The Rise of Great Powers Episode 9 What does the Soviet Union talk about?

The Rise of Great Powers Episode 9 The New Road (Soviet Union)

1917165438+1at 9: 40 p.m. on October 7, with the sound of the cannon, the first regime controlled by the proletariat in the world history-the Soviet government was born!

In the past twenty years, under the leadership of this government, a poor and backward agricultural country has miraculously become an industrialized country.

Since Peter the Great's reform, after more than 230 years' efforts, the Russian nation has finally occupied the commanding heights of the world for the first time by virtue of national strength rather than just force.

In the Second World War, they turned the tide with great sacrifices and made indelible contributions to maintaining world peace. As a superpower that once had a great influence on the world, the Soviet Union explored a new national development path in the 20th century. How did this unprecedented social practice proceed?

Winter is the most charming season in Moscow. 1924 65438+1October 2 1 On this day, heavy snow swept through the streets and lanes of this city, but the Moscow city on this day had no amorous feelings, only endless sadness.

On the coldest day of the year, tens of thousands of workers, farmers and soldiers lined up to bid farewell to their leaders. Lenin, the founder of the Soviet regime, has exhausted his last energy for this new regime.

The Siberian wind roared and danced like snowflakes. Every mourner's face is full of loss and hesitation. What should the Soviet Union do tomorrow? Who will lead you through this unfinished journey?

Xie, Dean of Gorky College of Literature, Russia:

Russians are very adapted to the impersonal social life, so we have socialism. When we unite, we are very strong. When we unite for an idea or around a person, you know that we really need a hero. For this hero, we can fight to the end.

Russia is a nation that worships and needs heroes, and at the same time heroes come forth in large numbers. In history, the personality temperament of politicians has decisively influenced the fate of the whole country. The reform of Peter the Great brought Russia closer to the European powers at that time. The reform of Catherine II has created a large number of independent Russian intellectuals. Lenin's persistence in the revolution made this land bravely shoulder the historical responsibility of opening up new channels for mankind.

Before Lenin stepped onto the historical stage, there were many * * * production groups in Russia. Among them, a woman named Vera Zasulich wrote a letter to Marx, in which she asked: Can the socialism closely related to big industry and working class put forward by Marx be realized in Russia? Marx replied that it should be realized first in developed countries in Europe.

At that time, almost all socialist believers agreed that socialism was a bottom-up revolution led by the working class, and it should start from old capitalist countries such as Britain and the United States with developed industrial bases, while Russia with weak industrial bases did not have such conditions.

Lenin, who has a deep understanding of Russian reality, thinks: "If the czarist system has 6.5438+0.3 million nobles, these feudal lords who exercise police power in their own areas can last for centuries, why can't we rely on the party with 6.5438+0.3 million loyal activists to persist for decades?" .

Professor immanuel wallerstein of Yale University, USA:

Is the Russian revolution necessary? I don't know. But it happened because the country collapsed, which is why it happened. It happened, not because Lenin planned it, but because Lenin seized the opportunity given by Bolsheviks to do what he wanted to do.

The victory of the October Revolution greatly inspired the Bolsheviks' determination and confidence to transform the old world and build a new world. I believe that under the leadership of Lenin, Soviet Russia will take a completely different road, the people will exercise their rights, everyone will have a job and will never be exploited again. However, building a new society is a difficult process.

Four years after the October Revolution, the Soviet regime, struggling under the blockade and encirclement of developed countries in Europe and America and just quelling domestic rebellion, encountered a bottom-up and sudden storm.

This is an oil painting created by the painter F. Serow at 192 1, which reflects the storm sweeping the country.

192 1 In the spring of, a large-scale famine occurred in Russia, and more than 30 million people were on the verge of starvation. In the just-concluded war to defend the new regime, the wartime production policy showed great power, and the Soviet regime decided to continue to implement the policy of collecting surplus grain from farmers free of charge. However, this policy caused dissatisfaction among farmers, and some wealthy farmers even took the opportunity to take up arms. Even the sailors of Kranstadt, the strong bastion of Bolsheviks in the October Revolution, supported the demands of the peasants.

