Is the "Bosnia and Herzegovina" in Europe a country or a region?

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. It is one of the six federal units that make up the former Yugoslavia, and its capital is Sarajevo. During the period of 1990, the country became independent during the Yugoslav war. According to the Dayton Agreement, it is now a protected area of the international community and is managed by a high representative elected by the European Parliament. The state is divided into two entities in administration and management, one is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (also called Muslim Federation in Chinese) and the other is the Republic of Serbia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina are two geographical regions in history, and they have no political entities today.

history

Since the Neolithic Age, Bosnia and Herzegovina has been inhabited by humans. The early inhabitants were Illyrians. BC 168 was occupied by the Roman Empire. Ostrogoths occupied the region in 455, ostrogoths was defeated by the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th century, and now southern Bosnia once became a part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Avars began to invade in the 6th and 7th centuries, and Croats and Serbs also entered the Balkans one after another. In the following centuries, Bosnia and Herzegovina belonged to neighboring countries for many times. Tvrtko Kotromani in 1377? 0? 4 (Tefr Teko Kotroman Nicky？ ) established an independent kingdom of Bosnia, but 1463 the Ottoman Empire invaded and Bosnia was annexed.

Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, many Bosnians converted from Christianity to Islam and gradually formed the Bosnian Muslim nation. Bosnia and Herzegovina became the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1878, and the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Serbian nationalists in Sarajevo in 19 14 (see Sarajevo incident), which led to the outbreak of the First World War. After the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, and was later renamed Yugoslavia. During World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a part of the independent state of Croatia, the puppet country of the Axis, and returned to Yugoslavia under Tito's leadership after the war. At this time, Bosnia and Herzegovina was officially recognized as a United Republic of Yugoslavia, and its border was the border of the Ottoman Empire, which was quite different from the actual ethnic distribution.

199 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 declared sovereignty, 1992 held a referendum to seek independence. The Bosnian Serbs immediately sought to join Serbia by force with the support of Serbia, and the civil war broke out. 1in March, 1994, Bosnians (Muslims) and Croats agreed to form a federation against Serbs. 1995165438+1October 2 1 Dayton Peace Agreement was signed by all parties, ending the civil war and dividing Bosnia and Herzegovina into two entities, the Muslim Federation and the Republic of Serbia. 200,000 people died in the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and more than 2 million people were displaced.

After the war, NATO continued to station peacekeeping troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was replaced by the European Union at the end of 2004.

politics

The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is composed of three people, each of whom belongs to an ethnic group (Muslims, Serbs and Croats). The term of office is four years, during which each person takes turns to be the president for eight months. The members of the Presidium are directly elected by the people, among which the Muslim Federation elects Muslim and Croat members and the Republic of Serbia elects Serbian people members.

The chairman of the Council of Ministers shall be nominated by the presidium and adopted by the Parliament. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers is responsible for appointing ministers.

The Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina has legislative power and is divided into two chambers: the People's House has 65,438+05 members, 5 from each ethnic group; There are 42 members in the House of Representatives, two thirds from the Muslim Federation and one third from the Republic of Serbia.

The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina has the highest judicial power in Bosnia and Herzegovina and consists of nine judges, four of whom are elected by the Muslim Federation, two by the Republic of Serbia and three by the European Court of Human Rights, and cannot be citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina or its neighboring countries.

administrative division

Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of two entities, namely, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (also known as Muslim Federation in Chinese) and the Republic of Serbia. Brcko, located in the northeast, does not belong to any entity.

Mukherjee Federation is divided into ten states, and each state is divided into ten towns:

Una Sana 'a

Posavina

Tuzla oblast

Zenica-doboli

Bosnia-Podrinje

Central bosnia state

Bosnia and Herzegovina-Retva

Xiheishan

Sarajevo county

West Bosnia State

The Republic of Serbia is divided into seven regions, which are further divided into towns:

Banja Luka district

Beiline district.

Dobley district.

Sokolec district

Srbin ye district

Trebinje district

Vlasenica district

The capital of the Muslim Federation is Sarajevo. The legal capital of the Republic of Serbia is Sarajevo, and the actual capital is Banja Luka.

geography

Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the western Balkans, bordering Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro. The country is mainly mountainous, with the Dinara Mountains in the west. Sava river (a tributary of the Danube) is the border between northern Bosnia and Croatia. There is a 20-kilometer-long estuary on the Adriatic Sea in the south.

The main cities are Sarajevo, Banja Luka and Tuzla.

economy

During the Yugoslav period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the poorer areas in the Federation. After independence, civil war broke out and the economy was severely damaged. At present, the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is gradually recovering, and at the same time, it is necessary to transform from a planned economy to a market economy.

The currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is convertible mark, which once maintained a one-to-one exchange rate with the German mark. After the German mark was replaced by the euro, the convertible mark continued to maintain a fixed exchange rate with the euro.

Human population

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 48% are Bosnians (Muslims), 37. 1% are Serbs, and 65.438+04.3% are Croats. Most Bosnians believe in Islam, most Serbs believe in Orthodox Christianity and most Croats believe in Catholicism.