Ethical issues brought by space migration

1, human cloning: human cloning refers to the use of cloning technology to copy a part of a person or organization with the same genes as the copied person. (You can start with the other party's misinterpretation of the concept)

2. Test-tube baby: Test-tube baby is a baby developed by artificially fertilizing eggs and sperm in vitro, developing into early embryos, and then transplanting them into the mother's uterus. Originally by British obstetrician Patrick? Steptoe and physiologist Robert? Edwards successfully participated in this research. Robert edwards won the 20 10 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Now the total number of test-tube babies in the world has reached thousands.

3. Ethics: 1 The order of things: musicians, ethics. It also refers to orderly arrangement and deployment: a big family has spent a lot of money, but things have not been done yet, and ethics is quite laborious.

(2) China ancient originally refers to the order of music. Later, it was used to describe the hierarchical relationship between father and son, monarch and minister, husband and wife, old and young, friends and their corresponding moral norms in feudal society. Its meaning is the same as that of interpersonal relationship. The words "ethics" and "morality" are sometimes commonly used, such as "ethical relationship" or "moral relationship".

4. Morality: the sum total of behavioral norms that adjust the relationship between people based on the evaluation of good and evil and relying on the power of public opinion, traditional customs and people's inner beliefs. It runs through all aspects of social life, such as social morality, marriage and family morality, professional ethics and so on. By establishing certain standards of good and evil and codes of conduct, it restricts people's mutual relations and personal behaviors, regulates social relations, and plays a role in maintaining the normal order of social life together with the law. Sometimes it refers to moral quality or moral behavior.

5. Give up eating because of choking: The original intention is to make everyone in the world stop eating, because someone choked to death. Metaphor means not doing what you want to do because you have problems or are afraid of problems.

6. Seek advantages and avoid disadvantages: tend to the favorable side and avoid the harmful side.

7. Right to subsistence: refers to the right that people should enjoy the basic conditions necessary to maintain a normal life under certain social relations and historical conditions. It not only refers to the right of individual life to be extended in the physiological sense, but also refers to the right of the country, the nation and its people to be guaranteed in the social sense. It includes not only that people's life safety and basic freedom are not infringed, but also that people's property on which they depend is not plundered, and people's basic living standards and health standards are guaranteed and constantly improved.

8. Organ transplantation: it is an operation to transplant a healthy organ into another person to restore its function quickly, in order to compensate the recipient for the loss of the function of the corresponding organ due to fatal diseases. In China, 6.5438+0.5 million people need organ transplantation every year, but less than 6.5438+0.5 million people can get donors. The lack of citizens' awareness of organ donation has become the biggest obstacle to organ transplantation.

9. Worried about the sky: The original meaning of this idiom means that individuals in the State of Qi are afraid that the sky will fall, often referring to unnecessary or unfounded worries and anxieties. It is necessary to advocate "following nature and governing by doing nothing". This is a reflection of Taoist philosophy of life. Later, people often used the idiom "worrying about the sky" to describe unnecessary worrying about the sky. Before human beings fully understand nature, there is nothing wrong with a person asking any questions, and his spirit of being diligent and eager to explore is not wrong. However, it is wrong for an alarmist to worry about this problem all day and affect his real physical and mental life. There are many things that will and will not happen in the future. What's the use of worrying all day? The key is to learn more knowledge, understand nature and plan ahead. "Nothing is difficult in the world if you put your mind to it." Modern society is a highly competitive society. Whether you have a good mentality and a healthy mental state is extremely important for a person's development. At ordinary times, we should pay attention to analyzing the relationship between things to prevent subjectivity and blindness. For some problems that really can't be understood and solved, don't fall into endless sadness. Open-minded is the joy of life.

Opinions

Thank you, Chairman! Chairman, judges, students, good evening! First of all, please allow me to explain to you what human cloning is. Human cloning refers to the use of cloning technology to copy a part of a person or organization, which has the same gene as the copied person. But we believe that the advantages of human cloning outweigh the disadvantages, and the standard is that human cloning can improve the human development index. The human development index published by the United Nations we quoted includes the logarithm of life expectancy and GDP per capita. We will explain our views on this:

First of all, life expectancy per capita measures human health. Human cloning is the end point of therapeutic cloning. The breakthrough of therapeutic cloning in producing transplanted organs and overcoming diseases will bring revolutionary changes to biotechnology and medical technology. Moreover, the drug will be safer after the test, and there will be no rejection reaction in the organs. But everything has two sides. The same gene may make the virus spread more easily, but it can't resist the great benefits brought by human cloning. With the improvement of biotechnology and medical technology, the average life expectancy will naturally increase. Therefore, we believe that the advantages of human cloning outweigh the disadvantages of human development.

