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The American Civil War, the only civil war in American history, was fought by the United States of America in the north and the United States in the south, and ended in the victory of the Northern Union. At the beginning of the war, the north fought for national unity, and later, it evolved into a revolutionary war to eliminate slavery.

background

Scenes of civil war struggle

/kloc-the industrial revolution spread to the United States in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, and the American economy developed rapidly. At the same time, the United States acquired a large territory in the west and established a new state in the west. Every time a new state is established, there is a struggle to allow or prohibit slavery. The northern bourgeoisie and peasants advocated that NSW banned slavery and demanded that NSW be determined as a free state. Slave owners in the south tried to expand slavery to the west and advocated defining NSW as a state that allowed slavery. Slave owners used their dominant position in Congress and government to win one after another, which aroused the indignation of the broad masses of people in the north. [3]?

Because the north and the south pursue different policies, the religious circles have also been severely tested. The churches in the north have a more flexible understanding of the Bible, and constantly try to defend the liberation of slaves through the interpretation of the Bible. Church leaders in the South, such as Robert Lewis Dabney (Robert Lewis Dabney), used Calvinism to provide a plausible theoretical basis for slavery and the division of the South. Due to the differences between the north and the south, churches distrust each other and attack each other, which leads to the division of churches. The Presbyterian Church split as early as 1837, and other events besides race complicated the split. The Methodist church and the Baptist church also had serious differences in this storm.

cause

The war between the north and the south

After the independence of the United States, the south and the north developed along two different roads.

In the north, the capitalist economy has developed rapidly. From the 19 to the1920s, the northern and central states began the industrial revolution, which was completed in the1950s.

1860, industrial production in North China ranked fourth in the world, with a total output value of188 billion US dollars.

Plantation slavery was practiced in the south. 1860 There were 4 million slaves in the south. Slavery in the south is a cancer growing in American society, which has seriously stifled the development of industry and commerce in the north. Since the beginning of19th century, the contradictions and struggles between the north and the south have become increasingly fierce.

The struggle mainly revolves around the land in the west. The north demanded the development of capitalism in the western region and restricted or even prohibited the expansion of slavery; The south tried to expand slavery in the west and even the whole country. The conflict between the two sides reached 19 in the 1950s, which led to armed conflicts in some areas. Facing the advance of slave owners, the people in the north launched a massive "abolitionist movement", and slaves in the south also launched riots. Driven by the people's struggle, the northern bourgeoisie began to advocate the abolition of slavery.

1854, the North Peace Party was founded. In the same year, the southern slave owners tried to expand slavery to Kansas by force, so an armed struggle broke out in Kansas between western farmers and immigrants from free States against the southern slave owners, which lasted until 1856, which started the civil war.

1857, slave owners tried to use Scott's judgment to extend slavery to all the territories of the United States, which led to the uprising in john brown.

1860, Lincoln, a Republican who advocated the abolition of slavery, was elected president, and the southern slave owners launched a rebellion. The southern slave-holding states became independent one after another, and seven southern states withdrew from the Union. 186 1 February, the United States of America was founded, with Richmond as its capital and Davis as its president. In April of the same year, 12- 14, confederate troops pre-emptively captured Fort Sumter, and the civil war broke out.

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Comparison of pre-war strength

At the beginning of the war, the strength of the north greatly surpassed that of the south, with a population of 22.34 million in 23 states in the north and 7 in the south.

Civil War Situation Map (4 pieces)

The country has only 965,438+million, of which more than 3.8 million are slaves. The northern industry is developed, with an annual output value of $65.438 +0.5 billion, 65.438+0.3 million workers and 22,000 miles of railway network, while the southern industry is weak, with an annual output value of $65.438 +0.55 billion, only $65.438 +0.65 billion workers and 9,000 miles of railways.

But the south has made full military preparations. Thanks to the US-Mexico War, which ended not long ago, the Southern Army had high-quality and experienced commanders and received assistance from Britain and France. In addition, on the eve of the civil war, President Buchanan (the agent of slave owners) tried to transport a lot of weapons and money to the south. The south wants to defeat the north by making a quick decision.

The American Civil War is roughly divided into two stages and two battlefields, the east and the west.

"limited war" stage

The period from April 186 1 to September 1862 is a "war-limited" stage. Both sides concentrated their forces on the eastern battlefield and fought fiercely for each other's capital. Robert lee, commander-in-chief of the Southern Army, was an outstanding strategist. According to the disparity of strength between the two sides, he formulated a strategy of taking offense as defense, concentrated his forces to hunt down the main force of the North Army, and forced the North Army to join forces at the gates. However, the North was not prepared for the war, so it adopted the so-called "Viper Plan", dispersed its troops on the 8,000-mile-long front, and mcclelland, the commander who sympathized with the slave owners, took negative tactics, which made the Union army frustrated again and again.

