Who are the Germanic peoples?

Germanic people (Germans or Germans), also known as Teutonic Peoples, refer to any people who use Germanic languages in Indo-European family. Germanic people are the general names of some ethnic groups with similar languages, cultures and customs. These peoples lived in northern and central Europe, that is, the Baltic coast and Scandinavia, from the previous 2, years to about the 4th century. Germans belong to the Aryan race, and the language belongs to the Germanic family of Indo-European languages. Germans do not call themselves Germans. In their long history, they may not have regarded themselves as the same nation. After the great migration, Scandinavian nations, English people, Frisian and Germans evolved from Germanic people, and later these people evolved into Dutch, Swiss Germans, Canadians, Americans, Australians and South Africans. There are also many Germanic descendants in Austria. Many of these new ethnic groups are mixed with other ethnic groups today. [Edit this paragraph] The origin of Germanic nationalities has not been confirmed. It is said that the Nordic people who used iron were mixed with the people on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea who used bronze wares and spoke Indo-European languages. In the late Bronze Age, these people lived in the southern part of Sweden, the Danish Peninsula and the area between the Em River, the Oder River and the Hatz Mountains in northern Germany. The word "Germanic" was first used by the Greek historian Boshidoni, a Germanic costume in the Bronze Age. He first used this word about 8 years ago. Maybe he heard this word when he was in contact with a small ethnic group in Central Europe that can't be verified today and used it to address all Germanic peoples. It is possible that the name of such a small ethnic group later became the name of the whole ethnic group. In 51 BC, Caesar used the name Germanic in his Gaul War. Caesar here refers to all ethnic groups east of the Rhine as Germans. So far, the Romans called the people in western Europe Celtic, while the people in eastern Europe were called scythia. Only then did the Romans realize that the Germans were not Celts, but an independent ethnic group. Tacitus said that Gauls called the people east of the Rhine "Germans". Later, these peoples themselves called themselves Germans. According to this account, the word may have come from Celtic. Strictly speaking, only from this time can we call these peoples Germanic. People in the Bronze Age in northern Europe were almost certainly Germans. The relationship between the so-called Tomahawk and the Germans is still controversial. The latest theory, through the study of rivers and place names, holds that the Germans originated in the northern part of the mountains in central Germany today. But most scholars are skeptical about this theory. In the era of Tacitus, all Germanic peoples realized that there was a kinship between them. Some Germans who served in the Roman army sometimes called themselves Germans, while those free Germans who lived east of the Rhine did not have a collective name to call themselves. It was not until the 11th century AD that they adopted the adjective diutisc (modern German deutsch, meaning "belonging to people") as their own name, and this word became popular. As for the name of Germani and its language, its exact meaning is still unknown. [Edit this paragraph] In the late Bronze Age, Germans lived in the southern part of Sweden, the Danish Peninsula and the northern part of Germany, between the Em River, the Oder River and the Harz Mountains. With the application of ironware, the development of economy and the influence of natural disasters, Germanic tribes began to move south from the 6th century BC. Vandals, Gepidae and Goth migrated from southern Sweden, occupying the southern bank of the Baltic Sea, which is roughly equivalent to the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers. The early migration also developed southward and westward. As a result, Celtic peoples living in most parts of western Germany today were squeezed out. In the 3rd century BC, they went south along the Elbe River to northern Bohemia, and then entered Thuringia along the Salle River. At the end of the 2nd century BC, Germanic tribes who settled in jutland invaded the Mediterranean cultural area and confronted the Romans directly. In the middle of the 1st century BC, a large number of Germans set out from the hinterland and came to the Rhine River, and there were constant military conflicts with the Roman Empire. After a long struggle, Vandals, Burgundy and Goths of Germanic tribes occupied the Vistula River basin. In the middle of the 1st century BC, the Celts were expelled and finally settled in the vast area between the east of the Rhine, the north of the Danube and the North Sea. At the end of the 1st century BC, after the Roman slavery was replaced by the empire, the Germanic tribes directly adjacent to its north were taken as the objects of conquest. In 9 BC, the Romans expanded their territory from the Rhine River to the Elbe River in the east, and Caesar (12? 6? 544BC) era, the germans have settled in the west of the Rhine, south has reached the Danube area. The earliest large-scale battle between them and the Romans took place at the end of the 2nd century BC, when Cimbri and Teutonic jointly invaded southern Gaul and northern Italy, but in the first 12 and 11 years, all of them were Gaius Marius,157? 6? 