Second, the logarithm of per capita GDP is an index to measure the comprehensive level of economic development. Although human cloning may bring some pressure to the carrying capacity of the environment, it does not necessarily pose a threat as far as the current technology is concerned. As the ultimate direction of therapeutic cloning, human cloning has brought a medical approach with strong practicability, obvious effect and few side effects, and it will bring immeasurable huge profits when it is put into the market. The economic value created by human cloning and its contribution to the logarithm of per capita GDP are really admirable. Therefore, we believe that the advantages of human cloning outweigh the disadvantages of human development.

As we all know, science is a double-edged sword. Whether it is beneficial to human beings depends on how human beings treat and apply it. So people can't choke on food just because it's temporarily unreasonable. Gunpowder technology is like this, so is atomic energy technology, and of course so should human cloning technology. We agree that the possibility of human cloning is unfavorable to human development, such as the threat to sexual reproduction, the difficulty in determining blood relationship, and the difficulty in distinguishing identity from social rights. But please ask another debater to think calmly, is today's "cloning technology craze" just to let us see its advantages and disadvantages? Is it more necessary for us to think deeply about this problem? People have been discussing whether we should clone human beings. No matter what the result is, it will be a valuable experience for mankind to face new technologies in the future. Its benefits to human development will be far-reaching and lasting, so we think that the advantages of human cloning outweigh the disadvantages.

So far, we have analyzed the human development index from two aspects and come to the conclusion that the advantages of human cloning outweigh the disadvantages. Although there are still some shortcomings in the human development index, which can't comprehensively measure human development, the ideological trend and experience caused by human cloning will enable us to better face the future high technology, which will undoubtedly become great wealth for mankind. Therefore, we firmly believe that the advantages of human cloning outweigh the disadvantages of human development.

Problems that should be emphasized

1, human cloning is a way and right of human reproduction.

There are 70 million men in the world without any form of fertility, and human cloning is the last way of human reproduction.

The development of human society itself tells us that it is a historical progress for science and technology to drive people to update their ideas, while it is rigid to bind the development of science and technology with old ideas. Historically, blood transfusion technology, organ transplantation, etc. , has brought great ethical controversy, in 1978 when the first test-tube baby was born, caused an uproar, but now, people have been able to treat all this correctly. This shows that the idea of constantly updating in the face of scientific and technological development has not brought disaster to mankind, on the contrary, it has benefited mankind. As far as cloning technology is concerned, "therapeutic cloning" will make a breakthrough in producing transplanted organs and overcoming diseases, and bring revolutionary changes to biotechnology and medical technology.

Example when your daughter needs a bone marrow transplant and no one can provide it for her; When you unfortunately lost a 5-year-old child, you can't get rid of the pain; When you want to raise your own children but can't have children ... maybe you can realize the great scientific value and practical significance of cloning. The research of therapeutic cloning and the experiment of complete human cloning complement and promote each other. The end point of therapeutic cloning is the emergence of complete human cloning. If used properly, they can and should bring benefits to human society.

In my opinion, it is a very good thing to save a dying organ of human body by creating the needed tissue cells through cloning. In medical treatment, organ transplantation is still a big problem until today. Every year, so many people lose hope in life because they can't wait for donors. On the other hand, the evil organ trade is also going on in the dark. Some international criminal gangs make use of the disparity between the supply and demand of human organs to make a fortune, trafficking in people, killing people, stealing babies, smuggling and so on. If one day people who need to change organs do not need to transplant other people's organs, they just need to take down somatic cells and clone them into blastocysts, then obtain embryonic stem cells, and finally cultivate organs that match them completely, so that the diseased organs can be updated. In this way, patients are more likely to be cured, and there is no market for organ dealers who secretly do evil.

2. Treat it with a scientific attitude.

In the research of cloning early human embryos, we should not blindly follow the extreme views of foreign countries. When we hear others' approval, we will nod, and when we see others' opposition, we will deny it without thinking.

I think, as a scientist, we should discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this research more and put forward our own views. As the public, we should improve our scientific literacy and treat the influence of scientific progress on human life with a scientific attitude. For example, for genetically modified foods, it is irresponsible for some people to hear that wind is rain before they understand the fur of this research.

