French political system

The president is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with a term of five years (according to the results of the referendum, it was changed to five years in June 2000 and seven years before), and is directly elected by voters. The President has the power to appoint and remove the Prime Minister and ministers who approve the nomination of the Prime Minister; Preside over cabinet meetings, the Supreme National Defense Conference and the National Defense Commission; Have the right to dissolve parliament; Some important bills can be directly submitted to a referendum without going through parliament; In case of emergency, the President has full authority to "take necessary measures according to the situation". When the President is unable to perform his duties or becomes vacant, the Speaker of the Senate shall act as the President. Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate. It has the right to make laws, supervise the government, pass budgets and approve the declaration of war.

The National Assembly * * * has a total of 577 seats, with a term of five years. It is directly elected by voters by two rounds of direct majority voting. Senate has * * * 32 1 seat. Senators serve a nine-year term and are re-elected every three years. Taking the province as a unit, they are indirectly elected by an electoral college composed of members of national assemblies and local councils at all levels.

1995 On July 3 1, the French Parliament passed the constitutional amendment. The bill authorizes the president to make greater use of referendums to solve economic and social problems. At the suggestion of the government, the Senate and the National Assembly, the French President can put all reform plans involving public power organizations and French economic or social policies to a referendum.

Presidential Palace-Elysee Palace, Prime Minister's Office-Matignon Palace, National Assembly-Bourbon Palace.

Diplomacy: France is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a founding member and an important member of the European Union, and a member of NATO (but does not participate in NATO military integration institutions). Since the founding of the Fifth Republic of France, successive governments have basically followed the independent foreign policy formulated by Charles de Gaulle to safeguard national independence. The EU is the foundation of French diplomacy. France is committed to promoting the construction of Europe, building the EU into a truly independent pole, and giving full play to France's central role in it; Promote multipolarization, develop and strengthen cooperation between Europe and Asia; Strive for a favorable position among major powers; Maintain and develop traditional relations with African countries and promote developed countries to increase aid to Africa; Actively participate in the Middle East peace process and related hot issues; Strengthen political and economic relations with Asia and Latin America.

political party

France has a multi-party system, and there are currently more than 30 political parties.

(1) UMP: The main ruling party and the largest political party in parliament. Its predecessor was the Presidential Majority Alliance, which was established to support Chirac in the 2002 presidential election. In 2002, 165438+ 10/8 was officially announced and adopted its current name. The core is Chirac's original defense alliance (Dai Party), which absorbed the main forces of the Liberal Democratic Party and the French Democratic Alliance. At present, there are 265,438+00,000 people in party member, most of whom are employees, officials, freelancers, businessmen, farmers and workers. The party platform is "Freedom, Responsibility, Mutual Assistance, Country, Europe", which emphasizes pursuing a pragmatic and open economic policy, reshaping the concept of social market economy, promoting the construction and eastward expansion of the European Union, and belongs to the center-right party. Chairman Nicholas? Sarkozy.

(2) Socialist Party: the second largest party in Parliament and the main opposition party. Formerly known as 1905, the "workers' international French branch" was split in 1920, and most people formed another * * * production party, while a few people kept their original names. 1969 The Socialist Party was reorganized and established, and 197 1 merged with left-wing organizations such as "* * * and Institutional Agreement Council". At present, there are about 6,543,800+3,000 people in party member, mostly public officials and intellectuals. Internally, it pays attention to the color of left-wing political parties, advocates safeguarding labor interests, and adopts pragmatic economic policies; It advocates maintaining France's independent nuclear power, promoting European integration and strengthening North-South dialogue. After successive defeats in the presidential and legislative elections in 2002, factional struggles within the party became increasingly fierce and their strength was greatly weakened. In recent years, taking advantage of the French people's dissatisfaction with the reform of the center-right government, they defeated the right in local elections and European Parliament elections, successfully prevented the referendum on the European Constitutional Treaty, incited social agitation, and gained political influence. The current First Secretary, francois hollande (Fran? Hollande).