586? BC) was annihilated. The conquest goal of the Roman Empire was to occupy the vast Germanic tribal areas up to the Elbe River and delimit them into the imperial territory to form the Roman province-Greater Germania. The Roman Empire concentrated its efforts on building the Rhine into a military base. In 12 BC, the Roman Empire concentrated 36 legions in the Rhine, with a total strength of 3, people, and in this year began the conquest war against the Germanic tribes. At the beginning of the war, the Roman army met with stubborn resistance from Germanic tribes and suffered heavy losses. In the eighth year BC, a Roman army that went deep into the hinterland of Germany was severely hit by the Germanic tribes. The Romans "struggled to conquer their opponents on the way forward, and every time they won, they had to pay the price of blood." However, the resistance of the Germanic tribes is their own, and there is no joint action. This enabled the Romans to concentrate their superior forces and attack the tribes in turn. After more than 1 years of war, most Germanic tribes were conquered. Unable to send enough troops to occupy the whole Germanic residential area and exercise effective rule over it, the Roman Empire had to force the conquered Germanic tribes to pay tribute to the empire and establish a mandatory treaty attachment relationship. After years of struggle, the Germans gradually realized that in order to defeat the well-equipped and experienced Roman army, it was necessary to change the fragmented state of each tribe. So tribal alliances began to appear. In the autumn of 9 AD, the warriors of Germanic tribes met with 3, Roman troops in Teutonburg forest, and the Germans won a great victory, and the three Roman legions were almost wiped out. Many Germanic tribes regained their independence after this victory. The battle of Teutonburg forest put the Roman empire in trouble, and the Roman emperor was forced to give up the plan to establish a province of Greater Germania. This determines that the boundary of the sphere of influence of the Roman Empire is not in the Elbe River, but still in the Rhine River basin. In 11 AD, the Roman Empire crossed the Rhine again, launched a new conquest war against the Germans, and won a partial victory. In 17 AD, Roman troops occupied Strassburg, Vindis and Mainz. But the Romans were unable to go further into the German hinterland. In the mid-1st century, the Roman Empire gradually pushed the border to the east bank of the Rhine, thus strengthening the Roman Rhine-Danube border system. After the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Romans began to build a boundary wall on the east bank of the Rhine. This means that the Roman Empire finally ended the war of conquest. At the beginning of the 1st century A.D., the Roman Empire formally included the upper reaches of the Rhine River and Danube River in its empire territory, and established two provinces: Upper Germanic Province and Lower Germanic Province. The capital of the former is Mainz and the latter is Cologne. The governors of the two provinces are the deputy commanders of the local Roman garrison. In 167, Marchmann, Kudos, Lombardies, Vandals and other tribes entered Pannonia Province, which led to Marchmann War (167-18). Malcus Aurelius led four military operations to conquer the invading Germans. Rome may have plans to establish two new provinces at that time. However, after the death of Malcus Aurelius in 18, his son Comodus resumed his defensive strategy. He made peace with the Germans. In the 2nd century, two important changes took place in the Germanic region: firstly, the divided Germanic tribes were united into big tribes, and secondly, the Germans attacked the Roman border more and more. The reasons for these Germanic peoples' migration can't be confirmed today. One possible reason is that with the economic and cultural development of Germanic tribes and the disintegration of clan commune system, the upper tribes are eager to expand and plunder new land and wealth, and the lower tribes have to migrate to seek new land to make a living because of population growth. The Roman empire is getting weaker and weaker, unable to resist the invasion of foreign enemies. Or it may be caused by famine. In short, from the 4th century AD, tribes scattered outside the Roman Empire, mainly Germanic, began to migrate to the territory of the Roman Empire on a large scale. In 376 AD, the Germanic visigoth tribe was attacked by Huns. After obtaining the consent of the Roman emperor, they crossed the Danube into Thrace in the Balkans. The next year, the Visigoths rebelled against the oppression of the Romans. In 395, when the Roman Empire was divided, the Visigoths attacked the Western Roman Empire together with local slaves and slave farmers. In 418, the visigoth kingdom was established in the southwest of Gaul. Following the influx of Visigoths into the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes included Burgundy, Franks, ostrogoths, Angles and Saxons. The great migration of Germanic peoples lasted for about two centuries. Together with the local slaves and peasant uprising, they destroyed the Roman Empire and established many Germanic kingdoms on Roman territory, among which the Frankish kingdom gradually became the most powerful country among the Germanic kingdoms. The Roman Empire faced the threat of Franks in the frontier areas of the lower Rhine River. The main river basin was occupied by Burgundy people around 26 years ago, while Agri Decumates in the Black Forest area was owned by Alemanni. Those Burgundy people obviously moved from the eastern part of Germany. Franks and alemanni may be two national alliances. In Tacitus' time, they were separated, although some immigrants from the east may live together among them. The ethnic groups living along the Baltic Sea mentioned by Tacitus migrated to the southeast in the second half of the second century. As a result, the Goths controlled most of Ukraine and Romania during this period; Gepide people occupy the mountains north of Transylvania; The Vandals became their neighbors in the west. By 5, the Angles and Saxons had entered England, while the Franks owned the northern part of Gaul. Burgundy people occupy the area of the Gulong River basin, and the Sigoths live in their west. The East Goths settled in Italy and the Vandals arrived in Africa. In 57, the Franks expelled the Sigoths from most of the Gaul they occupied. At that time, the territory of the Sigoths in Gaul had expanded from the Pyrenees to the Loire River valley. After being expelled by the Franks, they entered Spain and were completely wiped out by Muslims until 711. In 568, Lombardy entered Italy and established an independent kingdom. By 774, this kingdom was occupied by Charlemagne,742? 6? 5814) extinguish. Some areas in eastern Germany have been occupied by Slavs since the Goths and some other nationalities left, and Slavs have also expanded westward as far as Bohemia and the Elbe River basin. After the 8th century, the Germans recovered most of the land in eastern Germany, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, and drove the Slavs out of these places.