I welcome this research. If this research is really a science, then nothing can stop its development unless it is pseudoscience. There are many such examples in the history of world genetics. For example, a research is temporarily banned for political reasons, but as long as it is science, it will still flourish in the later stage or elsewhere.

We should see the positive benefits that scientific progress brings to mankind. We can't kill "therapeutic cloning" just because it may lead to human cloning, which is as stupid as completely killing genetic engineering to prevent the use of genetic technology to make biological weapons. Of course, we treat it scientifically, including preventing it from being abused and misled. Once discovered, the public has the right to stand up and resist interference.

I firmly believe that as long as we can treat the cloning technology correctly, then mankind will certainly benefit a lot from it.

Debate example

Founder: I think "cloning technology can benefit mankind". If we can expand the reproduction of infertile animals, it is reported that mule, a hybrid animal born of male donkey and female horse, how do these excellent breeds reproduce? Only clones can be used. It can also save endangered animals with low reproductive capacity, such as pandas.

Counterparty: I don't think cloning is good for human beings. Don't believe me, please listen to me slowly. First of all, cloning can really save endangered animals. There are both positive and negative arguments, but have you ever thought that such cloning will destroy the normal development of animal populations and weaken animals, even if it can save them for a while, it can save them for a lifetime? I don't think so. Some people say that cloning can regenerate animals and plants. Have you ever thought that this ecological balance has been maintained for thousands of years as long as human beings do not deliberately destroy it? Does your unrestricted cloning destroy its food chain, or is it another kind of ecological balance destruction?

In favor: (Pay attention to the concept of the other party's stealing) It can be demonstrated from the destruction of ecological balance since the invention of cloning technology, emphasizing that cloning is to maintain balance. It is said that nearly 100 kinds of plants disappear every day in the Amazon rainforest, so cloning can save some plants, although not all, but it can still be partially preserved. Although the current cloning technology is not very developed, I believe that the level of cloning will be better in the future. At this time, cloning has its place. You can't wait until the earth is completely deserted to study cloning, can you?

The opposing side: The opposing debater is really full of hope for the future! But it also proves that this is just your beautiful imagination, hoping for the progress of cloning technology. In fact, after 247 failures, Dolly cloned sheep was obtained. How many animals need to be hurt in this process? Isn't this against the original intention of our cloning?

Professor: Failure is the mother of success! Now cloning technology may not be developed, but in the future, I believe that the level of human cloning will be better and better, and the cloned animals and plants will be better and better. Things like the failure of 247 will not happen again, and will eventually benefit mankind. Moreover, cloning plays an important role in the study of certain diseases and human life span. When one day something goes wrong with one of our own organs, we can take this organ out of the previously cloned embryo for culture, and then replace our diseased organ. We don't have to be afraid of disease anymore. So cloning is still good for human beings.

Counterparty: Do you still think there are not many people in the world? If you change organs as soon as you get a serious illness, can't everyone live forever? If so, wouldn't the earth's population growth rate reach its peak and the earth would be in crisis?

Agree: If it is convenient to find the right one, Professor Yuan Longping would not have achieved today if he thought that hundreds of millions more people would live when he invented hybrid rice, which would endanger the family planning work of the motherland. Now, mankind can build higher buildings than before, and in the future, mankind will be able to find ways to make more people live. After all, since the technology is very advanced, space migration will not be a problem in the future.

Counterparty: I want to talk about the harm of human cloning. For example, if the cloned donor cells are mutated, or the culture genes that cultivate embryos play a small joke on scientists and clone a waste product, can we treat them like dogs and cats? Organ transplantation, lack of donors, can you save for a rainy day and clone an organ warehouse for yourself for emergency use in the future? If so, can people take a kidney and gouge out an eye from a clone with complete facial features and rich expression, just like us? Humans have long expected to get rid of heavy or dangerous labor with the help of robots, but even smart robots are clumsy and unsatisfactory. Can you clone a substitute for "me" and give him dexterous limbs and the will to obey absolutely? If so, will the awakened clones shout to us one day: "Prince and prince would rather have seeds?"

Right: First of all, another student succumbed to the mistake of knowing that there are tigers in the mountains. Nothing can't give human cloning enough respect. Why do you have to obey humans? Human cloning is also an individual with human rights. In short, there is no resistance without oppression. If scientists are more obsessed with convenience, then I will be too sad for mankind.