Xie, Dean of Gorky College of Literature, Russia:

When the question is whether to have a bowl of porridge or a theory, people usually choose that bowl of porridge. Sing when you are full. There is no food in the stomach, so there is only silence. Lenin carried out the new economic policy because there was no other way to develop the economy after the war.

Blockade and military pressure from outside, domestic food crisis and political rebellion prompted the Soviet regime to adopt new ways to develop its economy. Only in this way can we consolidate political power and improve people's living standards. To this end, Lenin said to comrades in the party: "After seizing political power, we know that there is no ready-made way to transform the capitalist system into a socialist system. I don't know which socialist has dealt with these problems. We must make a judgment based on the experiment. "

192 1 in March, the Soviet regime began to implement the new economic policy. First of all, it solved the problem of farmers and changed the surplus grain into free collection and market transactions.

Professor Xu Tianxin from the History Department of Peking University, China:

That is to say, we should make concessions to the peasants, allow them to run their own economy, allow the existence of the market, use the capitalist market economy to resume production, develop the economy and prepare conditions for socialist construction.

A·O· Chubarian, Director of Russian Institute of World History:

Of course, this is not complete capitalism at all. The main contents of the new policy involve commerce, tax reduction and allowing small businesses to exist, all of which are aimed at reviving the economy.

In the commercial field, the new economic policy has just begun to implement the direct exchange of industrial products for agricultural products, but Russian aunts are more accustomed to currency transactions and are unwilling to barter. Moreover, industrial products have been delayed.

As a result, the Soviet regime announced the resumption of domestic free trade and the re-establishment of the banking system.

Today, the state-run department store in Moscow, which has been in operation for 85 years, attracts tourists from all over the world. However, more than 80 years ago, it was difficult to see foreigners here.

At that time, developed countries such as Europe and America were full of fear of Russia's new Soviet regime and were bent on strangling it in the cradle. Not only did the United States refuse to recognize it diplomatically, but officials in Washington actually replied: "We didn't know there was such a country!" "... In such a hostile state, it is conceivable that it is difficult for the Soviet Union and Russia to obtain foreign capital and technology.

192 1 In August, a 23-year-old American youth walked into the Kremlin under the amazing gaze of Moscow citizens. His name is armand hammer.

Hammer's father is one of the founders of the American Production Party. Hammer, like his father, was full of concern for the new Soviet regime. He brought a lot of urgently needed medical equipment to Russia.

In this office, young American businessmen listened with interest to Lenin's new economic policy, in which Hammer was most interested in the industrial field.

Professor Xu Tianxin from the History Department of Peking University, China:

Because as we all know, the civil war repelled foreign armed intervention and drove away foreign capitalists. Now, after the victory, Lenin agreed that foreign capitalists would go back to Russia to run some projects that the Soviet Union could not do at that time. In particular, such as mining in Siberia, deforestation and so on. This approach is very wise and far-sighted.

10 year128 October, the first contract for granting foreign concessions was formally signed here, and Hammer obtained the franchise right of an asbestos mine. At the same time, with Lenin's support, Hammer became the core figure of US-Soviet trade in the 1920s and 1930s.

He lobbied in American business circles, contacted more than 30 big American companies, set up a United American company, and shipped American products to Russia in exchange for Soviet products, thus starting the barter trade between the United States and the Soviet Union.

However, Soviet Russia does not want to simply import products from abroad. Lenin said to Hammer, "What we really need is American capital and technology, so that our wheels can turn again."

Gascar is one of the representative symbols of the Soviet era. The earliest Soviet producer of "gas-filled" cars was Henry Ford, the king of American automobile manufacturing.

Ford initially regarded the Soviet Union as an "implacable enemy", claiming that he "wouldn't send nuts there" unless Soviet ideology was to his taste. Hammer advised him, "if so, you can't do business there for too long." This is a huge market. "

Facts have proved that Ford is very satisfied with the deal with the Soviet Union.

In Gorky, Ford established an automobile joint venture with the Soviet Union. Since 1932, there are100000 passenger cars and trucks off the assembly line every year, running on the roads of the Soviet Union.

