Cultural Tradition of Kunming Ancient City

Ancient Yunnan bronze culture is the first peak in the history of Yunnan national culture, which represents the highest development level of many local national cultures in Yunnan during the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. According to textual research, the ancient Dian culture is a highly developed ancient local national culture based on the settled agriculture of "farming and gathering cities" and represented by bronze culture. Although there are still great differences on the national attribute of ancient Dian culture in academic circles, judging from the cultural genes it contains, it should be most closely related to the main ethnic group "Dian Bo" of ancient Dian, which was active in central and eastern Yunnan at that time, and has many cultural ties with the ancient Kunming ethnic group and the Baiyue ethnic group in the south, which were active in the same historical period. In addition, with the entry of a large number of Han immigrants at the beginning of the third century BC and after the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, some ancient Jingchu culture and mainland Han culture infiltrated into ancient Yunnan culture. In the past, it was thought that the center of ancient Dian culture was Shizhai Mountain in Jinning, the southeast coast of Dianchi Lake, which extended to Lijiashan in Jiangchuan on the west bank of Fuxian Lake and Chenggong Tian Zi Temple on the east bank of Dianchi Lake, and then radiated to the Eight Pagoda of Qujing Zhujie in the upper reaches of Nanpanjiang River in eastern Yunnan, Xiangyun Dabona and Chuxiong Wanjiaba on the east bank of Erhai Lake in western Yunnan. However, in the past two years, with the excavation of a large number of tombs and bronzes at yangfu Tou Ancient Site in Guandu, the eastern suburb of Kunming, it shows that the northern shore of Dianchi Lake is also the hinterland of ancient Dian culture. The ancient Dian culture is the deepest accumulation in the cultural heritage of Kunming ancient city.

Second, the early culture of China.

The early Han culture was mainly carried by Han immigrants who moved to the north bank of Dianchi Lake in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty when Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty set up a county in the southwest and moved to the real border. According to relevant historical documents, from the Han Dynasty to the end of the Jin Dynasty, the whole area along Dianchi Lake, including Guchang County, the predecessor of Kunming ancient city, was once one of the main distribution areas of Han immigrants, leaving a large number of Han cultural relics. Among them, there are two representative ones: First, according to Geography of Hanshu, Yizhou County ruled Dianchi County in the Han Dynasty, and there were "black water temples in the north and south". Later, there were similar records in historical documents such as the History of the Later Han Dynasty, the Records of Counties and Counties, the Records of Huayang Country, and the Records of Nanzhong. In this regard, Qing Daoguang's "Yunnan Tongzhi Draft" textual research said: Heishui is the later Panlong River, with Black Dragon Pool on it, more than 20 miles northeast of Kunming City, next to Black Dragon Pool, is the Han Black Water Pool. Accordingly, the Black Dragon Palace in the Black Dragon Pool Park in the northern suburb of Kunming today is one of the cultural relics left by early Han immigrants on the north bank of Dianchi Lake. Second, according to the "Biography of the Southwest in the Later Han Dynasty", "Su Zongyuan and Zhong (84-87 AD) chased the king of Shu County as the satrap, and his politics were particularly different ... Schools began to rise and gradually changed customs." Wang Zhui Shixing School initiated the spread of China culture by Confucianism, which was not only the pioneer of official schools in Yunnan recorded in "Letters and History", but also widely spread China culture among local non-Han indigenous peoples through running schools, and received the effect of "gradually shifting its customs". Therefore, although the school run by Wang Zhui Shixing School has long been submerged in the flowing water of time, it is still a typical early cultural relic of China. In addition, Huayang Guozhi Nanzhongzhi said: Guchang County was originally named "Guo Chang" in the Han and Jin Dynasties, and was later renamed "Guchang" in the name of Guo Chang, the general of the unified army when "Han opened the southwest to foreigners". Accordingly, the name of Guchang County should also be a historical relic of Chinese culture. The early Han culture in the Han and Jin Dynasties is the second profound accumulation of the cultural heritage of the ancient city of Kunming.

Third, the western white culture.