A new life cloned from a gourd, are they sons or younger brothers? If we face a group of clones with the same appearance, posture and charm, how can we confirm their identity? If they commit a crime, what means do we have to catch the real murderer? Besides, the earth where human beings live has long been embarrassed by the population explosion. What reason do we have to produce ourselves in another way?

Founder: Can't scientists think of such a serious problem? It's really full to make human beings, and to make ethical problems by cloning is just to make them more entangled?

abstract

Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you all. Here, I want to point out three serious mistakes made by my opponent.

First, outline the surface with points. One-sided emphasis and infinite exaggeration of the negative effects of human cloning, while ignoring the great material civilization and promotion created by cloning technology for human society.

Second, out of context, because there are some problems in the development of technology, it is asserted that human cloning will destroy mankind, completely ignoring the constraints and guidance of humanistic spirit and ethics on cloning.

Third, the other side argues that they look at things with a stagnant eye and only point out the problems in science and technology, while we point out the therapeutic and innovative nature of cloning from the perspective of development. Cloning brings us the beginning of new life and the hope of new prosperity.

Let me summarize our views. The dawn of human cloning shines in the 265,438+0 century full of hope and vitality. From the ancient times of human ignorance to the era of high-tech and high intelligence, the fantasy of human cloning has never stopped, from the rebirth of Nezha's Eternal Lotus in "The List of Gods" to his transformation into a monkey grandson in the Monkey King, The Journey to the West. The civilization and progress of human society make human cloning technology stand out. Now, mankind has made great progress in this respect. Obviously, human cloning has promoted the development of human society. We would also like to emphasize here that,

First, human beings are rational. Otherwise, many technologies will not be born, and we will pursue the truth, but we must never regard individual phenomena as universal phenomena, and it is impossible to see the world through the eye of a needle. Just as we can't assert that food will destroy mankind just because a person eats bad food. We can't stop eating human cloning just because its negative effects are exaggerated.

Second, the technology is controllable. So far, we have enumerated many facts. It should be emphasized that the existing problems can be completely controlled by human self-discipline and the development of science and technology. Under the double insurance of human reason and scientific and technological development, human beings will not be destroyed by science and technology. At the same time, we have to emphasize the neutrality of science and technology. Science and technology originate from human wisdom and are subject to people. The reins that determine human destiny are still in human hands. The brilliance of human reason will make the development of science and technology continue to benefit mankind, benefit the earth, explore the universe and have a bright future on the basis of everyone's efforts. The other debater has the same responsibility as us. Finally, we once again raise the question that the other debater has been avoiding. Do we study science and technology hard today just to destroy it in the future?

Third, everything is relative. Yes, just as the invention of automobile leads to accidents and the invention of gunpowder leads to explosions. Things always have two sides, and human beings cannot arbitrarily judge whether it is good or bad. Car accidents and explosions are just a few disadvantages that cars bring to human beings, but the convenience they bring is immeasurable. Similarly, human cloning has two sides, but there must be a reason for the existence of a technology. You can't deny that it has disadvantages, let alone kill it with a stick. Whether cloning technology can benefit mankind depends on what it clones and in what fields, it certainly has disadvantages, but compared with the benefits it brings, we are confident enough to say that human cloning has disadvantages and advantages, but the advantages of human cloning outweigh the disadvantages!

Therefore, once again, I appeal to those who have alarmist thoughts and give up eating because of choking, and treat them objectively. "Nothing is difficult to a willing mind." Don't lose the whole forest because of a leaf, and don't give up the whole sea because of a drop of sewage. With an objective and tolerant heart, please give human beings the right to pursue the truth while avoiding disadvantages, please give many infertile parents the right to have children, please give people the right to live on the line of life and death, please give clones who are as alive as us the right to live, and treat cloning technology correctly, then human beings will certainly benefit a lot from it!

Cloning human beings is beneficial.

1) cloning technology can relieve women's pain of not being a mother.

2) The implementation of cloning experiment has promoted the development of genetics and opened up a prospect for "manufacturing" animal organs that can be transplanted into human body.

3) Cloning technology can also be used to detect fetal genetic defects. Cloned fertilized eggs are used to detect various genetic diseases, and cloned embryos have exactly the same genetic characteristics as fetuses developed in uterus.

4) Cloning technology can be used to treat nervous system injury. Adult nerve tissue has no regeneration ability, but stem cells can repair nervous system damage.