The implementation of the new economic policy restored the economy of the Soviet Union. Lenin was very satisfied with this. He said, "At the end of the war, Russia was like a man who was beaten half to death ... Now, thank goodness, he can walk with crutches!"

Zheng Yifan, researcher of China Central Compilation Bureau:

What is the result? Therefore, the introduction of market is actually equivalent to the introduction of commodity, currency and market mechanism into the socialist construction of the Soviet Union, which is a major breakthrough in the history of Marxist development.

1923165438+1On October 20th, Lenin said at the plenary session of the Soviet Union: "Socialism is no longer a distant future or an abstract fantasy ... Russia that implements the new economic policy will become a socialist Russia."

This is Lenin's last public speech.

On this table, history will always be fixed at192465438+1October 22nd. Lenin tore off a page of the calendar from here every day before he left the office. But that day, he couldn't tear off this page of calendar.

The Soviets lost a respected elder brother, a kind leader and a helmsman who planned the future for Russia according to actual requirements.

Xie, Dean of Gorky College of Literature, Russia:

Lenin gave a vivid example to mankind, that is, mankind can have another way of life. It is possible that after his death, Russia embarked on another prosperous life path. Regrettably, Lenin's practical activities did not continue in the end. I think the whole world has lost an opportunity to face the future.

The next leader of the Soviet regime is Stalin, who is stern and decisive and well known. Perhaps coincidentally, Lenin took the name of the Lena River, which originated in Siberia, as his pen name, while his successor took "steel", a hard metal, as his surname.

Just like the literal meaning of these two names: in Lenin's era, the country's economic policy was quite flexible; Stalin, on the other hand, accelerated the pace of national industrialization by tough measures.

Professor paul kennedy of Yale University, USA:

They believe that if this vast country wants to develop, it must concentrate all resources, restrict the bourgeoisie, restrict the capitalist system and control all resources, including agricultural resources.

Zuo Rong Feng, a researcher at the Institute of International Strategy of China Central Party School:

Stalin thought that my industrialization funds could only be accumulated by myself, mainly from agriculture. Therefore, he clearly put forward a theory of paying taxes, that is to say, in addition to the grain and national tasks that farmers have to pay, they have to set higher prices for industrial products, and then let farmers pay more when they buy things, that is, accumulate industrialization in this way.

The accumulation of industrialization funds in the form of "scissors difference" between industry and agriculture means that the previous new economic policy to protect farmers' interests will be abandoned. Stalin said: "We adopted the new economic policy because it serves socialism. When it stops serving socialism, we will abandon it. " .

In Stalin's view, times have changed, and the new economic policy is not conducive to socialist industrialization, because the Soviet Union needs speed. Stalin often said: "Slowing down means falling behind, and falling behind means being beaten."

In the 1920s, western countries recovered from the First World War, and the total industrial output value of all major industrial countries reached or exceeded the pre-war level 1.5 times. Some European and American economists say that capitalism has eliminated poverty, and unprecedented prosperity has filled them with confidence and continued to block the Soviet economy.

1927, Britain announced that it would sever the relationship between Britain and the Soviet Union and abolish the trade agreement signed in 192 1. British Foreign Secretary Chamberlain initiated the meeting of foreign ministers of six countries and proposed to "confront the producer countries".

The lonely Soviet Union seems vulnerable. Although the new economic policy has achieved certain results, until 1928, the industrial output value of the Soviet Union was less than half that of Germany, one-eighth that of the United States, and there were less than 30,000 tractors nationwide. 99% of the farming was done by animal power and manpower.

Yuri Rukov, author of the Russian version of Stalin's biography:

In order to ensure the sustainable development of the country, new and powerful measures must be taken. Therefore, in order to prevent the country from becoming an agricultural country and stop importing goods from abroad, it is necessary to establish its own industry.

This is why we should give up the new economic policy.

The situation of China, an equally huge Asian neighbor, also strengthened the iron and steel leader's will to give priority to the development of heavy industry. Stalin said: "Without heavy industry, we wouldn't have all modern national defense weapons. At that time, our position would be somewhat similar to that of China now: China did not have its own heavy industry and military industry. Now whoever is happy will step on it. "

1929 in may, the fifth congress of the Soviet union was held in Moscow grand theatre, and the content of the discussion was the first five-year plan for national economic development.

