Apple's information (OK? )

Eating apples can reduce weight and help digestion, which will be good for the elderly. Apple contains a variety of vitamins, minerals, sugars, lipids and so on. It constitutes an essential nutrient for the brain. The fiber in apple is beneficial to the growth and development of children and can promote the growth and development. Zinc in apples is beneficial to children's memory and can enhance their memory. But the acid in apples will corrode teeth, so it is best to rinse your mouth after eating apples.

apple

Plant kingdom → angiosperms → Magnoliaceae → Rosaceae (the family here is designated as "order" overseas) → Malus.

There are about 25 species of Malus in Rosaceae, and apple tree is the most widely cultivated fruit tree. Apple is a kind of pear fruit, which is developed from ovary and tissues around it. Most apple trees are cross-pollinated, with 2? 4% flower setting is ideal. Although the size, shape, color and acidity of mature apples vary greatly due to varieties and environmental conditions, they are generally round with a diameter of 50? 100 mm (2? 4 inches), with red or yellow.

There are thousands of varieties of apples, which are divided into three categories: wine varieties, cooking varieties and tail foods. The three varieties are different in color, size, fragrance, smoothness (and possibly crispness and flavor). Many varieties have high sugar content, moderate acidity and low tannin content. Besides raw apples, there are many cooking methods, which are often used as snack fillings. Apple scones may be the earliest sweet-tailed food in America. Fried apples are often eaten with sausages, pork chops and other dishes, especially in Europe.

The genus Malus is native to temperate regions in both hemispheres. The earliest Europeans ate apples and improved their choices. Some varieties were seen more than 2000 years ago. Before colonizing the United States, there were hundreds of known varieties in Europe. Later, with the wave of immigration sweeping across North America, the seedlings of apple varieties also spread everywhere, becoming itinerant messengers of local legends, which played an important role in the spread of apples. The most prominent one was john chapman (nicknamed "〔Johnny Appleseed"), who planted apples widely in Ohio and Indiana. Indians and hunters may also spread apples.

Apple trees need a certain dormancy period, in areas where winter is obvious (generally at 30? 60) grow well. Further north, due to the cold winter and short growing season, planting is restricted. When planting apples, we should choose soil with good drainage and fertilize when the fertility is insufficient. The top of a rolling hill or hillside is best for growing apples. In this terrain, cold and heavy air will flow down into the valley on a cold spring night, otherwise the apple flowers and fresh fruits will be frozen. Taking the selected variety as scion, the rootstock is usually 1 August, and after grafting, it is1? Transplant orchard for 2 years. 6? After 8 years, there will be considerable output; Prior to this, the management work was mostly limited to weeding and pest control, and pruning was needed (especially in the first five years) to make the distribution of main branches reasonable and the weaker branches would not break under the weight of fruits. Adult fruit trees should be sprayed with pesticides in strict accordance with regulations to prevent pests, which may also delay their vigorous growth in spring, sparse young fruits and reduce fruit drop in autumn. Varieties that mature in late summer are generally not suitable for storage. Varieties that mature in late autumn can be carefully stored for up to one year. It can be stored for a long time at a temperature slightly higher than the freezing point of apples. Apples can also be stored in inert gas or air with controllable composition. apple

The annual output of apples in the world is about 32 million metric tons. Apples produced in the United States are usually eaten semi-fresh; About 1/5 is used to make vinegar, fruit juice, jelly, apple puree, etc. About 1/6 was made into canned applesauce, which was used as the raw material of pie. In Europe, most apples are used to make cider and brandy. Apples used to brew cider account for 1/4 of the world output. The United States, China, France, Italy and Turkey are the largest producers, while France, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, Chile, South Africa and the United States are the largest exporters. Apple is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins A and C, and contains a lot of fiber, which is also necessary for human body.

Edit this paragraph 1. Morphological habit

Apple tree. Deciduous trees, the height can reach 15 meters, usually 3 ~ 5 meters under cultivation conditions. The trunk is grayish brown, the old bark has irregular longitudinal cracks or flaking, and the branchlets are smooth. Simple leaves alternate, oval to ovoid, with serrated leaves. Corymb, white petals, pink buds, 20 stamens, 5 styles. Fruit is a kind of kernel, and its color and size vary with varieties. Like light, like slightly acidic to neutral soil. It is most suitable for sandy soil with deep soil layer, rich organic matter and good ventilation and drainage.