Guan Bai culture is the second peak in Yunnan's cultural history, representing the highest development level of Yunnan's local national culture from the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the beginning of the rise of Nanzhao in the middle Tang Dynasty. According to textual research, "Xi Guan Bai Ren" was formed by early Han immigrants who moved to Yunnan since the Han Dynasty. Under certain social and historical conditions, it gradually merged with Bai Man, the direct descendant of Yunanbo in central and eastern Yunnan. Therefore, the white culture in the west is a complex ancient culture mixed with Han culture and Yunnan local culture. It is generally believed that the West Cuan culture is centered on wei county in eastern Yunnan, the capital of South China at that time and the hometown of cuan clan family, the upper ruling group, and is represented by the Monument Cuan Baozi in Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Monument Cuan Longyan in luliang county, which were unearthed in the south of Qujing County respectively. For the coverage of western white culture, the fourth volume of Schumann said: "The West is also white; Dong Yao, Wu Renye. On that day, Baozhong, Qujing Prefecture in the northeast, Xuancheng in the southwest, Lincheng, Niumaye. In Shicheng, Kunchuan, Qufu, Jinning, Yuxian and Anning to Longhe, it is called Xiyou. In Qujing area, Cimicifuga Cimicifuga goes to the south of Sichuan to the port, which is called Dongcuan. Customs are also famous. " It can be seen that the northern shore of Dianchi Lake, the hometown of Zhou Kun in Tang Dynasty, is the second largest city in the westward journey area after Shicheng (that is, Weixianzhi and Sancha in Qilin District of Qujing). At the same time, it is recorded that it is also the hereditary territory of cuan clan family branch, that is, "General Zhou Kun's secretariat is a rare event" and "Zhou Kun's secretariat is advancing with each passing day", so it should be the secondary ruling center of cuan clan in South China. However, during the Tianbao period in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the ancient city of Zhou Kun was also destroyed. "Since then, from Qujing Prefecture, Shicheng, Shengmachuan and Kunchuan, to Longhecheng in the south, there has been a shortage of soldiers." Therefore, there are few cultural relics handed down from ancient times, which are more reflected in historical documents. Fourthly, Nanzhao and Dali culture. Nanzhao culture and Dali culture, which come down in one continuous line, are the third peak and the most brilliant page in the history of Yunnan national culture. Nanzhao and Dali cultures are mainly carried by Yi and Bai ancestors, namely "Wuman" and "Bai" in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and Buddhist culture is its typical representative, with its center in the coastal area of Erhai Lake in western Yunnan. As the "Shangdu" of Nanzhao and "Tokyo" of Dali, the northern shore of Dianchi Lake, Tuodong and Shanshan left a large number of Buddhist cultural relics during this period. Among them, the East and West Temple Pagodas, which were built in the late Nanzhao period, still stand in the south of Kunming. There is Butuo Temple (now Yuantong Temple), which was also built in the late Nanzhao period. As well as the ancient Tibetan temple, which was built in the Dali period and was originally located in Shanshan City, and so on. On the periphery of the ancient city of Kunming, the Buddhist cultural relics left by Nanzhao and Dali include Zhu Qian Temple at the foot of Yu 'an Mountain in western Kunming, Caoxi Temple in anning hot spring, Huokeji Grottoes in Anning, the second largest cave group in Yunnan after Jianchuan and Shi Baoshan, and the statue of "Big Black God" in Jinning and Luquan. A large number of Buddhist cultural relics handed down from generation to generation in Nanzhao, Dali and other places, together with Tuodong and Zhuo Yan, undoubtedly added a lot of color to the cultural heritage of the ancient cities of Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Fifth, the multi-ethnic culture in Yuan Dynasty.

The Yuan Dynasty destroyed Dali and built Yunnan Province, which established Kunming's position as a central city in the whole province. At the same time, under the political background of "great unification", with the gradual implantation of a large number of foreign ethnic households and the increasingly frequent economic and cultural exchanges at home and abroad, Chi Cheng, a Hui duck in Yunnan Province, which is located on the north bank of Dianchi Lake, gradually presents an unprecedented multi-ethnic and multicultural coexistence situation since the Han and Tang Dynasties. Among them, as far as religious culture is concerned, not only the Ali religion passed down from Nanzhao and Dali, that is, the southern Buddhism and the Zen Buddhism introduced from the Central Plains, have been preserved and developed, but also the Tibetan Buddhism brought by the Mongols to the south has been introduced to Kunming, leaving behind the names of Dade Temple in Zupan Mountain, Huating Temple in Xishan Mountain, Taihua Temple, Panlong Temple in Jinning, Jingang Pagoda in Guandu, the eastern suburb of Kunming, and the eastern part of the city. At the same time, with a large number of Muslims from Central Asia and the Western Regions entering the Mongolian army, Islam and Islamic culture have also been introduced into Kunming, Yunnan Province and major towns along the provincial traffic lines, such as Qujing, Zhaotong, Dali and Baoshan.

In addition, it was introduced into central Yunnan as early as the Han Dynasty, but the Han culture, which had been dormant for a long time since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was revived in the Yuan Dynasty with the influx of Han immigrants. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Shizai built a Confucian temple in Yachi, north of the city, to "persuade scholars to learn". This is another move by Daxing Confucianism to spread Chinese culture under the auspices of the feudal government after the Shixing School was relayed by the Taishou Wang of Yizhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to the examination, the Confucian Temple, which was built in the early Yuan Dynasty, has been passed down from Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

To sum up, more than 2,000 years before the construction of the ancient city of Kunming in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the northern shore of Dianchi Lake accumulated a very heavy cultural heritage, especially after the long-term accumulation of the four ancient cities of Zhou Kun, Tuodong, Shanshan and Yachi, especially the rapid development of the Yuan Dynasty, which not only laid a solid material foundation for the rise of the ancient city of Kunming in later generations, but also laid a multi-ethnic and multicultural basic pattern. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the distinctive features of Kunming's multiculturalism have not changed and have developed greatly.