The theater was brightly lit, and a big map of the Soviet Union hung on the rostrum. Every time the speaker mentions a construction project, a small light will light up at the corresponding position on the map. At the end of the report, the map of the Soviet Union was covered with colorful lights, and more than 1000 charming highlights were flashing.

Yuri Rukov, author of the Russian version of Stalin's biography:

The first five-year plan took nearly five years to formulate. As the first five-year plan, people want to write about all aspects, so the amount of writing is very large. Finally, they tried their best to reduce its content and then increase it. The final result is that the total capacity of the first five-year plan adopted is as thick as three books.

In the history of the world, no country has planned its own development process in such a comprehensive and detailed way, which is a creation of the Soviet Union. At that time, all production, transportation and sales were planned by the state. The national plan strives for accuracy. A button produced in Leningrad costs 1 ruble, so the price in Moscow, 700 kilometers away, is 1 ruble, while Vladivostok, thousands of miles away, is still 1 ruble.

For the Soviet Union, its rise and fall in the next few decades are all linked with this highly centralized mandatory planned economy.

In the year when the Soviets discussed the first five-year plan, an unprecedented economic crisis broke out in human history. From1October 24th, new york stock market fell wildly 1929, the crisis spread rapidly from the United States to the whole world, attacking almost all capitalist countries.

Professor joseph stiglitz from Columbia University Business School:

This is a global depression. Before that, there were many considerations about social equity. Only a few people are as rich as they are today, but most people have not benefited from the economic prosperity. At that time, the injustice in American society was very high. Interestingly, we have returned to the degree of injustice at that time, and the history is strikingly similar. With the economic collapse, people began to know that capitalism did not work as they thought, and the government should play a role.

In the First World War, the losses of developed countries in Europe and America were $654.38+070 billion, while the losses caused by the global economic crisis from 6543.38+0929 to 6543.38+0933 reached $250 billion, which shocked the whole capitalist world and fully exposed the disadvantages of the free market economy.

The maverick Soviet Union achieved rapid development under the guidance of the first five-year construction plan. At this time, European and American capital, technology and talents began to turn to the Soviet Union to find a way out. The United States, the largest immigrant country in the world, also showed an immigration trend for the first time, with 654.38 million Americans applying to immigrate to the Soviet Union.

Zheng Yifan, researcher of China Central Compilation Bureau:

In Stalin's public remarks, I didn't see what he said about using western technology, collecting a lot of food from farmers before the whole five-year plan or the five-year plan. What is the purpose of collecting it? That is to export it, exchange it for foreign exchange, and then use it to import foreign technology. After these foreign equipments were imported, they were not used in China at that time, so when he said that technology was everything, that is to say, I bought so many equipments from abroad now, someone had to master them.

Tractor is an important symbol of long-term industrialization, because it liberates the most extensive agricultural productivity.

1929, the worst moment of the global economic crisis, a large tractor factory broke ground in Stalingrad. 10 months later, the factory was completed and put into production.

This miraculous speed comes from the effective operation of the planned economy system and from the Soviet Union's judgment and utilization of the world economic situation.

Tractor factory builders, in addition to the Soviet Union, as well as Americans and Germans, have 730 American engineers working here. Stalin later told President Roosevelt that about two-thirds of large enterprises in the Soviet Union were built with American technology. During the period of 1932, about 6800 experts from various countries worked in the heavy industry department of the Soviet Union.

In sharp contrast to the overall downturn in Europe and the United States, it is not only the industrialization achievements of the Soviet Union, but also the great enthusiasm of the Soviet people for building the country.

On September 2nd, 1935, Pravda published such a short message: "Comrade Staha Novo, a coal miner in central Irmino, celebrated the 2nd1anniversary of International Youth Day, setting a new record for pickaxe labor in the whole Soviet Union. In the six-hour shift, Staha Novo mined 102 tons of coal, which was 10% of the day and night mining volume of the mine, and earned 200 rubles. "

This is an amazing amount of exploitation, because it exceeds the general quota 13 times! But a week later, Staha Novo set a new record and mined 175 tons of coal in one working day.