Reproduction by grafting. There are two kinds of rootstocks: arbor rootstocks and dwarf rootstocks. Commonly used tree rootstocks are Juglans mandshurica, Haitang Xifu and Vitex negundo, and dwarf rootstocks are mainly imported from Britain. Wide rows and close planting are adopted, and the behavior is north-south. The soil in southern China is planted before freezing in autumn and winter, and in northern China it is planted during thawing in spring. Apple is weak in self-fruiting, so pollination trees must be arranged when planting. Flowers, fruits and tree shapes of apples

Edit paragraph 2. Distribution area

Native to southeastern Europe, Turkey and Caucasus. 1870 was introduced to Shandong province and has been widely cultivated in most provinces of China.

Edit paragraph 3. The name, source, type and detailed introduction of apple.

Most of the fruits we eat today have a long history of cultivation in China, and their names have long existed in history, with the exception of apples. Although there was a kind of fruit very close to China in ancient times, the name Apple didn't appear until the Ming Dynasty. Tracing back to the source, Apple is the abbreviation of "Apple Fruit", which was originally written as "Frequency Po", and "Frequency Po" has been written as different homophones such as "Pingpo" and "Pingpo".

Reproductive habits of apples

First, buds and flowers:

The flower bud differentiation of most apple varieties began in early June and ended before winter. The whole process is divided into three stages: physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sexual cell maturation. The flower buds are mixed buds and the inflorescences are corymbose cymes. Each inflorescence has 5-8 flowers, mostly 5. The central flower blooms first, and the marginal flower blooms later. The central flower has the best quality, stable fruit and large fruit. When thinning flowers and fruits, the central flowers and fruits should be kept, and the marginal flowers and fruits should be thinned more. The bud leaves first, then blooms, and shoots from the fruit table. The number and length of branches on the fruit table vary with varieties and nutritional conditions of fruiting mother branches. Varieties with strong secondary branches and long and strong branches, such as Zhuguang, have small fruits, low yield and loose fruiting branches. This variety uses thinning 1, leaving 1 and pinching new shoots to control the growth of secondary branches. Varieties with medium secondary branch growth (1 or 2), short branches (below 10 cm) and thick branches, such as Jin Shuai and Jonakin, have large fruits, high yield, compact fruiting branches, easy regeneration and strong continuous fruiting ability. Varieties with weak secondary shoot growth (1) and short branches (less than 3 cm), such as Yuan Shuai and Enpai, have large fruits, compact fruiting branches, easy to form chicken feet branches and easy to update. However, most fruit forests bear fruit every other year, so more reserve branches should be left to reduce the fruit bearing in different years.

Second, the fruit:

Apple fruit is a fake fruit developed from ovary and receptacle, in which ovary develops into heart, receptacle develops into meat and embryo develops into seed. The volume expansion of fruit depends on the increase of the number of rapidly dividing cells in the early stage and the volume expansion of cells in the later stage.

The volume expansion of fruit is faster in the middle period to before ripening, slower in the early and late period, and the fruit weight increases fastest in the month before ripening. The length of fruit development period is generally 65-87 days for early-maturing varieties, 90- 133 days for middle-maturing varieties and 137- 168 days for late-maturing varieties.

Fruit color is an important indicator of commodities. The quality of apple coloring is closely related to the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions, and the types and contents of hormones. Controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing application of potassium fertilizer, reducing chlorophyll in peel, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, improving sunshine, good drainage, reducing air humidity, spraying NAA and 2.4-D hormone can all promote apple coloring.

From the appearance of buds to the harvest of fruits, apples usually have four flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the pedicel falls off with withering, which is usually called falling flower. The second time, about a week after flower dropping, the ovary is slightly enlarged and lasts for 5-20 days, which is called early fruit dropping. 7- 14 days after the third fruit drop, the fruit has reached the size of thumb nail, which has a great influence on the yield, so it is called physiological fruit drop. Yunnan usually occurs in May, and the phenology in the north is later than that in Yunnan, and it occurs in June, so it is called "June fruit drop". The fourth time, before the fruit is harvested, the mature or nearly mature fruit is dropped, so it is called pre-harvest fruit drop.