At the beginning of the Civil War, the Lincoln administration launched the war to restore the reunification of the North and the South, fearing that touching slavery would push some border slave-holding states to the rebel side in the south, thus losing the important strategic area of border states. Because the northern government refused to declare the liberation of slaves. Therefore, in the first stage of the civil war, the north suffered military defeat one after another.

Battle of Manacas

186 1 July, the battle of Manacas was held in the eastern battlefield. On July 2 1 day, the north launched an attack and marched into Richmond, the capital of the south. 35,000 northern troops lined up neatly and marched to Richmond with military music. Because the north boasted in advance that the Confederate army was vulnerable, and it was Saturday, many Washington citizens, congressmen, journalists and so on. Dressed up, with his wife and belt, carrying a basket for a picnic. Some rode in horse-drawn carriages, others went with the army, and like a festival, they came to the battlefield for sightseeing and watching the excitement.

22,000 southern troops greeted each other in Manacas array at the railway hub. The northern army launched an attack on the Yugoslav army in the cheers of the audience, and the fierce artillery fire enveloped the Yugoslav position in smoke. The northern army then crossed the Boer River and launched an attack on the other side. Who would have thought that the commander of the Confederate army was the famous soldier thomas jackson? He commanded calmness, repelled the five charges of the northern army, and got the reputation of "stone wall". The battle was fierce, because the uniforms of both sides were almost the same, it was difficult to distinguish between the enemy and me for a while, and the battlefield was in chaos. Soon, 9000 Yugoslav reinforcements arrived and launched a counterattack. The untrained union army collapsed at the touch of a button, leaving a large number of guns and ammunition and fleeing back to Washington. In this battle, the northern army lost 3000 people and the southern army lost less than 2000 people.

Peninsula campaign

Entering 1862, the situation is more intense. Lincoln ordered 500,000 troops to launch a general attack on February 22nd. The northern army won successively on the western front, almost opening the Mississippi River, the north-south artery. The navy also conquered New Orleans, the largest port in the south. But in the eastern battlefield, the northern army suffered another fiasco. McLelland, the commander of the Union Army, had 65,438+10,000 troops, but he stayed put for several months because he took the enemy's 50,000 troops as150,000. Later, at Lincoln's urging, the "Peninsula Campaign" was launched in an attempt to capture Richmond.

Robert lee led the Confederate army. From June 25th to July 60th in 1 year, Li 90,000' s army and 65438+/kloc-0,000' s northern army launched the "Seven-Day War". Li used maneuvering to find fighters, mobilized the North Army, and then launched an attack to find the weak links of the North Army, driving the North Army out of the peninsula near Richmond, resulting in a loss of 1.65 million for the North Army and a loss of 20,000 for the South Army, but strategically,

Li Chengsheng went north and fought the second battle of Manacas with the northern army at the end of August. There are 54,000 people in the South Army and 80,000 people in the North Army. Li fully demonstrated the art of conducting. He attracted the main force of the northern army to the position with a small force, and the main force maneuvered, attacking from the flank and rear, and then attacking from the front and side, defeating the northern army in one fell swoop. The North Army suffered casualties 14000, and 7000 people were captured. Confederate troops arrived at the gates of Washington. In September, the northern army resisted Li Jun's attack in the Battle of Antietam.

In the naval battle, although the northern navy was unstoppable, the armored warships in the south also brought great trouble to the north.

Slave emancipation proclamation

Although the northern army made a series of brilliant achievements in the western front and seized several important strategic strongholds from the southern army, these achievements were offset by the fiasco in the eastern front. In the case of repeated military failures in the north, * * * radicals within the party and in society

North and south talk about the scene.

Abolitionists put forward the idea of liberating slaves and arming blacks. Lincoln also realized the necessity of liberating slaves. [6]?

1862, the northern army launched an attack, and the western front was commanded by Grant. It went well. Fort Henry and Fort Donielson were captured in February, the Confederate army was defeated in Charlotte in April 1862, Collins and Memphis were captured in May 1862, and Kentucky and Tennessee were liberated. On the eastern front, the northern army made slow progress. 1July, 862, defeated by the Confederate army under the command of Robert Lee, and Li Beijin. 1862 In August, he defeated the northern army again on the Boer River and arrived in Washington. 1862 In September, the two armies fought in Antietam, and Li was repelled. In 65438+February, the northern army was defeated by Lee again in the Battle of Fredericksburg. [6]?

1862 On September 22nd, Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. It was announced that if the southern rebels did not lay down their arms before 1863 65438+ 10 1, the slaves in the rebel states would be free from that day on. After the news reached the south, thousands of slaves fled to the north. The British working class also launched a movement to support the North, forcing the British government to give up its original intervention plan. [6]?

"revolutionary war" stage

The war entered the "revolutionary war stage" from September 1862.