Since then, Staha Novo is no longer the name of an ordinary miner, but has become a banner, leading a vigorous production technology innovation movement in the process of industrialization in the Soviet Union. Driven by numerous Staha Novs from all walks of life, the industrial labor rate in the Soviet Union increased by 82% during the second five-year plan period, much higher than the original plan of 63%.

1932, the first five-year plan was completed, and the Soviet Union changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country.

From 65438 to 0937, the second five-year plan was completed, and the total industrial output value of the Soviet Union ranked first in Europe and second in the world.

Gennady andreyevich zyuganov, Chairman of the Russian Central Committee:

1929, Russia could not build a plane, a combine harvester and a car. Ten years later, by 194 1, we had the best technology, which was the best in the world at that time.

Life is a person's most precious thing. Life belongs to everyone only once. A man's life should be spent like this: when he looks back, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of being mediocre; In this way, when he dies, he can say, "All my life and energy have been dedicated to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind".

Since the October Revolution of 19 17, this country, which accounts for nearly one-fifth of the world's total land area, has undergone earth-shaking changes in less than twenty years. With incredible speed, it has completed the industrialization journey that European and American countries usually need decades or even hundreds of years to complete.

The Soviet Union's outshine others and its "planning" method have aroused great interest in the western world. In 1930s, westerners went to the Soviet Union to learn from the experience. After returning from the Soviet Union, an American journalist told his compatriots, "I see the future and it will succeed." . Suddenly, "plan" became the most fashionable term.

Through the macro-control of economic life by state power, the most successful is the New Deal of American President Roosevelt. By adding government intervention to the free market economy, the American economy began to recover.

Yuri Rukov, author of the Russian version of Stalin's biography:

For example, Agatha Christine, a British woman writer, is the author of Murder on the Orient Express. At the beginning of this book, the protagonist in the book discussed Russia's first five-year plan in the aisle of the carriage, which is a very accurate reflection of the first five-year plan.

At that time, the success of the Soviet Union attracted the attention of the whole world, and the light of success covered up the problems behind the rapid industrialization.

One more month's salary, a set of technical staff housing with telephone, all necessary sofa furniture, a family convalescence certificate and permanent seats in two cinemas are all material rewards obtained by Staha Novo, the spiritual idol of the Soviet Union who embarked on the road of industrialization. However, thousands of selfless builders have not received much reward, especially farmers, who face serious material shortage every day.

Professor Xu Tianxin from the History Department of Peking University, China:

Stalin's economic development also has some fatal weaknesses. First, the economic development is unbalanced, with heavy industry and military industry advancing by leaps and bounds, while light industry and agriculture, especially agriculture, are greatly weakened. The second aspect is that people's lives have not been greatly improved, and they have not improved in step with industrial development. By the time Stalin died, per capita grain output and per capita meat output had not reached the level of the czar era.

Professor paul kennedy of Yale University, USA:

In my opinion, we can't simply learn a lesson and think that any plan is dangerous and any long-term consideration is wrong. I think we should learn more subtle signals. In other words, what national and local governments are good at and what they are not good at.

However, the success of the planned economy at that time made it impossible for people to reflect on its disadvantages like today. What's more, the Soviet Union at that time was facing an increasingly urgent threat of war.

In order to get rid of the economic crisis, Germany, Japan, Italy and other countries established fascist dictatorships. 1937, when the Soviet Union completed its second five-year plan, China had already started an arduous all-round War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and the war that Stalin had been worried about eventually inevitably invaded this vast land.

This is the tomb of the unknown soldier on the Red Square in Moscow. The flame in front of the tomb has been burning for decades. It symbolizes unyielding blood and tenacious soul. The epitaph reads: "Your names are unknown, and your achievements will last forever". Thousands of Red Army soldiers who died in the Soviet Patriotic War are buried under the mausoleum.

1939, World War II broke out.

At 3 am on June 22, the Germans raided the Soviet Union. Within a week, the Soviet army lost more than 6,543,800 people, and all the western industrial zones fell.

Hitler laughed and claimed to hold a celebration ceremony in Moscow's Red Square, but soon he couldn't laugh. The Germans were not only blocked on all fronts, but also began to encounter counterattacks.