5) In in vitro fertilization, doctors often need to implant multiple fertilized eggs into the uterus in order to choose one of them to enter the pregnancy stage. But many women can only provide one egg for fertilization. This problem can be well solved by cloning. This egg cell can be cloned into multiple cells for fertilization, thus greatly improving the success rate of pregnancy.

6) Human cloning can cure many terminal diseases and chronic diseases, including leukemia. There is no need to cultivate a whole person and then deprive organs. Human cloning represents the same technology as organ cloning.

7) Human cloning can solve the problem of infertility, so that we can train excellent talents in a planned way and avoid the adverse effects of the growing environment.

8) Cloning human can keep excellent genes, optimize species and avoid slow and random natural evolution.

9) The knowledge of embryology and genetics can be increased in the research process, so as to prepare for conquering other diseases in the future.

10) Cloning human beings can make us rethink the meaning of human beings and find something deeper behind the biological meaning. Just as slavery finally promoted the progress of democracy, human cloning will once again promote political and cultural progress. Human cloning also has disadvantages.

Disadvantages: 1) Cloning will reduce genetic variation. Individuals produced by cloning have the same genetic genes and the same disease sensitivity, and a disease can destroy the entire population produced by cloning. It is conceivable that if all cattle in a country are the same cloned product, a slight virus may destroy the animal husbandry of the whole country.

2) The use of cloning technology will make people tend to breed the most valuable individuals in the existing population, instead of promoting the survival of the fittest of the whole population according to the laws of nature. In this sense, cloning technology interferes with the natural evolution process.

3) Cloning technology is an expensive technology, which requires a lot of money and the participation of biological professionals, with a high failure rate. Dolly is the only result of 277 experiments. Although more advanced technology has been developed, the success rate can only reach 2-3%.

4) Transgenic animals increase the risk of disease transmission. For example, if a cow producing medicinal milk is infected with a virus, the virus may infect patients through milk.

5) The application of cloning technology to human body will lead to the artificial control of the genetic traits of offspring. The core of the controversy caused by cloning technology is whether genetic manipulation of human embryos can be allowed in early development. This is unacceptable to many ethicists.

6) Cloning technology can also be used to create "Superman", or people who are physically strong but mentally retarded. Moreover, if cloning technology can be effectively used in humans, men will lose their genetic significance.

7) The impact of cloning technology on family relations will also be enormous. A child born from his father's DNA clone can be regarded as his father's twin brother, but the birth time has been delayed for decades. It's hard to imagine how a person will feel when he finds himself just a copy of another person.

Our point of view

1, "cloning", as a new scientific and technological means, is the inevitable product of scientific development to a certain stage. It marks the arrival of a new stage of human science and technology development. It provides an important technical means for human beings to explore the mysteries of life and study the law of life occurrence and development. Like other scientific and technological means that people have mastered, it should be fully affirmed.

2. "Cloning" technology has great practical value in protecting rare animals and medicine. People can use this technology to breed endangered animals in large numbers so that their species will not become extinct, or they can use this technology to breed animals in large numbers for experiments. It can be seen that "cloning" technology is not only advanced, but also has certain practical value.

3. "Cloning" is a science and technology. Since human beings can master it, there must be a way to control it and prevent it from endangering human society. People can take some measures, such as making laws or regulations, to restrict the use of this technology. Therefore, there is no need to talk about the discoloration of "cloning" and regard "cloning" as a scourge.

4. "Cloning" technology is a great milestone in medicine. Humans can use "cloning" technology to copy human organs to replace their own disabled or dysfunctional organs or make up for their missing organs. Because the replicated organs come from their own somatic cells, the phenomenon of "alien rejection" can be minimized. According to the latest scientific and technological information, Chinese scientists have successfully reproduced the ears with complex structures on human bodies in mice. It can be seen that "cloning" technology will bring a great revolution to medicine.

From the biological point of view, human beings belong to the animal kingdom and should exist on an equal footing with other creatures. Since experiments with animals are allowed and human civilization has developed to the height of today, experiments with human bodies should not be completely banned. Humans should treat this new thing with a calm mind and gradually adapt instead of making a fuss.

6. "Cloning" technology is an advanced science and technology, which is highly scientific. Theoretically, the genetic material of cloned animals or people is completely consistent with that of their mothers, but because of their different nutritional status, individual development process, growth environment and education level, "cloned" animals or people can't be complete copies, especially "cloned people". So "cloning" is just a biotechnology, not a "human copier".