Lincoln administration also implemented a series of revolutionary measures and policies:

1862~ 1863 carry out the policy of arming blacks. Therefore, thousands of blacks signed up to join the northern army, mainly runaway slaves in the south;

1The Homestead Law promulgated in May 862 stipulates that all people loyal to the Federation

Civil War (2)

? Adults can get 64.74 hectares of land in the west by paying the registration fee of $65,438+00, and they can become the owners of this land after five years of farming. The Lincoln administration severely suppressed counter-revolutionaries and purged agents in the south-central part of the army. 1863 implemented the conscription law, replacing the conscription system and strengthening the troops in the north. At the same time, Lincoln adjusted the leadership of the army, carried out unified command, and appointed Grant as the commander-in-chief of the whole army. [6]?

1On New Year's Day in 863, Lincoln released The Emancipation Proclamation, announcing the liberation of slaves and allowing blacks to join the northern army. Later, he promulgated the Homestead Act, which allowed all Americans to acquire land in the west. In May of the same year, the northern army attacked Richmond again and was repelled by Lee at Cheslowell. On May 22nd, the Northern Army launched a general attack, which lasted for 47 days. In June, Li went north again.

On July 1863, the two armies fought a decisive battle at Gettysburg, and on July 3, the Confederate army was defeated. The South Army lost 28,000 people, which became a turning point in the civil war, and the initiative on the battlefield was transferred to the North Army. ? At the same time of Li Beijin's advance, Grant surrounded Seville, the key point of the Confederate defense of the Mississippi River, on the western front, and the Confederate army surrendered on July 4. On July 8, the northern army occupied Hudson Harbor, and the southern army split in two. In September, the North Army captured Chattanooga, and in June, 165438+ 10, the South Army's counterattack was repelled.

1864, the supreme commander of the north adopted a new strategic policy and launched a powerful offensive on the east and west lines at the same time.

Civil war (12)

? . On the eastern front, the main goal is to consume the enemy; The western front went deep into the enemy's hinterland with strong forces, cutting off the links between the northeast and southwest of SAARC. 1864 In September, the northern army led by General Sherman captured Atlanta in one fell swoop, and two months later began the famous "March to the sea", which completely destroyed the enemy's various military facilities, dealt a heavy blow to the enemy's economic strength, and paralyzed the southern economy. On the eastern front, General Grant led the northern army to drive the enemy to Richmond, the capital of the rebel army.

At the beginning of 1865, slaves fled one after another and the plantation economy was on the verge of collapse. The sea blockade imposed by the northern navy almost cut off the trade between the south and Europe. At the same time, there was opposition in the south, and many small farmers joined the "federalism" to engage in anti-war activities. There are more and more deserters in the south. Food and daily necessities are scarce.

On April 9 1865, Li troops were trapped in the encirclement of the northern army and forced to surrender to Grant. The civil war is over. The United States is reunified.

result

North-South stalemate scene

The Civil War is the only civil war in American history. The two parties involved are the United States of America in the north and the United States of America in the south. The war ended in a union victory. At the beginning of the war, it was originally a war to safeguard national unity, and later it evolved into a revolutionary war to fight for the freedom and new life of slaves.

The civil war was the first large-scale war after the industrial revolution, during which the standards of modern warfare such as tactics, strategic thinking and battlefield medical care were established. Most of the 3.5 million people who took part in the war were volunteers. The war killed 750,000 soldiers and disabled 400,000 soldiers. Relevant associations estimate that the death toll may be higher, and the number of civilians affected is unknown.

The limitation of the Civil War is that Lincoln abolished slavery only in the southern rebel States. Although these blacks were liberated, they did not get the same rights as whites.

affect

the Civil War

The victory of the north in the war not only consolidated national unity, but also established the dominant position of the big bourgeoisie in the north in the whole country. The civil war eliminated slavery, thus clearing the way for the rapid development of American capitalism. The implementation of the Homestead Law has accelerated the development of the western region and contributed to the victory of the American-style road to the development of agricultural capitalism. Thus, at the end of 19, the United States became the most advanced industrial and agricultural capitalist country in the world.

In the reconstruction period after the civil war, blacks were still discriminated against in many aspects and exploited by plantation owners, but they gained civil rights and voting rights politically and were liberated from slavery. Therefore, the American Civil War has an epoch-making influence in the development of American history.

evaluate

the Civil War

The civil war destroyed slavery. Civil War is the second bourgeois revolution in American history, but it solved the problem of farmers' land well, safeguarded national unity, cleared the way for the accelerated development of American capitalism, and laid the foundation for the United States to rank among the world powers.

During the civil war, the industrial revolution brought great military progress. The two sides used metal shells and heavy rifles to fight, used railways and steam boats to realize rapid maneuvering and assembly of troops, and used steam armored warships to conduct naval battles. Mechanical rifles were put into actual combat for the first time, especially the production mode of manufacturing standardized parts and assembling weapons was developed in the north, which greatly improved the industrial production efficiency and promoted the progress of American history.