(3) French Democratic Union? Ais (UDF): The third largest party in Parliament. Its predecessor was 1978, a multi-party alliance composed of right-wing moderates and intermediate forces, such as * * and the party, democratic forces, the People's Party for Democracy in France and the Radical Party. 1998 merged to form a unified political party. 1993, 1995, and formed a right-wing Coalition government in 2002. In 200 1 year, a part of party member, headed by Douste blazy, vice chairman, joined the presidential majority alliance, which later became the People's Movement Alliance. There are about 40,000 people in party member. Internally, it advocates a certain degree of social reform, advocates liberalization policies in social, economic and cultural fields, and actively advocates strengthening EU construction. The current chairman francois bayrou (Fran? ois BAYROU).

(4) the French * * * production party (Parti Communiste Fran? AIS): 1920 was established in February. Party member134,000 people, mostly workers, staff, teachers and craftsmen. At the 30th National Congress in 2000, it was proposed to promote the theory of "new * * * productism", "new * * * production party" and "left-wing progressive forces alliance" in an effort to explore a development path in line with France's national conditions. In the 2002 legislative election, Mary-George Buffett (female) became the Secretary of State.

(5) Front ethnic group: founded in 1972 and 10, formerly known as the banned extreme right organization "New Order Party". There are about 654.38 million people in party member, mostly small and medium-sized enterprises. He entered the National Assembly for the first time in the 1986 parliamentary election. On behalf of the ultra-nationalist trend of thought, he incited xenophobia, stressed that "France should be saved from European control and cosmopolitanism" and called for "crusade against new materialism and cosmopolitanism". Jean-Marie LE PEN, the chairman of the party, won the first round of the 2002 presidential election, which greatly shocked the French ruling and opposition parties and European politics, and was defeated by the French left and right wings in the second round. Recently, due to the prominent economic and social contradictions in France, the influence of the party has risen again.

The remaining political parties mainly include:

Right wing: New French Democratic Union, French Movement, Social Republican Forum and French Union.

Left wing: the Green Party (Les Verts), the left wing * * and the Republican Union * *, the civic movement and the left radical party (Gauche Radical Party).

Centrist: Civil Movement-* * and Faction (Civil Movement -P? Republican newspaper

Far right: national propaganda campaign.

Far left: Lutte Ouvrière, French Revolutionary Union, Labor Party.

judicial authority

It is divided into two relatively independent judicial systems, namely, the ordinary courts responsible for hearing civil and criminal cases and the administrative courts responsible for disputes between citizens and government agencies.

Ordinary courts are divided into three categories: 1, specialized courts (including children's courts, labor mediation committees for handling labor disputes, commercial courts for hearing disputes between businessmen or commercial companies, and social insurance courts). 2. Civil courts. 3. Criminal courts (including police courts that adjudicate minor crimes, misdemeanor courts that adjudicate minor crimes and felony courts that adjudicate major criminal cases).

The ordinary court system is vertically divided into four levels: court of first instance, court of first instance, court of appeal and court of final appeal. The Court of Final Appeal is the highest judicial organ, which is responsible for accepting appeals against the judgments of 35 appeal courts. Guy Canivet, President.

The administrative court is the highest administrative litigation organ and consists of the administrative court. The administrative court makes a final ruling on the legality of administrative decrees and acts as an adviser to the government when formulating draft laws.

French procuratorial organs have no independent organizational system, and their functions are exercised by prosecutors equipped with courts at all levels. Although the prosecutor is stationed in the court, he functions independently of the court. The management power of prosecutors belongs to the Ministry of Justice. Supreme Court 1 Attorney General and several prosecutors; The Court of Appeal has 1 prosecutors and several prosecutors; The court of first instance has 65,438+0 prosecutors, as well as several lawyers and assistant prosecutors.