all levels, as well as years of military disasters, the people were displaced, and few people were engaged in farming. As a result, most people were hungry and cold, and they struggled to death. Therefore, shortly after he ascended the throne, peasant uprisings broke out, the largest of which was led by Fan.

Anecdotal allusion: In April 2002 1 1 Shaoxing, Song Ting issued the so-called "Desheng" counterattack, which was regarded as the struggle of the peasant army to seize land. Emperor Gaozong ordered all counties in Fujian to make a list and announce the fields "occupied" by peasant troops, or "ordered landlords to pay rent and pay an acre", "which made many people complain and the government returned them" (Book 167 of Criminal Law and Three Lawsuits compiled by Song Dynasty)

After the failure of Fan Uprising, Fan Zhong still led thousands of peasant troops to fight to the end. In November of the following year, the peasant army captured Shaoxing Songxi, killing Wu Mou, the county commandant, and Chen Jianzhi, the wife of Zhizhou. Then he entered Longquan, Zhejiang, and besieged Chuzhou (now Lishui). On the first day of December, Emperor Gaozong ordered Shin Se Kyung, the former commander-in-chief of SHEN WOO's former army, and Zhong Rui Shan Dezhong, the sixth commander-in-chief, to lead 2,000 officers and men to save Chuzhou. However, the officers and men of Shen Dan and Shandan are still no match for the peasant army. "The country is in a state of emergency." Song Ting also sent "Zhang Shouzhong, the first general of Zhong Rui, will meet with 2,000 elite soldiers" (Li Xinchuan's A Record of the Years since Jianyan (Volume 61). Fan Zhongyan's peasant army fought bloody battles with four times its own enemies, and was brutally suppressed because of the disparity in numbers.