The first and second falling flowers and fruits are mainly caused by insufficient nutrition and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop is caused by the fierce competition for nutrients among fruits and the lack of auxin in embryos. Because the osmotic pressure of leaves is greater than that of young fruits, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than that of young fruits. Therefore, in addition to pinching and pruning branches to inhibit the growth of new shoots, it is necessary to apply huafei to supplement nutrients in time.

Third, seeds:

Developed from fertilized eggs in embryo sacs. The normal fruit of apple has five ventricles, and there are two seeds in each ventricle. In the process of fruit development, seeds secrete hormones to stimulate the growth of pulp, so those with good pollination and fertilization, full seeds, correct fruit shape and full pulp; On the other hand, on the side with poor seed development or no seed, the pulp becomes thin and deformed, so pollination trees must be arranged to improve the pollination effect.

Requirements for external environmental conditions:

First, the temperature:

Apple tree is a temperate fruit tree that likes low temperature and dryness. It requires no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is the annual average temperature of 9- 14℃, the extreme low temperature in winter is not lower than-12℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20℃, the annual accumulated temperature is about 5000℃ ≥ 10℃, and the average temperature in the growing season (April-10)/ Low temperature time is not enough, leaves and flowers are delayed irregularly, and some flower buds don't even germinate. In May, the scales became loose and fell off, which became a dead pile and seriously reduced production. When the absolute low temperature is lower than -30-32℃, freezing injury occurs again. According to the survey, the performance of apples at different altitudes and temperatures in Yunnan Province is as follows.

Show the performance of apples at different altitudes and temperatures in Yunnan.

Suitability of altitude (m), annual average temperature (℃) and growth law of pests and diseases to high-yield fruit quality

The difference weights below 1800 and above 15 are abnormal and inappropriate.

1800-200014-15, the heavier one is less suitable than the normal one.

2000-2200 13- 14 is better than normal.

Nutritional analysis:

1. Colloid and trace element chromium in apples can keep blood sugar stable and effectively lower cholesterol;

2. In the air pollution environment, eating more apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function, and protect the lungs from pollution and smoke;

3. Polyphenols and flavonoids contained in apples are natural chemical antioxidants, which can reduce the risk of lung cancer and prevent lead poisoning;

4. Apple's unique fragrance can relieve the bad mood caused by excessive pressure, and also has a refreshing effect;

5. Apples are rich in crude fiber, which can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, help the human body to discharge waste smoothly, and reduce the harm of harmful substances to the skin;

6. Apples contain a lot of trace elements such as magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, iodine, manganese and zinc, which can make the skin delicate, smooth, ruddy and shiny.

Related groups:

The general population can eat it.

1. Chronic gastritis, dyspepsia, qi stagnation, constipation, chronic diarrhea, neurocolitis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity, cancer patients, anemia and vitamin deficiency are especially suitable. Expectant mothers eating an apple a day can reduce pregnancy reaction;

2. Patients with nephritis and diabetes should not eat more.

Dietotherapy function:

Apple is sweet, sour and cool, belonging to spleen and lung meridians;

Has the effects of promoting fluid production, moistening lung, relieving summer heat, stimulating appetite, sobering up and stopping diarrhea.

Indications: Qi deficiency, dyspepsia, qi stagnation, mild diarrhea, constipation, vexation with heat and thirst, excessive drinking, hypertension, etc.

Apple formula for treating infantile diarrhea

Made up several apples.

Methods The apples were washed with boiling water, peeled, steamed and mashed.

Take it four times a day, each time100g, and for infants under one year old, about 50g each time, 3-4 times a day. At this time, you should not eat other food. After the symptoms get better, you can reduce the consumption of apple puree and increase cow cheese appropriately.

Benefiting the spleen and stomach, thickening the intestine and stopping diarrhea. It also applies to frequent loose stool.

Grams of food:

Apples avoid eating products together, which will lead to constipation.