Hitler didn't understand why the Soviet Union, which had lost its western industrial base, became stronger and stronger in the Vietnam War.

Yuri Rukov, author of the Russian version of Stalin's biography:

If we hadn't built steel joint ventures in Kuznetsk and Zabarozh, and if we hadn't built tractor factories in Stalingrad, Kharkov and Chelyabinsk during the second five-year plan, we wouldn't have been able to directly build these factories into tank factories.

Wen Yi, a researcher at the Institute of World History, China Academy of Social Sciences;

Due to the war conditions, the almost 24-hour working system was adopted, that is, machines did not rest and people worked in shifts, so Siberia's industry also developed rapidly.

Even in the most difficult 1942 period, the output of Soviet aircraft still reached more than 20,000, almost twice that of the German army.

The Soviet Union's huge industrial capacity overwhelmed Nazi Germany and became a winning sword. At the fiercest moment of fighting, the workers in Stalingrad tractor factory drove the newly-built tanks directly out of the factory to face the Germans.

1 may, 9451day, the world anti-fascist war finally ushered in the final victory.

When the Soviet Red Army conquered Berlin, a red flag was planted at the top of the German Parliament Building. The Germans lost100000 troops in the Soviet-German battlefield, accounting for 73% of their total casualties in World War II. The Soviet Union defended justice and peace at the cost of 20 million people. This is the most tragic page in human history. Only this, the Soviet Union is worthy of the title of great power!

1In February, 945, the defeat of the German army was decided. The heads of the three most powerful countries in the world-the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain-Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Yalta to discuss the establishment of a post-war world pattern.

This is the world's recognition of the powerful military and political forces of the Soviet Union, and it is also a respect for the responsibility of the great powers of the Soviet Union.

In the mid-20th century, under the clear sky in Wan Li, the United States and the Soviet Union faced each other across the sea, and together, * * * will dominate the world trend in the coming decades.

1957, the world's first artificial earth satellite broke into space, and its fuselage was engraved with the words "Soviet Union".

/KOOC-0/96/KOOC-0/April/KOOC-0/2, Soviet astronaut Gagarin took the "Oriental" spacecraft and realized the first time that human beings entered space.

Dreaming of overlooking the earth from space is the height of human civilization and the height of the Soviet Union as the first socialist country in the world. With the passage of time, this height will go down in history forever.

Whether we can surpass this height will depend on whether the vision of generations of Russian leaders is high enough.

This is a book that has been sealed for fifty years. The author is romain rolland, a French literary master.

1935, romain rolland visited the Soviet Union at the invitation of Gorky, amid flowers and cheers. Later, he wrote to Stalin and said, "I saw a powerful country. Under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, the whole country is constantly fighting against thousands of obstacles and building a new world in a heroic and orderly climax. "

Zheng Yifan, researcher of China Central Compilation Bureau:

When they visited there, they did find various problems in the Soviet Union, such as the worship of Stalin at that time, the bureaucratic style at that time, the poor life of the peasants and ordinary people, and their conscious blockade of foreign countries at home.

Romain rolland wrote in his diary: "At present, these policies contain some negative things, which is inevitable; I have no doubt that a better future for the world is linked to the victory of the Soviet Union. "

Out of love for the Soviet Union, romain rolland decided to publish this diary 50 years later. He doesn't want to do even a little harm to the Soviet Union because of this book. He thought that the Soviet Union must have solved these problems 50 years later.

1984, romain rolland's Moscow Diary was officially published. However, the Soviet leaders did not find and correct some policy defects, including the highly planned economic system, as Roman Roland expected, so that it was difficult to go back to the past and the opportunity for self-improvement of the socialist system was lost.

199 1 year, the red flag of the Kremlin quietly fell, and the red annual ring carved 74 circles on the stage of the rise of great powers.

The rapid rise of the Soviet Union was a great event in the 20th century. As an unprecedented great practice, its experience and lessons have become valuable wealth for human development. Because the judgment of history must be measured on a large scale, and the completion of social change may take decades, hundreds of years or even longer.

For a great nation, setbacks mean a new beginning. Today, Russia has embarked on the road of national rejuvenation.